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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
51

臺灣金融機構集團化後之營運綜效-以H金融集團為例 / The Study of Synergy of Taiwan Financial Institutions after Conglomerate - An Example of H Financial Group.

劉易昌 Unknown Date (has links)
自主管機關許可設立金融控股公司以來,臺灣現今已有十六家金融控股公司;意即十六個金融集團。然國內淺碟式金融市場一直有著金融家數過多且過度競爭的問題存在,不可諱言的是,金融集團之陸續成立,就金融市場秩序之穩定與金融監理面而言,具有一定之正面效益。然此一集團化之營運模式是否為一必然之發展方向,且利多於弊? 此外,對於跨入多角化經營,從傳統單一金融機構質變為集團化經營之金融控股公司而言,主要之挑戰在於如何共享核心知能與整合集團資源以發揮經營綜效,同時完備治理課題;不同經營特性與多角化經營程度之差異性,也間接影響集團綜效之發揮。 本研究報告從實務個案訪談與文獻研究,以公股與民營金融集團為例,檢視集團化所衍生之預期效益與利弊得失,分析業別與股權組成、經營管理模式、策略形成之過程、利害關係人權益變化、銷售文化及內控治理等面向,探討多角化經營程度對集團獲利之影響程度及其改變因子,並尋找未來成功因素,提供政策與實務面之建議。
52

智慧財產控股公司之研究 / On Intellectual Property Holding Company

詹聰哲 Unknown Date (has links)
在知識經濟時代下,智慧財產作為企業乃至國家國家競爭力之根本,已成為定論。然而學界對於智慧財產之管理運用的研究,多集中於智慧財產本身之管理而鮮少觸及管理智慧財產之組織。管理智慧財產之組織可以內建於企業內部,也可以外置於企業外部,也就是智慧財產控股公司。藉由對智慧財產控股公司之組織架構進行研究,便可了解將智慧財產之所有權自原企業中分離,能為企業帶來何種管理上的效益,效益又有多大?智慧財產控股公司如何為企業帶來稅務上之效益,其所面臨之挑戰為何? 由於美國最早對於智慧財產控股公司所生之相關稅務問題進行規範,規範之內容也堪稱廣泛與細緻,故美國之稅制深具比較、對照、參考之價值。 此外,企業之稅賦除所得稅之外尚包括營業稅等稅目。但是本文就智慧財產控股公司相關稅賦問題之研究範圍,限於營利事業所得稅及所衍生之個人綜合所得稅。 在理清智慧財產控股公司之管理及稅務上效益後,本文便能為我國政府及企業提出建言,使政府能了解新型態的跨國企業智慧財產管理架構以確認合法節稅與違法的逃漏稅之界線,又能使我國企業得以藉由智慧財產控股公司架構來促進管理及稅務效益。 / In the knowledge economy era, intellectual properties, without doubt, are the foundation of competitiveness of enterprises and countries. However, studies regarding management of intellectual properties usually focus on intellectual properties themselves rather than the organizations managing intellectual properties. The managing organizations can be built in the enterprises or out of the enterprises, i.e., the intellectual property holding company (IPHC). By studying the organization structure of IPHCs, we can understand what and how huge the management benefits are to separate the ownership of intellectual properties from the enterprises, how IPHCs bring tax benefits for the enterprises, and what the challenges are in front of IPHCs. Since the United States of America is the first one who stipulates the relating tax issues of IPHCs and is probably the broadest and the finest, the tax system of USA is of great value for comparison and reference. This thesis will thus explore the USA tax system. In addition, beside income tax there are still other tax items such as business tax can be levied on enterprises. But this thesis only focuses on business income tax and thus derivated individual income tax. After clarifying the management and tax benefits of IPHCs, this thesis then is able to advice Taiwan Government and enterprises so that the government can realize the new intellectual properties managing organization structure of multinational enterprises to differ legitimate tax saving from illegal tax evasion while the enterprises can obtain the management and tax benefits through the IPHC management structure.
53

人壽保險業務員通路於金控子公司共同行銷之風險管理 / The risk management of the cross-selling among the financial holding company’s subsidiaries by the channel of life insurance agents

高穎祥 Unknown Date (has links)
金融機構跨業經營已蔚為常態,金融機構利用不同的整併模式,積極進行跨業資源整合及業務推動。金融控股公司的設立加速跨業經營的腳步,如何利用強勢通路進行共同行銷以達成綜效,成為決勝的關鍵因素。人壽保險業務員通路利用關係行銷,掌握客戶需求,面對面進行顧客服務,滿足客戶一站購足的全方位商品服務,帶動金控集團業績,肩負舉足輕重的戰略地位。然而居高不下的壽險申訴率,引發我們對業務員進行共同行銷時是否也會發生不當行為風險的疑慮,並思考如何提前辨識及因應。 本研究嘗試以保險申訴類型與現行壽險業務員共同行銷模式進行模擬比對,以辨識風險來源,經歸納推導得知壽險業務員趨利避害思維模式及價值觀,若無適當管控,將會引發共同行銷不當行為的發生,並且將隨業務擴展逐漸浮現。為回應風險,本研究結合實務經驗,分別對相關不當行為態樣及有關單位提出風險管理建議(1)在壽險公司方面,可注意強化業務員跨業行銷專業及法令教育,嚴懲共同行銷的不當行為以敬效尤,並善用保險機制以分散風險;(2)在金控公司方面,則應建立跨業風險預判及預防機制,善用集團的資源管理風險,並進行子公司間效率運作經驗的複製及移植;(3)在主管機關方面,可思考調整產險業界業績計算方式,從制度面進行改變導正,另為配合跨業行銷爭議處理機構之設立規劃,可先從金控、公會組織逐級試行申訴運作模式,待未來正式設立時即可移轉經驗及制度,讓消費者保護沒有空檔。期能透過各方面的配合,讓共同行銷的運作能更為完善,以提升金控集團經營效率並充分保護消費者權益。 / Cross-selling seems to be a popular business model for most financial institutions. Various M&A are employed by financial institutions for the purpose of resources integration and business growth across different sectors. The establishment of financial holding companies has further accelerated the scope of business. It is very critical to leverage the advantage of strong channels to enhance synergy via cross-selling. Life insurance agents position themselves importantly for the performance of the holding company groups as they provide one-stop service, face to face interact, and satisfy the demand with their customers by leveraging the customer relationship. But the high customer complaint rations arose the concern with the appropriateness of cross-selling of the agents and the legacy risk, and encourage us to identify the related risk and figure out possible solutions. This research tries to simulate the genres of complaints and the patens of cross-selling of the agents for the purpose of identifying sources of risk. It is concluded that the agents should be well monitored and restrained because of their trade-off mind-sets and value. If not, mis-behaviors can happen along with the growth of business. In response to the related risk, this research based on operation experience leads to several suggestions according to the genres of mis-behaviors to the related entities. First, the life insurance companies should play attention to the enforcement of cross-selling skills and education of regulation of the agents, the punishment of mis-behaviors, and insurance mechanism to diversify related risks. Secondly, the holding companies should build the mechanism of identifying, measuring, and preventing the related risks, manage the risk by using group resources, and replicate the experience and know-how among the subsidiaries. Finally, the supervisory authority should consider the adjustment of performance measurement of the P&C insurance sector, try to guide the sector by change of rules, and try to set up the complaint process from the level of the holding companies and the business associations sequentially, first and then transfer these accumulated experiences and rules to the institution handling arguments about cross-selling after its official establishment in the future. Then the consumers can be well protected without any gap. It is expected that the cross-selling model can be run much better to enhance the operation efficiency of holding company groups and protection of consumers due to the cooperation of related entities.
54

金融集團監理之研究–以資本監理為中心 / A Study on Supervision of Financial Conglomerates – Focusing on Capital Adequacy and Regulation

張少威, Chang, Shao Wei Unknown Date (has links)
近年來金融市場產生金融機構業務多元化的特質,傳統銀行、證券、保險之金融商品區隔日益模糊。為此,各國均興起金融改革之風潮,而在跨業經營的環境中,許多金融業者在大型化與集團化下,如歐洲採取以綜合銀行(Universal Banking)、美國採取金融控股公司(Financial Holding Company)等方式朝跨業經營之方式以增強其競爭力,然此種集團化之經營亦容易伴隨相當之風險。因此,如何穩定而健全之金融機構係經濟成長之基礎,而如何對於從是銀行、證券及保險等各種金融業務之金融集團進行有效的監理與管制,亦是現代金融體系維持穩定及提升金融產業競爭力之關鍵之一。此外,2008年9月中旬爆發的美國華爾街金融風暴,並演變成全球金融危機,而金融監管之疏忽與不足是這波全球金融危機的主要原因之一,有鑑於此,各國亦紛紛推動金融改革,改革的範圍包括金融機構權責劃分、金融市場規範、擴大金融監理範圍、消費者與投資人之保護、國際間之合作,以及發生金融危機之及時處理。而我國主管機關也持續在尋找最適當之監理方式,期能在增加本國金融產業競爭力的同時,亦能有效維持金融穩定。 在金融機構業務營運多樣化之監理方式上,金融監理機制勢必得做一番調整,主要的問題包括:集團之資本適足性、集團內部交易、風險集中、監理機構間之資訊交流等,這也是金融機構在建構適當的金融集團政策時應加以考量的問題。而依照巴賽爾銀行監理委員會(The Basel Committee on Banking Supervision)2003年所訂定之「新版巴賽爾資本協定(New Basel Capital Accord)」強調應重視資本適足性、主管機關之審查程序(Supervisory Review Process)及市場紀律(Market Discipline)等三大支柱,以期建構金融機構之穩定監理,即可看出金融監理模式的改變,企圖透過內國與國際間之相互合作之方式進行監理。除巴賽爾銀行監理委員會之外,國際證券監理關組織(International Organization of Securities Commissions,IOSCO)和國際保險監理官協會(International Association of Insurance Supervisors,IAIS)於1995年所組成的「聯合論壇」(Joint Form),也已經體認到監理金融集團所可能面臨的相關問題,並提供一些相對應之原則與方法提供監理機關進行參考。 除了國際監理官組織所發布的相關報告外,歐盟對於金融跨業監理亦有其特別之處,歐盟理事會通過一系列指令(Directive),針對各成員國內之不同類型的金融集團進行規範,並適時進行修改與補充。相對於歐盟,美國對於金融控股公司之監理則另有一套監理模式,而我國之主管機關亦參酌前述之金融集團聯合論壇資本適足性報告所建議之評估方法,並訂定出「金融控股公司合併資本適足性管理辦法」,要求金融控股公司以合併基礎計算資本適足率,以確保集團有充足之資本以因應所面臨之風險。本文希望藉由研究歐盟與美國對於金融集團之相關監理模式及規範,以探討我國現行規範是否仍有不足之處,以期在監理制度上對於我國提供可借鏡之處。
55

金融整合後壽險公司組織轉型之研究 / After financial conformity, the life insurance company organizes research of the reforming

林奕明 Unknown Date (has links)
近年來在金融整合的趨勢下,國內外金融業透過購併整合成為大型的金控集團,使得金融產業結構大為改變。在整合的架構下發展出新的金融商品及市場。由於金控公司將銀行與證券商、保險業結盟合併,金控子公司可以進行交叉銷售(cross selling),使金融商品多元化,提供給客戶包含保險、股票、信用卡、基金、債券等金融商品,這些多元化的金融商品與服務,金控公司亦可藉著交叉銷售擴大市場占有率及降低經營成本,進而強化整體獲利。 本研究以國泰金控和富邦金控的壽險子公司轉型為研究案例,進行個案分析探討,以了解個案公司組織轉型的原因、組織調整方式及轉型後的成效。本研究利用近十年的統計資料進行分析,研究產業的變化及觀察個案公司的市佔率及業務狀況。研究結果發現:1.壽險公司轉型成為提供多元服務的金融控股公司2.壽險業業務人員轉型成為全方位理財服務人員3.金融業相互整合,行銷通路多元化4.科技及產業變化創造出新通路新市場5.企業成長往多角化發展並兼顧核心競爭能力
56

我國金控公司經營績效與風險之研究-以子公司組合與市佔率為例 / A study on financial holding companies' performance and risk: Evidence from subsidiary combination and market share

陳時年, Chen, Shih Nien Unknown Date (has links)
本研究利用複迴歸模型與追蹤資料模型,透過子公司市佔率探討金控子公司組合,與公司績效及風險之關聯性,期望能找出何種子公司組合,對於金控公司的績效與風險最有影響。依據2002-2015之季資料,本文主要研究結果如下: (一)若以全產業角度而言,壽險業、證券業與票券業市佔率,對於金控績效與風險影響較為顯著。壽險業市佔率增加,會提高金控之系統風險與個別風險,而證券業市佔率增加,會提高金控的總風險、系統風險與個別風險。本研究推測主要原因為壽險業與證券業的產業風險較高,容易影響金控之經營風險,故有此現象。 (二)金控若採用雙引擎策略,可以降低金控之總風險與系統風險,亦即雙引擎策略對金控之風險經營有穩健的效果。 (三)以銀行業與壽險業組合為探討對象時,則發現銀行業市佔率提高,可能使金控之破產風險上升,而壽險業的市佔率提高,金控之總風險與系統風險亦會提升。此結果顯示銀行與壽險業的子公司組合無法有效改善金控之風險因子。 (四)以銀行業與產險業組合為探討對象時,則發現銀行市佔率提升,可能使金控之各項風險因子增加,並且會降低風險調整後的報酬。而產險業市佔率增加,則會降低金控績效,並提高金控之破產風險。 (五)以銀行業與證券業組合為探討對象時,則發現證券業市佔率增加,僅會顯著增加金控之個別風險。 (六)以銀行業與票券業組合為探討對象時,則發現銀行業市佔率增加,可能使金控之績效下降,並提高金控之破產風險,然而若票券業市佔率提高,反而會增加金控之經營績效,並降低破產風險。 / This study analyzes the effect of the subsidiary combination and market share on the performance and risk of financial holding companies (FHCs). Based on the data of 2002Q1-2015Q4, the empirical result can be summarized as follows. 1. From the viewpoint of the whole industry, there is a significant relation between the market share of the subsidiaries and the performance and risk of FHCs. The result shows there is a positive effect of life insurance market share on systematic risk and idiosyncratic risk. And there is a positive effect of securities market share on total risk, systematic risk and idiosyncratic risk. 2. FHCs can reduce their total risk and systematic risk by taking dual-engine strategy. The result shows that dual-engine strategy is a sound strategy for FHCs’ operation. 3. For the subsidiary combination of bank and life insurer, there is a positive relation between bank market share and insolvency risk. And there is a positive relation among life insurance market share, total risk and systematic risk. 4. For the subsidiary combination of bank and property insurer, there is a positive relation among bank market share and FHCs’ risk. And there is a negative relation between property insurance market share and FHCs’ performance. 5. For the subsidiary combination of bank and securities company, there is a positive relation between securities market share and idiosyncratic risk. 6. For the subsidiary combination of bank and bills company, the increase of bank market share is unfavorable for FHCs’ operation, but the increase of bills company is beneficial for FHCs’ operation.
57

論金融控股公司保險子公司之經營策略與內部稽核 / Managerial strategy and internal auditing of an insurance subsidiary under a financial holding company

謝紹芬 Unknown Date (has links)
由於國內金融(包括銀行、保險、證券商等)家數過度膨脹,形成惡性競爭,導致金融服務品質低落,而且獲利式微,面對金融市場自由化與國際化之趨勢,政府為改革金融體制,引進金融控股公司制度,使金融機構跨業經營機制更具規模,滿足顧客得一次購足金融商品,促使金融機構朝大型化發展,發揮金融綜效與規模經濟,以提升國際競爭力。 本文主題「論金融控股公司保險子公司之經營策略與內部稽核」,理論與實務並行探討,先論述控股公司之相關法律問題、金融控股公司之立法例。其次以「五力分析術」探討保險子公司經營環境之優劣勢及風險,提出創新之經營策略,並實例引證美國花旗集團異業聯盟之成功經營策略。為確保投資大眾及保戶之權益,同步探討公司治理制度及內部稽核制度之重要性。 本文「結論」:評述政府金融政策之缺失,成立金融控股公司推動金融改革,保險子公司應強化競爭力。「建議」:金融控股公司及各子公司均應加強風險管理,政府並應建置金融監理制度。 關鍵字:保險子公司、金融改革、控股公司、金融控股公司、跨業經營、一次購足商品、金融綜效、規模經濟、五力分析術、異業聯盟、公司治理、內部稽核、風險管理、金融監理 / Due to the over-supply and severe competition among financial institutions (namely banks, insurance companies and security firms), the quality of finance service deteriorates and the profit margin of financial industries decreases. To cope with the global trend of liberalization and internationalization of financial services, the Government has undertaken the reform in the aspect of financial service system and enacted the “Financial Holding Company Act”. Under new current mechanism, a financial conglomerate can sell its products by means of cross selling. Not only it may benefit consumers with a “one-stop shopping”, but also may create a synergy in economies of scale to enhance financial institutions in global competition. The main theme of this thesis focuses on the managerial strategy and internal auditing in an insurance subsidiary under a financial holding company. It addresses in the first place the legal issues related to a holding company and a financial holding company. Then the author adopts five factors approach to analyze the business environment of an insurance subsidiary under a financial holding company. As a successful case for its' strategic alliance,the CitiGroup experience in the United States is also examined. In addition, to protect the interest of investors and policyholders, corporate governance and internal auditing issue is also explored. In the conclusion, it is observed that under the new era of financial conglomeration, an insurance subsidiary still needs to enhance its competition ability. It is suggested that the government should continue to reform the financial regulatory system and to require financial holding companies and their subsidiaries to implement a comprehensive risk management. Keywords: Insurance Subsidiary, Financial Reform, Holding Company, Financial Holding Company, Cross Selling, One-Stop Shopping, Financial Synergy, Economies of Scale, Analysis of Five Factors, Strategic Alliance, Corporate Governance,Internal Auditing, Risk Management, Financial Regulation.
58

論完全控股架構下公司內部監控機制所受之衝擊與因應--以金融控股公司為核心

陳易聯, Chen, Yi-Lian Unknown Date (has links)
歷年來台灣金融體系結構一直大幅度蛻變轉型中,尤其自銀行法於一九八九年修正並通過開放民營以來,銀行家數已快速增加,票券金融公司、投信公司、投顧公司、證券商、證券金融公司等亦快速開放成長。 近年我國金融體系又產生另一波趨勢,合併與策略聯盟風氣盛行,迄今國內已成立十四家金融控股公司,未來其彼此間應仍有再進一步整合之可能。惟金融控股公司之成立雖意味著金融產品多樣化、經營規模大型化與國際化之走向,但因金融機構於資本整合之後,其於經濟體系中之重要性亦不斷向上竄升,從而金融控股公司之內部監控與外部監理似亦應受到同等之重視,否則金融機構可以利用少數的股本掌握大量資產,槓桿倍數不小,恐將容易發生弊端。 復觀目前國內金融控股公司對其子公司持股之概況,吾人發現其共同特點,亦即金控公司僅負責對轄下子公司之指揮協調,自身並未實際經營業務,且各家金控公司殆皆持有其子公司百分之百股份。於此情況下,傳統股份有限公司內部監控機制所受之衝擊與因應為何,爰為本文所欲探究之核心。
59

論公司分割制度

李依蓉 Unknown Date (has links)
從歷史上觀之,而企業就好比政治上的王國,產品的市場佔有率就是王國的版圖,經營產業種類的多寡就是王國的幅員,企業內部的單位就是王國所設的各種部門。企業係以追求最大利潤為目的,而王國則以國力強盛、百姓康樂為依歸,二者同是追求最大效益,有異曲同工之妙,故現代多將大型企業稱之為企業王國。 然而,王國版圖的過分擴張、幅員的過分遼闊,往往易造成治理困難、效率不彰…等諸問題,為解決此種問題,在中國歷史上有所謂的「分封」制度,藉由分封諸侯,以鞏固政權。同理,就企業而言,隨著產品市場佔有率增加,在法律上可能發生濫用獨占力及不公平競爭的問題,導致交易競爭秩序的破壞;而隨著企業規模的擴大,可能會造成管理困難、經營效率低落…等弊病,因而無法達成企業追求最大經濟效益之目的。為根除此種流弊,公司分割的制度於焉產生。 由此可知,公司分割制度在經濟上本來就寓有維護市場交易競爭秩序、降低管理成本、提高經營績效之功能。再隨著時代及產業結構之快速變遷,公司分割制度又具有減少經營風險及凝結企業核心,便於企業轉型…等等作用,為企業組織再造的手段之一。除此之外,就公營事業而言,公司分割制度還可作為民營化的途徑。是故,自1966年以來,法、英、德、韓、日、歐盟、越南及海峽對岸就陸續以法律明文規範公司分割制度,希冀本國企業能藉此強化自身實力,穩固優勢地位,以因應競爭日趨激烈之國際環境。 至於我國公司分割之制度,首見於2001年7月9日所通過之金融控股公司法。惟金融控股公司法係以金融機構為規範對象,又依同法第4條第3款之「金融機構」係指銀行、保險公司及證券商,故一般的股份有限公司無從加以適用。為此,在同年11月12日公司法修正時,於股份有限公司一章中正式納入關於公司分割制度之規定。然而,於2002年2月6日通過的企業併購法中,又對公司分割之制度有所規範,而其規範又與公司法之規定不盡相同,造成適用上之困擾。除此之外,公司分割制度本身所涉及到類型、規範對象、少數股東及債權人之保護、分割程序之瑕疵等等,均有待進一步分析探討。 因此,為了釐清公司分割制度所涉及之法律上爭點,本文擬從美、日、德等國之外國立法例來進行分析探討,並闡明我國公司分割法律制度上之缺漏之處,以尋求一妥當之解決方式。現將本論文之各章概述如下: 第一章為序論,在介紹本篇論文之研究動機與目的、研究範圍與研究方法,以及研究架構。 第二章為公司分割之概述,討論公司分割之意義、經濟上之功能及其類型,並將公司分割制度與公司合併、營業讓與等制度作一比較。 第三章為公司分割之主體與客體。在公司分割主體之部分,本文先介紹歐盟、德、日等國有關公司分割之主體,再回歸我國法之情形;在公司分割客體之部分,本文先於前言中論及我國公司分割之客體係以營業為核心,再特別針對營業的概念進行論述,並介紹美國、日本等國有關公司分割客體之營業概念,最後回歸我國法之討論。 第四章為公司分割之法律程序,如何能有效地確保債權人及少數股東之利益,又能兼顧到企業主進行程序之經濟成本,則為本章之核心思想。 第五章為公司分割之法律效力,介紹美國、歐盟及日本等國公司分割之法律效力,再回歸我國法之情形,論述我國公司分割法律上之效力,諸如法人格之變動、局部概括承受之效力、勞動契約之繼承與員工權益之保護、稅賦上之優惠措施,以及公司分割有瑕疵時,其法律上之救濟途徑等等,並且本章將一併論述參與分割公司有關上市(櫃)之問題。 第六章為公司分割之具體案例分析。 第七章為結論與建議。
60

專利地痞與企業因應策略 / Patent Trolls and Responding Strategies for Industries

黃紫旻 Unknown Date (has links)
知識經濟時代,智慧財產權已經成為公司經營的策略重點,不再只是著重於法律與科技等構面,觸角更擴張為經營管理、商業競爭、企業併購、財務規劃與驅策新事業的重要工具。新的專利侵權原告(The New Breed of Patent Infringement Plaintiffs)便趁此一熱潮悄然誕生,美國稱之為「Patent Troll」,其不為營運研發、純粹在全球購買專利,以創造利潤與策略佈局考量為主,挾著專利持有人的地位大張旗鼓尋找「交易」對象,以訴訟為手段作為談判的籌碼,到處發警告函以獲取權利金。「Patent Troll」不僅在法律制度上引發爭議,更提高企業在智財管理方面的困難度,其對專利體系上的影響是全面性的。 本文第一章主要說明本論文之研究動機,包含專利訴訟新趨勢、新的商業營運模式,以及順應而生的「Patent Troll」之情形,闡述其所造成與被授權人間議價能力失衡之現象,接著闡述其對交易關係的影響以及美國法上相應適用的法律原則之變化,最後針對台灣的現況做一說明並向企業提出策略上之建議。 第二章蒐集並整理國內外與「Patent Troll」相關問題的爭議及探討。首先針對智慧財產服務業(IP Service Corporation)及智財控股公司(IP Holding Company)等名詞作一基本介紹。次對「Patent Troll」之名詞、定義、由來及分類做一整理介紹,接著說明「Patent Troll」之特徵、功能及商業模式。最後則針對各方文獻對於專利管理流程以及企業營運策略等建議做一整理分析。 第三章針對「Patent Troll」此一名詞做全面性的介紹與探討。首先對「Patent Troll」的定義、名詞爭議、發展歷史及與類似名詞的區辨為一概括式的介紹,本文將「Patent Troll」定名為「專利地痞」,並認為分析特徵可歸納為下列七項,只有當七項特徵都符合時才是本文所指涉之專利地痞:(一)為專利權人的個人、獨立發明人或公司;(二)藉由購買專利(如MercExchange)或進行技術創新(如Lemelson);(三)不製造生產產品;(四)非提供專利服務;(五)鎖定目標公司(Target Company):該目標公司必須是獨立發明製造技術,真正使用該專利,欠缺專利授權,在商業上成功,並且出現且已投入不可回復的損害;(六)以訴訟與禁制令作為要脅;(七)以達和解授權以獲取權利金等創造利潤及策略布局。接著說明「Patent Troll」的分類,以掌握其可能存在的不同態樣,本文將專利地痞分類為「發明型」專利地痞」,以及「購買型」專利地痞。然後就其特徵、優勢及商業模式加以闡述,歸納出一些共通的特徵,本文認為專利地痞的商業模式可以分成下列幾個步驟,第一階段為累積專利期,第二階段為授權協商期,第三階段則為專利訴訟期。各階段之間有其前後順序,並且環環相扣,除了第一階段需投入成本外,另外兩個階段均以創造利益為最終目的。最後再就全球各主要國家關於「Patent Troll」的現況進行討論並提出結論,以此部分的撰寫與結論作為第四張及第五章關於法律面與管理面相關議題批評檢討的基礎。 第四章探討「Patent Troll」在美國法上涉及的相關法律爭議問題,期以此觀察緣起環境變遷的方式了解國內外法制環境的差異,並定位台灣在此一進程中所處之發展位置,以解析台灣關於「Patent Troll」此議題重視之必要與否以及應該採取的態度與方法。首先以美國法上針對「Patent Troll」此一議題在行政、立法和司法的變革為引,帶出此一議題影響層面的全面性。次專注於美國法上關於立法上「專利改革法案」對於解決「Patent Troll」問題所做的努力,如前已提及之專利先申請原則、專利侵權損害賠償計算基礎、惡意侵權損害賠償、專利核可後非經訴訟程序的異議制度(Post-Grant Opposition)和專利侵權訴訟管轄權等。接著以法院判決的變化演進,如前述主要提及之2006年eBay v. MercExchange一案中對於禁制令核發原則的確立、2007年KSR v. Teleflex一案中對於可專利性原則(Patentability)的解釋運用,2007年MedImmune,Inc. v. Genentech一案對於確認判決(Declaratory Judgment)行使範圍的解釋。2007年Microsoft v. AT&T 針對域外效力(Extraterritorial Impact)的確立,以及2007年In re Seagate一案對於惡意侵權(Willful Infringement)的認定等。最後針對個別修正法案或法院判決的變遷對專利地痞的影響做一說明。 第五章提出企業面對「Patent Troll」此一威脅時所能採取的因應策略。將以第三章所分析之專利地痞商業模式三步驟為本,針對專利地痞行使各該步驟時,企業可能採取的因應策略。第一階段的累積專利期,包含有專利資訊管理、專利購買與公司併購、延攬IP專業人才、保險分擔機制與提撥準備金、技術創新設計、專利交叉授權、專利策略聯盟、契約條款規劃和其他新型態的因應策略等;第二階段的授權協商期,包含有專利評估、和解授權,確認訴訟;第三階段的侵權訴訟期,則有專利訴訟程序、侵權認定程序、善用迴避設計、提出異議制度、提出專利再審查、慎選繫屬法院,以及採取團體訴訟以資因應等。期以一相關流程使企業得以瞭解其現階段落在何種情況時應採取何策略始得降低風險並妥善因應。 第六章為本論文之結論建議,結論部份,將前述第三章、第四章和第五章所提出之觀點作一概括性的總結。建議部分,即就我國產官學各界及現行法制面對「Patent Troll」問題可能適用之解決方式加以檢討並提出建議。 / In the knowledge-based economy era, intellectual property has become the focus of business management strategy. The concerns of intellectual property management extend from law and technology to management, market competitions, mergers and acquisitions, financial plans, and start-ups. The trends also bring forth a new breed of patent infringement plaintiffs, Patent Troll, who do not undertake R&D and purchase patents worldwide as their main profit and business strategy. Those patentees utilize litigation as measures to bargain with their “clients” to obtain loyalties. The issue of Patent Troll is influential in the Patent system. It rouses controversy in legal system and increase difficulty for industry in intellectual property management. Chapter I describes the main concern of this thesis, including new trends of patent litigation, new business model, and “Patent Troll.” The chapter will elaborate an imbalance of bargaining power between licensors and licensees cause by patent troll, the influences of patent troll to IP transactions, and the changes of legal principles under U.S. patent law and judicial decisions. The chapter will outline the current situation in Taiwan and propose some strategy to industries. Chapter II involves relating issues on "Patent Troll" in Taiwan and abroad. First, the chapter will introduce the definition of IP Service Corporation and IP Holding Company. Then the chapter will elaborates and discuss patent troll from the name, definition, classification, origin, features, functions and business models. At last, this chapter will analyze the patent managerial process and operating strategies for the industries. Chapter III focuses on a comprehensive introduction towards patent troll. First, the article elaborates the disputes on the definition, the term, the history and the differences between similar terms of patent troll. A Patent troll should meet all the following seven characteristics, (a) patent owner/independent inventor/company; (b) Compare purchase of rights (MercExchange for example) vs. invention (Lemelson for example); (c) Does not Make, Use, Sell, Offer to Sell, Or Import Patented Article/ Does not Use/Practice Patented Method; (d) no IP Service; (e) Target company (infringer): The target company must be an independent inventor of the technology, has real use of the patent, lacks of patent license, has successful business and devotes substantial investments; (f)Threat of litigation & Injunction; (g) Demand for licensing fee. Then the article describes the classification of patent troll in order to grasp the potential types of it. Patent troll in this chapter will be classified as "inventor" one and "purchaser" one. The business model of patent troll can be divided into three stages: (a) cumulative period ;(b) licensing and consolation period and (c) patent litigation period. The three stages are of time sequence and closely linked together. The “Patent Troll” needs to invest money only in the first stage and take profit creation as the ultimate goal in the other two stages. Finally, the chapter describes and discusses the developments and current status of patent troll in some major countries in the world. The observation and discussion will be served as the foundation for further discussion in the following chapters. Chapter IV focuses on the legal principle changes under U.S. patent system in three dimensions: administration, legislation and jurisdiction and illustrates the effects that occur to patent troll. The changes of administration focus on three parts: the limitation of continuation application, the limitation of divisional application and the limitation of claims. In legislation, the changes focus on “Patent Law Reform Act”, including the first-to-invent to first-to-file principle, the calculation basis of damages, enhanced damages, post grant review procedure, and venue and jurisdiction. The changes of jurisdiction focus on five verdicts and cases, eBay v. MercExchange, KSR v. Teleflex, MedImmune, Inc. V. Genentech, Microsoft v. AT & T, and In re Seagate. The chapter will elaborate the influences of those changes and decisions on the business model of patent troll. Chapter V proposes some possible solutions and strategies to industries when they are confronted with the threats of patent troll. This thesis takes the three stages of patent troll’s business model as a foundation and proposes the strategies for industries against patent troll during different stages. The strategies for first stage are IP information management, patent purchase, mergers and acquisitions of companies, IP professionals recruitment, insurance mechanism, technology R&D, patent cross-licensing, patent alliances, contract planning and other new types of strategies and so on. The strategies for the second stage include patent evaluation, authorization of reconciliation and declaratory judgment. The strategies in the third stage are patent litigation, infringement procedures, patent design around, patent re-examination, choose of venue and jurisdiction and group litigation. The thesis expect to enable industries to understand what stage they fall on and what strategies they can adopt, with the proposal of management procedure. Chapter VI will be the conclusions of this thesis and will include suggestions on the issue of patent troll to industries, government and academia.

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