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從貝氏觀點診斷離群值及具有影響力之觀察值 / Some diagnostics for outliers and influential observations from Bayesian point of view謝季英, Shieh, Jih Ing Unknown Date (has links)
在線性迴歸分析中,資料的不適當,常導致研究者選擇了不當的模式,為避免此缺失,在分析資料前須先做好診斷工作。本文中將從貝氏觀點提出一些不同的診斷方法以供參考。首先推導出均數移動參數a=(a<sub>1</sub>,…,a<sub>k</sub>)'的事後分配,並利用a'a/k的事後均數診斷出不當資料點。接著,考慮在個別模式下以β事後分配之總變異及廣義變異為標準,診斷出離群值及具有潛在影響力之觀測值。最後,分別利用(i)β的事後分配(ii)σ<sup>2</sup>的事後分配(iii)(β,σ<sup>2</sup>)的聯合事後分配,推導出對應的對稱均方差以做為診斷標準。 / In this thesis, some different diagnostic methodologies for outliers and influential observations from Bayesian point of view are proposed. We firstly derive the marginal posterior distribution of the mean-shift parameter a=(a<sub>1</sub>,a<sub>k</sub>)<sup>1</sup>, then use the posterior mean of a<sup>1</sup>a/k to detect the spurious data items. Secondly, we use the posterior total variance and generalized variance of β as diagnostic criterions for outliers and influential observations. Finally, we utilize (i) the posterior distribution of β, (ii) the posterior distribution of σ<sup>2</sup>, and (iii) the joint posterior distribution of β, σ<sup>2</sup> to find their corresponding symmetric mean square differences , which can be used as diagnostic criterions.
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我國非法外來人口收容制度合憲性之研究--以外國人與大陸地區人民為中心葛廣薇, Ke, Kuang Wei Unknown Date (has links)
關鍵詞:非法移民、非法外來人口、收容、非刑事拘禁、人身自由、家庭權、平等權、法官保留、正當法律程序、異議、追究、提審
近年來,我國隨著人權國際化的發展,特別是在兩公約施行法公布之後,非法外來人口的收容問題成為熱門的人權議題之ㄧ,因此,引發作者研究的動機。
由於我國國情特殊,外來人口並不限於「外國人」或「無國籍人」,尚包含「無戶籍國民」、「大陸地區人民」、「香港居民」與「澳門居民」等類人士;次查,該等外來人口來臺,未必都有「移民」的意圖,為周延起見,因此,本文將「非法移民」一詞改稱為「非法外來人口」。
經查目前我國非法外來人口以「外國人」與「大陸地區人民」居多,故本文的研究對象乃聚焦於該兩種人士。另外,本文將收容對象限縮於「已入境」且「違反移民法規」的非法外來人口,並將「收容」定義為「主管機關為達成遣返任務,於遣返前,將非法外來人口暫時留置於收容處所的行政行為」,因此,非法外來人口收容之法律性質,為行政處分,屬遣返非法外來人口前之暫時性行政保全措施,不具裁罰性,故非屬行政罰,當然,更非屬刑事處分,自應與刑事訴訟法之「羈押」有所區別。
本論文計分「緒論」、「收容制度之外國借鏡」、「我國收容制度」、「受收容人基本權之保障與衝突」、「收容實務現況及其困境」、「我國收容在合憲性之探討」、「收容與行政救濟」及「結論與建議」等八章。
首先,由美、日及其他世界主要國家對於非法移民的收容制度觀察,發現大多數國家對於非法移民之收容並未採行「法官保留」制度,各國對於收容期限的規定也不一致,而隨著非法移民的日漸增多,近年各國對於非法移民的防杜、查緝與管理,亦較以前積極且嚴格。
我國收容制度主要分為對外國人(含一般外國人與外籍勞工)與對大陸地區人民兩大類,分別由入出國及移民法第38條、就業服務法第68條第4項及臺灣地區與大陸地區人民關係條例(以下簡稱兩岸條例)第18條規範。就外國人與大陸地區人民收容制度之比較發現,二者其實大同小異。有關收容處分機關、法律性質、期間、處分方式、收容處所、對於已取得居留許可且具備一定要件之受處分人遣返前得召開審查會審查、給予當事人陳述意見之機會以及在收容處所內之處遇均相同;主要差異在於「收容要件」、「異議程序之有無」、「折抵刑期或罰金額數之程序」、「驅逐出國(強制出境)前,應否先經司法機關之同意」等程序,此外,大陸地區人民之強制出境,因二十年來,兩岸依循金門協議機制定期運作,尚未發生無法遣返問題,故兩岸條例並無類似外國人得因無法遣返而廢止收容處分之規範。
基本權利的保障,應遵守「層級化法律保留原則」與「重要性理論」,而法益衝突問題,則應依人權調整原理處理。受收容人之基本權利保障與法益衝突,亦應遵守前述法理加以處理,本文爰以受收容人之人身自由、家庭權與平等權三面向加以探討。
繼之,由收容相關處理流程、近4年外國籍與大陸籍受收容人之人數與平均收容天數、外國籍涉案與未涉案人數與比例、收容天數的比較等統計數據,呈現收容實務的現況,並簡要敘述收容行政所面臨的困境及主管機關移民署所做的具體改善措施(包含研擬入出國及移民法修正草案等)。
有關收容的合憲性,分為「法官保留與受收容人之人身自由」、「令從事勞務與工作權保障」、「收容期間與明確性原則」、「刑期折抵與羈押之錯置」、「概括條款之濫用」與「刑事收容之新構思」六方面論述,研究結果發現,現行收容相關規定之合憲性與適法性,尚無疑義。惟查,具體個案執行上,對於涉及刑案之受收容人的「延長收容」,發現有單純僅為順應司法機關犯罪偵審需要而為,並未嚴格審視收容是否具備「保全遣返必要性」之前提要件,與立法目的尚屬有間,恐有違反比例原則之虞。次查,現行規定中,「令從事勞務」一詞,容易引人誤解有侵害工作權之虞,且不符實務現況;而「收容天數得刑期折抵」的權宜措施,不但不能消除「以收容代替羈押」有侵害人權的疑慮,反而,更混淆了收容的法律性質,也讓司法機關有藉口將涉及刑案之非法外來人口「責付」行政機關「收容」,使問題更形嚴重;至於入出國及移民法第38條第1項第4款之概括規定,也容易使收容變相成為刑事追訴之保全機制。凡此種種,均待澈底檢討。
關於非法外來人口收容的行政救濟方面,本文則分別就「異議」、「訴願」、「行政訴訟」、「國家賠償」、「提審」與「追究」等面向觀察,研究發現受收容人提起行政救濟的案例不多,而就實務案例觀察,現行救濟程序對於受收容人之權益保障,確實有緩不濟急的現象發生,亟待改善。
本文對於現行非法外來人口收容法制,歸結如下:
一、非法外來人口收容,未採「法官保留」原則,並未違反憲法第八條之規定,其合憲性尚無疑慮。
二、現行非法外來人口收容法制,符合「公民與政治權利國際公約」相關規定,亦無適法性問題。
三、程序權保障部分
現行非法外來人口收容法制中,有關外國人與大陸地區人民之程序權保障規定未盡一致,且欠缺公正第三人介入審查之強制機制,應加以改善。
四、欠缺事後即時司法審查機制
非法外來人口收容,性質上屬「非刑事拘禁」,受收容人除得依憲法第8條第4項規定向法院聲請「追究」外,亦得依公民與政治權利國際公約第13條規定聲請法院「提審」,惟查,現行提審法、行政訴訟法、法院組織法等法規尚欠缺相關配套機制,有賴司法機關正視並積極建置。
五、刑事程序與行政程序應有所區隔
現行規定,將偵審中或待服刑之犯罪嫌疑人或刑事被告,納入得收容之對象,而遣返刑案被告前,又必須得到司法機關之同意,而收容延長之次數亦未明文限制,收容日數並得折抵刑期,不但再再混淆收容之法律性質,也是遭來「以收容代替羈押」批評的導火線。為切合收容之立法目的,提升人權保障,本文認為對於涉刑案之非法外來人口,應依「先刑事後行政」原則辦理,收容對象應限縮為單純待遣返之非法外來人口。
六、得命服勞役之規定,未切合實務現況,且容易引發侵害人權之誤解,應配合兩公約施行法之公布施行,儘速刪除之。
七、非法外勞收容之法源依據亟待修正
經查就業服務法迄未配合移民署之成立而加以修正,為符法制,減少疑義,勞政與立法機關應積極推動修法事宜。
至於本文對於非法外來人口收容法制之主要建議如下:
一、對於移民法、兩岸條例之修正建議
(一)收容對象應修正為以「單純等待遣返之非法外來人口」為限,刪除司法機關得將涉及刑案且尚待偵審之非法外來人口「責付」移民署收容之規定。
(二)刪除「遣返前應經司法機關同意」之規定。
(三)刪除「收容日數得折抵刑期或罰金」之規定。
(四)俟司法院建置「追究」或「提審」等事後即時司法審查機制後,刪除「收容異議制度」。
(五)於入出國及移民法修正草案中,增列大陸地區人民與港澳居民得「準用」外國人收容相關規定。
二、建議司法院研修提審法、法院組織法與行政訴訟法,建立非法外來人口收容「追究」、「提審」等事後即時司法審查機制;此外,為提升對於涉及刑案受收容人之權益保障,則建議司法院研修刑事訴訟法,針對觸犯微罪且有逃亡或逃亡之虞之犯罪嫌疑人或被告,增列「刑事收容」制度,以符刑事偵審實需。
三、建議勞委會儘速修正就業服務法相關法規,增列移民署查緝、收容非法外勞之法源依據,並建置完善之外籍勞工相關制度,減少非法外勞之發生率。
四、修正國家安全法第3條不合時宜之規定。
五、行政院應建置跨部會整合平台,釐定完整妥適之移民政策後,相關部會應配合修訂移民配套法規。 / Keywords: illegal immigration, illegal alien population, detention, liberty, family rights, equal rights, due process of law, dissent, legal investigation, Habeas Corpus
In the recent years, Taiwan, following the international development in human rights and especially after the release of Act to Implement the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and International Covenant on Economic Social and Cultural Rights (hereby referred to as the “Two Covenants”) has started the popular discussion of illegal alien population detention. This paved the way to the subject of my thesis.
Because of Taiwan's special political situation, the immigrant population is defined as not only "foreigners" or "stateless people", but also as "non-permanent nationals", "Mainland citizens", "Hong Kong residents", "Macao residents" and other categories of people. The foreign population that comes to Taiwan may not all have "migration intent”, so for the sake of being thorough, in this thesis, the term "illegal immigrants" will be changed to the broader term of "illegal aliens."
As the current investigation shows illegal alien population is mostly from Mainland China and foreign countries, this study will focus on these two groups. Aliens that can be “detained” are limited in this study to illegal aliens that have entered Taiwan and have violated immigration laws. The term “detention" is defined as "an administrative act of keeping illegal aliens in temporary premises during pre-removal process until their repatriation”. The detention of illegal alien population is an executive sanction given prior to the repatriation of illegal aliens. It is a temporary executive protection measure, not a punitive one. It is not an administrative penalty and a non-criminal sanction. It differs from the term “custody” of the Code of Criminal Procedure.
The thesis is divided into the following eight sections:
1. Introduction
2. Foreign-Based Detention System
3. Taiwan’s Detention System
4. Basic Human Rights of the Detained Aliens and Their Conflicts
5. Plight of Current Detention Practices
6. Constitutionality of Taiwan’s Detention System
7. Remedies for Detaining and Executive Practices
8. Conclusions and Recommendations
In the first place, most of the detention systems in the United States, Japan and other developed countries in the world do not adopt the " Grundsatz des Richtervorbehaltes " system. The periods for detention around the world are also different. As the number of illegal immigration cases increases in these countries, the prevention, investigation and management of illegal immigration have also become more proactive and stricter than ever before.
Taiwan's detention system can be subdivided into two major groups, foreigners (including foreign workers) and Chinese Mainlanders, overseen by the Immigration Act Section 38 of the Employment Service Law Article 68, Paragraph 4, and the Taiwanese and the Mainland Regional Relations (hereinafter referred to as Cross Strait Ordinance) Article 18. The detention system for foreigners and Mainlanders are essentially the same in Taiwan. They both share the same agencies for detention, regulations, detention duration, decisions, detention locations, resident alien pre-repatriation reviews, opportunities for legal defense, and detention treatment. The main differences between the two groups are: the requirements for detention, the presence or absence of objection procedures, the procedure for sentence set-off or penalty fines, the requirement of judicial consent prior to expulsion (forced exit) from the country, and other similar processes. In the last two decades, through the Golden Gate Agreement between Taiwan and Mainland China, there are regularly scheduled forced exits of Mainlanders from Taiwan. Repatriation of Mainlanders has not had any issues yet. That is why there has not been the need for regulations stopping their detention due to inability to repatriate them like in the cases of foreigners.
The protection of fundamental rights should comply with "the hierarchy of legal reservation" and "the importance theory". The conflicts among legal interests should be adjusted in accordance with human rights principles. And the fundamental rights of the detained people should be addressed by the past legal principles. This thesis will cover three directions: people's personal freedom, family rights and equal rights.
Through detention-related processes, the statistical comparisons between the number of detained aliens and average days in the detention centers of foreign nationals and Mainlanders, and the statistical comparison between foreign nationals involved and not involved in detention and the number of days in detention, one can see the current condition of detention and can describe the difficulties faced by the Administration and the implementation of specific improvement plans (including entry and exit information, drafts to amend the Immigration Act sent to the Legislature, etc.) by the various related authorities within the Department of Immigration.
The constitutionality of the detention is divided into six discussion topics: "Grundsatz des Richtervorbehaltes and Detainee’s Personal Freedom", "Right to Work and Protection of that Right", "Clear Detention Period," "Difference Between Sentence Set-Off and Detention," "Abuse of General Terms" and "Constructive Thoughts of Criminal Custody". From my research, the constitutionality and applicability of existing regulations are clear. However, during actual prosecution of individual cases, detained aliens involved in criminal cases may "extend detention" and are tried simply as criminal cases, not evaluating beforehand the necessity of repatriation, whether there is a gap with the legislative goal and whether it violates the principle of proportionality.
In current regulations, the phrase “serve labor sentence” easily leads to misunderstanding that there exists labor rights violation. And the implementation of right to off-set imprisonment by detention days not only does not eliminate the question of whether administrative detention replaces imprisonment has human rights violation, but it confuses the nature of detention laws. It also lets judicial agencies use criminal cases involving illegal aliens to be part of Administrative agencies’ responsibility, worsening the problem. The Border Entry and Exit and Immigration Act Article 38, Section 1, paragraph 4, also easily transforms detention into a mechanism of shielding against criminal prosecution. All this should be reviewed and analyzed in its entirety.
Concerning the detained illegal aliens’ executive relief, this thesis will analyze from the points of "dissent", "petition", "executive action", "National Compensation", "Habeas Corpus" and "accountability".
Studies found there are not too many cases of executive relief filed by the detained aliens. From observing the practical cases, the current relief program for the protection of the detained aliens’ rights is quite slow and needs improvement.
The detention laws regarding the current illegal alien population can be summarized as followed:
1. Although the detention of illegal alien population does not to adopt "Grundsatz des Richtervorbehaltes " principle, it does not violate the provisions of Article 8 of the
Constitution and there is no doubt of its constitutionality.
2. The current detention laws of illegal alien population fit the "International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights," and related provisions, there is no issue of applicability.
3. The part related to the protection of process right
In the current laws related to detention of illegal aliens, the sections related to foreigners and Mainlanders that guarantee the process right are not entirely consistent, and they lack the enforcement mechanism of requiring reviews by impartial third parties. This should be improved.
4. Lack of mechanism that requires immediate judicial review
The detention of illegal alien population is a "non-criminal detention". Article 8 of the Constitution, Paragraph 4 provides that illegal aliens may ask the Court for investigation; or the alien may ask for a judicial habeas corpus according to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Article 13. The current Habeas Corpus, Administrative Procedure Laws, Court Organization Laws and other related regulations still need supporting structure and that responsibility falls on the judiciary branch to address directly and actively.
5. The separation of criminal and administrative procedures
Existing regulations consider aliens in the mist of investigation, alien suspects awaiting sentencing, and criminal alien defendants are possible subjects for detention. There must be judicial consent prior to repatriation of criminal case defendants. However the fact that limitation on the number of times that detention may be extended has not been clearly set and that the days in the detention may set off the imprisonment not only creates massive legal confusion, but also invites criticism that "detention is now replacing imprisonment". To meet the legislative goal of establishing detention laws to enhance human rights, this thesis argues for the illegal aliens involved in criminal cases should first be tried as criminals, then as administrative defendants. And detention laws should be limited to repatriation of illegal alien population only.
6. Regulations requiring serving labor sentence do not fit current reality or practices. This easily leads to misunderstanding of human rights violation. It should be deleted immediately. The regulations should be compatible with the release of the Two Covenants.
7. The laws related to illegal alien workers detention should be corrected
The Employment Service Act is not consistent with the establishment of the Department of Immigration. The Act should be amended to meet the current legal system and reduce ambiguity. Labor Administration and Legislative agencies should proactively promote the amendment of this Act.
The main recommendations for the legal system around detention of illegal aliens are:
A. Suggested amendments for immigration laws and cross-strait ordinance
(a) Candidates for detention should be amended to accommodate illegal aliens that are simply awaiting repatriation. The need for judicial involvement should be deleted. And illegal aliens involved in criminal investigation and hearing should be under the jurisdiction of the Department of Immigration.
(b) The regulation requiring judicial consent prior to repatriation should be deleted.
(c) The allowance for reducing length of sentence or fines by detention days should be removed.
(d) After the Judicial Branch establishes investigation and habeas corpus and the judicial review, there should not be a separate detention system.
(e) During border entries and exits and during immigration law amendments, more provisions for detaining illegal foreign aliens should apply to Mainland, Hong Kong and Macao residents.
B. The Judicial Branch should analyze and edit current habeas corpus laws, court organization laws and administrative procedure laws in order to establish immediate judicial review process after illegal aliens enters custody. In addition, to improve the protection of the rights of the detaining aliens who are involved in criminal cases, the Judicial Ministry should review and edit criminal proceedings laws and add “criminal custody” system to meet current needs.
C. The Council of Labor Affairs should amend as soon as possible the Employment Services Act and related regulations, to increase additional investigation by the Department of Immigration, detention laws related to illegal alien workers, and build a complete legal system for foreign workers in order to reduce cases of illegal foreign workers.
D. Section 3 of the National Security Act is obsolete and should be amended to reflect current reality.
E. The Executive Branch should build cross-agency integration platform, determining the suitable immigration policies, and relevant departments need to support the amended immigration regulations.
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股東代表訴訟-以證券投資人及期貨交易人保護法第10條之1為中心 / Derivative Suit- Focusing on the Article 10-1 of The Securities Investor and Futures Trader Protection Act鄧雅仁 Unknown Date (has links)
在法人格獨立之原則下,公司對董事、監察人是否提起訴訟,原則上應由公司之意思機關決定,並由公司之代表人代表公司進行。然而,當公司內部機關失靈,代表人怠於為公司行使權利時,我國公司法在第214條以下訂立少數股東例外情形下可代位公司對不法之董事提起訴訟之代表訴訟制度。但我國現行公司法下之股東代表訴訟制度,存有起訴之門檻過高、起訴股東負擔之訴訟風險與成本過大之重大缺失,導致實務上甚少股東代表訴訟之實際案例。因此,立法者於民國98年增訂證券投資人及期貨交易人保護法(下稱投保法)第10條之1,使財團法人證券及期貨交易人保護中心(下稱投保中心)可以自己名義為公司提起代表訴訟,不受公司法起訴門檻之限制。探究增定投保法第10條之1之背景可能係考量目前環境仍不適合全面免除少數股東提起代表訴訟之起訴門檻,以避免股東濫行起訴而影響公司正常經營。故立法者藉由具有公益性質之投保中心,在主管機關之監理下,於投資人保護法限制之範圍內對公司之不法董事或監察人提起代表訴訟,以追求小股東權益之維護與公司經營利益與董事、監察人負擔責任三者間最大平衡。
然而,立法者於公司法之外,另於投保法制訂股東代表訴訟之制度,將產生投保中心提起之股東代表訴訟在雙軌制度下是否回歸適用公司法規定之爭議。又股東代表訴訟制度於投保法修法後仍存有許多爭議,投保法第10條之1之規定僅解決起訴誘因不足之問題。縱透過投保中心依投保法規定代位公司起訴,投保中心提起之代表訴訟亦存有維護公司利益與維護公益之內涵是否一致之爭議。又投保中心提起之股東代表訴訟常遇到證據偏在造成舉證困難之問題,縱以刑事附帶民事程序方式提起訴訟,仍存有訴訟程序進度緩慢,且刑事判決認定之結果難以解決民事求償程序中具體判斷公司之損害現今是否仍然存在、損害範圍為何及有無重大性之問題。是本文除在第五章介紹投保法現行規範及實務運作之狀況外,另於第六章透過英美法制之比較,針對股東代表訴訟中當事人之範圍、其他股東之程序保障、內部救濟程序先行之效力三大爭議進行我國現行股東代表訴訟制度之檢討,冀希能作為未來股東代表訴訟修法方向之參考。
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我國引進國民參與刑事審判制度之研究—以日本裁判員制度為借鏡 / A study of the proposed civil participation system in Tawan's criminal trail procedure—using Japan's ''Saiban-In'' system for references張永宏 Unknown Date (has links)
讓不具法律專業與審判經驗的一般國民參與審判,乃是世界各國刑事審判中常見的立法設計,舉凡陪審、參審等均屬之。以我國而言,此一制度自從清末變法圖強以來,即不斷成為立法者關注的重點,甚至先後完成了好幾部草案,但相對地,反對聲浪也相當可觀,從最具理論性的違憲論,到最具現實意義的耗費國家經費過鉅,不一而足,其結果是,國民參與刑事審判制度在我國雖然每隔一段時間就有人提倡,但從未能夠順利完成立法、付諸實施。
對於歐美等法制先進國家而言,國民參與刑事審判制度已經有數百年、甚至千年以上的歷史,由於國民參與刑事審判制度具有「由統治者或其代理人以外之人實行司法權」的性質,到了啟蒙時代,更與當時廣為流傳的自由主義或民主主義相結合,而有其政治上的意義。但隨著民主政治的落實、司法權的高度獨立化,國民參與刑事審判制度也出現了衰退的傾向;但進入20世紀末葉,遠在遠東的日本、韓國等,先後完成國民參與刑事審判制度(日本為裁判員制度、韓國為國民參與刑事審判制度)的立法,並正式實施,國民參與刑事審判制度又有復甦興盛之跡象。而更值得注意的是,日本、韓國與我國均同屬東亞文化圈、深受佛教、儒家文化之影響,且長久以來均係由職業法官獨佔審判工作,而無國民參與審判之慣習,又均屬大陸法系職權主義朝向當事人主義改革的國家,日本、韓國的經驗,對於我國而言即有相當的啟發意義,其中日本裁判員制度自概念研議階段到立法施行階段所經歷的各種討論,更值得作為我國引進國民參與刑事審判制度的參考。
觀察日本從明治維新以來、截至裁判員制度引進過程所引發的相關討論,可以發現,有關:1.制度的基本理念(引進制度的必要性為何)、2.制度的基本態樣(陪審或參審)、3.合憲性爭議、4.制度之具體內容、5.對於刑事訴訟程序的影響等等,均為論者探討的重點,而觀察我國過去引進國民參與刑事審判制度的立法嘗試,上述爭議亦散見於論者的意見之中,故本文乃以日本裁判員制度立法過程引發的上述相關討論為借鏡,逐一探討上述爭議於我國的解決之道,於我國相關討論尚不充足之處,在法制環境相近的前提下,即輔以日本學說或實務之見解。
經過上述討論,本文認為:1.東亞等國於20世紀末葉開始引進國民參與刑事審判制度的立法浪潮,其基本理念已經與民主主義、自由主義的政治思潮無直接關連,而是有鑑於刑事司法的信賴危機與正當性危機,希望藉由讓一般國民參與審判,進而可以汲取一般國民的健全社會常識與正當法律感情,並因應國民參與審判制度之需要,進行必要的訴訟程序改革,退而可以使一般國民見證刑事審判程序的嚴謹與良善,以此提升一般國民對於司法的理解與信賴、強化司法的正當性基礎,並促進刑事訴訟程序之改革。2.相較於陪審制,參審制仍然保留了職業法官審判的性質,對於欠缺國民參與刑事審判制度傳統、重視法律適用正確性、嚴謹性的東亞各國而言,乃較合於法制環境與社會文化的制度選擇。3.憲法雖然並未當然排斥國民參與刑事審判制度,但制憲者並未以國民參與刑事審判為前提而立憲,釋憲者亦未以國民參與刑事審判為前提而釋憲,是我國憲法中司法權的建制原理仍以職業法官審判為基本出發點,亦即憲法之基本要求乃是:具備解釋適用法律專業的職業法官必須要成為法院的構成員,並能夠充分發揮其實質意義,國民參與刑事審判制度的設計,亦必須符合上述基本要求,始能謂為合憲。
另就4.制度具體設計而言,在參審制的前提下,舉凡適用案件的範圍、合議庭的組成比例、參審員的產生、任期、職權、評議可決的標準等,均摻雜了合憲性要求、制度的扎根與落實、制度立法宗旨的實現、維持既有審判品質、避免造成國民過重負擔、國家財政負擔與訴訟經濟等種種因素,而有各別的考量與側重之處。5.國民參與刑事審判制度對於刑事訴訟程序的影響評估,則可區分為第一審訴訟程序與第二審審理構造兩方面來探討,在第一審訴訟程序方面,基於減輕國民參與審判的負擔,以利制度立法宗旨之實現,故相關刑事訴訟程序均宜配合為適度之改革,以加速審理進度、簡化艱深之審理內容、嚴謹證據法則、並維護法官與參審員對等討論的能力;而在第二審審理構造方面,基於尊重第一審行國民參與刑事審判的判決,我國第二審雖仍宜由職業法官審判而非一併引進國民參與刑事審判,但現行的覆審制宜改為「法律審兼事實審的事後審制」,以平衡追求「誤判救濟」及「維護國民參與刑事審判制度立法宗旨」之利益。
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環境管制行政中的科學框架與決策困境:以台灣石化產業環評爭議為例 / The Science Framework and The Decision Making Dilemma in The Environmental Regulatory Administration: the EIA case studies of the Taiwan Petrochemical Projects.施佳良, Shih, Chia Liang Unknown Date (has links)
在經濟發展的過程中,環境污染往往是其代價。石化產業在台灣經濟發展過程中扮演著火車頭的角色,帶動相關產業的勃興,但也帶來日益增加的環境污染與其社會爭議,成為政府部門必須面對的課題。在傳統的環境管制政策當中,科學評估被視為中立、理性客觀之分析技術,能夠有效處理環境問題的方法,其強調專業中立的形象,也與官僚理性所強調的中立性相似。因此這不僅是環境行政程序設計之核心,也是行政正當性的重要來源。但因著環境議題的複雜化、科學不確定性的增加,在行政程序當中,僅著重專家角色的行政程序,相信專家能夠帶來各樣問題的解答,不僅在程序上限制了多元知識類型的進入,既無法共同建構問題、也無法形成決策基礎的一部分;同時行政機關也此程序將決策責任移轉給專家;然而因著科學不確定性,使得專家必須在未知的情況下進行決策,因而使得決策內容會更加保守,讓環境爭議窄化成「如何收集更多資訊」等技術問題。行政機關原欲以專家作為決策正當性的來源,但狹隘的科學想像框架不僅使程序無法有效地處理環境爭議、無法回應來自多元參與者的提問,反而使得決策正當性更加受到嚴重的挑戰。
本研究以國光石化開發案的健康風險議題與六輕工安大火事件兩個案的環評過程為分析案例。在國光石化環評過程,健康風險議題是主要爭議焦點。當時有學者研究指出國光石化營運之後,將對台灣民眾的健康風險帶來重要影響,並指認環評書中所低估或錯估的部分。面對不同的科學研究爭議,環保署依其狹隘的科學框架,欲創制一套評判程序以解決爭議,卻適得其反。與此同時,六輕也在 2010年7 月傳出工安大火事件,地方陸續傳出有吳郭魚、文蛤、雛鴨等大量死亡的農業損失情事,使六輕營運後所造成的環境影響與健康風險問題,受到社會高度矚目。環保署因而要求台塑提出「環境影響調查報告書」進行審查。但環評專案小組因著科學不確定性而難以依科學論證作為基礎做出決策。最終則是以法院判決來作為決策的正當性來源。
本文透過多重資料來源的蒐集,包括田野訪談、環評專案小組會議、專家會議等相關之會議紀錄、相關事件的剪報資料,以及相關會議的參與觀察紀錄等。藉由兩個案的分析,探討行政程序建立在狹隘的科學框架之上時,為何產生行政決策的僵局,探討結構上的侷限與受到的正當性挑戰。並以論述應邁向具社會強健性的知識建構為基礎的開放行政程序,以強化決策正當性的根基。 / The scientific assessment in the traditional environment regulation policy is generally regarded as a rational technique. The common impression of scientific assessment is neutral and specialized, which is similar to the major principle of Bureaucracy, organization by functional specialty, defined by Max Weber. Therefore, the scientific assessment has been not only a foundation of environmental administration procedure, but also a resource of legitimacy. On the contrary, while the government just focuses on the scientific evidence in administrative procedure, there will be the political debates unable to resolve effectively. Because administrative procedure is unable to include multi-knowledge from different stakeholders, administration deal with environmental problems only limits to the sufficiency of scientific evidences. Consequently, administration transfers the responsibility about decision making to the experts committee. But experts committee could not make decision definitely, and the decision would be conservative, because of scientific uncertainty. As a result, the interpretation of environmental problems is narrowed to the proof of causal relationship between pollutants and environmental impacts. Since unknown causal relationships always exist, there will be ongoing arguments and disputes of environmental problems. Taking two examples of the environment impact assessment of a fire accident in the sixth naphtha cracking project in July, 2010, and the KuoKuang Petrochemical Project, 2011, the research analyze the hidden science framework and limitation behind the administrative procedure. The finding is that the technicalization of administration leads to government role shrinking and erodes the legitimacy of decision. In order to strengthen the foundation of legitimacy, administration should rebuild an open administrative procedure to foster socially robust knowledge.
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政黨體系與民主鞏固:台灣與南韓的比較分析 / Party System and Democratic Consolidation: Comparative Analysis of Taiwan and South Korea楊以彬, Yang, I Pin Unknown Date (has links)
本文研究主題,係以歷史制度主義研究途徑來建構、實證和比較台灣與南韓政黨體系與民主鞏固的連結關係與影響程度。研究範圍設定在第三波民主化後的1986年至2012年。為達成預期研究目標,本文引用及修正Mainwaring建構的「政黨體系制度化」四種分析面向與Jones設計的附加測量指標,做為研究架構與比較工具,茲以比較兩國政黨體系制度化的高低程度,從而進行優劣排比,最後分析與評估對於兩國民主鞏固的影響程度及發展條件。
修正後的「政黨體系制度化」四個比較面向分別為:「政黨穩定性」、「政黨代表性」、「政黨正當性」及「政黨組織化」。透過四個比較面向進行實證測量和分析後,歸納後,得出以下幾項重要的研究發現:(一)台灣與南韓政黨體系制度化四個面向的表現各有優劣、互見利弊,但總體表現優於南韓,因此民主鞏固正面發展條件將比南韓更為有利。(二)台灣雖然政黨體系制度化總體表現略優於南韓,但兩國均未達成健全制度化政黨體系,故要有效提升民主鞏固的品質,仍有相當大的改善空間。(三)經過深入研究後,本文認為台灣及南韓政黨體系與民主鞏固存在因果關係,政黨體系制度化的程度也是影響民主鞏固發展的因素之一,但並非是影響民主鞏固因果關係的特定必然條件或單一直接因素。
經由上述三點研究發現,總結以下幾項研究建議:(一)政黨體系制度化的概念內涵分析面向與測量指標,在觀察、分析與比較新興民主國家政黨體系與民主鞏固的因果關係上,雖然有解釋效果與檢證作用,但運用或移植在台灣與南韓的配對比較案例上,受到區域差異化的影響,確定有部份的非相容性及侷限性,因此必須有所修正與調整。(二)要解決台灣及南韓政黨體系制度化不足或缺陷的問題,雖然考驗極大,問題甚多,但現階段建議可由制度面上進行政治改革,包括南韓總統任期可從現行的「五年單任制」修改為「四年兩任制」。台灣與南韓應儘速通過或修改「政黨法」,以健全政黨體系運作的規範。
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「中華文化復興運動推行委員會」之研究(1966-1975)林果顯, Lin, Guo-Shian Unknown Date (has links)
本論文的目的,在於透過五○、六○年代臺灣的內外情勢,以及文復會工作的分析,解釋文復運動出現的原因,以及該會所扮演的角色。文復運動之所以展開,是中華民國政府在反攻戰事日益拖延的情勢下,為了解決動員戡亂與民主憲政的扞挌衝突,所必須塑造的一套正當性基礎。文復會的角色,則從原先主動塑造政府正當性的地位,在經歷七○年代的國際變局後,轉變為被動配合政府追求現代化的輔助機構。
自1950年以來,中華民國政府即面臨必須號召反攻,卻又不能反攻的情勢。隨著時間的流逝,反攻無望等疑問逐漸上升,以及動員戡亂長久維持所產生的弊病,皆嚴重威脅中華民國政府正當性的基礎。在此情況下,藉由中共文化大革命的發生,遂以文化復興運動塑造政府正當性。其方式是建構臺灣為中華文化唯一寶庫,為保衛傳統文化而需繼續與中共奮鬥,並以蔣中正作為道統傳人,將全民團結於領袖之下,換言之,「道統-國父-蔣公」、「三民主義=文化復興=反攻大陸」成為文復運動的主要內涵。總統兼文復會會長,意味著國家最高的領袖同時肩負文化復興的重責大任,對蔣中正而言,這種身份是繼承國父與道統而來,別人所無法取代。能領導文復會的,是道統傳人,是總統,是蔣中正,而這三者在當時構成了領袖一辭的實質內涵。該運動的工作不一定全是創新,但其鞏固中華民國政府統治正當性的作用,具有領導性與積極性。
文復運動繼承五○年代以來國民黨推動文化運動的手法,黨政機關隱藏在後,動員各式團體響應,使運動蔚為風潮,並宣稱此運動為民間自發的運動。由此,當回頭思考文化霸權的理論時,便發現葛蘭西的分析並不適用於文復運動。葛蘭西強調的是一個自主的市民社會,統治階級必須在此爭取認同,說服市民社會承認其在哲學、道德與知識上的領導權。然而,從背景的回顧來看,臺灣當時根本缺乏所謂自主性的市民社會,反對中華民國政府、需要被說服的勢力早已被剷除,這一點也是先行研究者所共同承認的。用文化霸權解釋文復運動,等於假定了一個不存在的市民社會。而所謂民間團體的積極響應,一種看似社會被統治者說服的景象,實際上也是黨政機構運作下的結果。因此,以文化霸權的概念分析,容易造成理論與事實的誤差。在這個運動中,我們必須注意領袖擁有崇高地位的這項特性,這將在文復會的實際工作中展露無遺。
在實際工作中可以發現,文復會所復興的「中華文化」,是經過篩選,而且利於中華民國政府統治。透過加強民族精神教育,傳達三民主義、愛國意識與擁戴領袖的信念;以推行國語運動等方式,壓抑地方文化,塑造官方同意的國有標準文化;從儒家經典的率先註譯中,又可了解道統學說才是文復會的重心所在。換言之,該運動所復興的「中華文化」,不僅強化三民主義與道統的重要性與普及性,同時亦意欲成為全中國均應學習與維護的唯一文化,成為判別正統中國與「偽政權」的標準文化。
另一方面,文復會制訂「國民生活須知」與「國民禮儀範例」,期望從日常生活當中體現文化復興的精神。貫穿須知與範例的最重要精神,在於嚴格克己與長幼尊卑的要求,將生活上的具體情境化為一條條的行為準則,建立起社會的秩序氣息。文復會採取由上而下的推行方式,期望黨政軍各級首長以身作則,達成上行下效的效果。這種依恃道德表率的思考,以人而言就是向尊長學習,以物而言就是向標語學習,以全國而言就是向政府學習,以運動整體而言就是向領袖學習。而在海外方面,運動的推行對象以華僑為主,這意味著文復會希望全球華人皆能體認正確的「中華文化」,藉由宣傳保衛民族遺產而支持中華民國政府,目的在彰顯世界華人對蔣總統復興文化的全力支持。從文復會海內外的工作來看,文復運動的重心,最終在於促進人民對領袖的擁戴。
然而,到了一九七○年代,外交上的挫折對中華民國政府的正當性基礎產生實質傷害,在穩定政權為首要考量下,蔣中正於1972年繼續連任總統,並提名其子蔣經國任行政院長。蔣經國透過多項社會與政治風氣的改革措施,宣示政府革新的企圖與決心,並以建立現代化國家為號召,推動九項建設等重要基礎工程。文復會在變局下,工作內容亦轉而強調現代化的面向,「國民生活須知」的實踐,出現大量維護清潔衛生與交通秩序的工作,透過政府機關的配合,修改法令加強取締髒亂與交通違規的情事。更具象徵意義的是,文復會的工作報告中,出現大量與蔣(經國)院長相關的活動,這對只配合蔣中正言論和政策的文復會而言,顯示在工作上已將蔣經國納入擁戴領袖的對象。整體而言,文復運動從原本具有領導性質的精神動員,在變局之後轉為依附政府對現代化的追求。
文復運動原是為了在不改變既有秩序的情況下,解決民主憲政與動員戡亂的衝突難題,然而變局後中華民國政府的諸多改變,則使文復會的重要性降低。第一任會長去逝之日,正式代表一個以文化命脈與領袖功業相結合時代的過去。文復會見證了此項轉變,但不變的是對領袖與中華民國政府的忠誠擁戴。
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從正當行政程序論民間參與公共建設甄審與爭議處理 / A study on Evaluation and Dispute of the Private Participation in Infrastructure Projects from Due Administrative Process蔡志明 Unknown Date (has links)
司法院釋字第520號解釋於理由書指出:「基於法治國原則,縱令實質正當亦不可取代程序合法」,即一語道出程序正義之重要性。
民間參與公共建設具專業性、複雜性及高風險性、隔代性、利益衝突等特性,在政府與民間合作理念的推動下,法律規定模式已呈現由「條件式」的模式轉向「目的式」模式,致使政府合作對象的甄審(選)成為一種高度專業趨向之判斷,並且可能陷於「決策於未知之中」的困境。民間參與公共建設的推動上,除技術層面之實體審查標準外,實應認真思考面對決策的程序問題,藉由程序之提升,用以補足實體規範的不足。據此,有關引進民間參與公共建設之法規,甄審程序選出的最佳締約對象、最優申請案件或最優申請人「是否即屬適當」,應思考甄審(或評選)程序與組織設計,是否妥適。
本文擬由正當法律程序於美國及日本之發展出發,藉以了解其規範基礎與發展情形,並分析我國司法實務有關正當法律程序原則之解釋,理解我國對於正當法律程序之內涵與要求。其後聚焦行政實務上經常引用作為民間參與公共建設案件辦理依據之獎參條例、採購法及促參法,就其甄審、評選或評審程序與爭議處理程序檢視正當法律程序實踐情形。
本於基本權保障意旨及法律承認權利之保障,基本上本文認同至少應有一最低限度之保障(即聽證權)。至於其他要求為何?本於民間參與公共建設之興建或營運,涉及政府有限資源之分配及申請人(營業自由、契約自由)與使用者(生命、身體、財產)之基本權保障相關,應可由司法院釋字第384號解釋及釋字第709號解釋推導出「組織」要求,而其他如公正作為(迴避、禁止程序外接觸)、受告知權、說明理由及資訊公開,亦正是落實組織適法與聽證權,所不可或缺之要素。
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社會給付行政中行政機關之諮詢及提供資訊義務─ 兼論社會法地位回復請求權 / A Study on Administrative Agencies’ Consultation and Information Providing Obligations in Social Welfare Procedure─ Including a Discussion on the Right to Recover the Procedure Status侯幸彤, Hou, Hsing Tung Unknown Date (has links)
摘 要
資訊時代下,要求國家對於人民提供資訊,係為行政程序要求公開透明化之國家重要任務。近年來,我國法制發展,主要著重在要求政府對不特定多數人公開資訊之相關法制建構。相較於此,課予行政機關於行政程序對特定人民提供資訊,無論是行政機關為單方面的資訊提供,或進一步以對話的方式提供意見的諮詢,為我國法制規範上未予關注之處。現代社會變遷下,行政任務內容朝向複雜及專業化發展,國家扮演的角色亦隨之重新定位,除了在消極方面,要求國家不得過度干預人民權利的行使外;在積極的面向上,國家負有提供人民生存照顧服務的義務。具體落實在一般行政程序當中,由於行政任務的變遷以及法規的繁雜,常使人民難於釐清之間的權益關係,除此之外,在社會行政程序中,程序相對人大多具有在資訊取得較為弱勢之特徵,為了有效落實並達成個別社會給付之目的,需透過行政機關在社會給付行政程序中,提供人民相關協助。
要求國家於行政程序中提供人民相關資訊,涉及正當行政程序在憲法上的定位。釋憲實務對於正當法律程序之發展,及對該概念所為的闡釋,說明程序在憲法上亦受到檢視。除了透過憲法明文規定之權利推導出程序的要求外,特別是在行政領域中,行政程序基本權的肯認,所能發揮人民權利保障的功能,係為近年來實務及學理上,就該權利主張之具體依據及內涵,於法制發展上關注的重心。而要求國家對個別人民提供資訊,足以作為行政程序基本權的具體內涵之一。
在法律的層次方面,基於公益的考量,課予行政機關於行政程序中踐履相關的義務,必須進一步探求系爭法規之規範意旨,透過保護規範理論的操作,探究人民是否具備主觀公權利。我國行政程序法中,並未就行政機關對人民之諮詢及提供資訊義務作一般性規定,然而,在個別社會相關專業法規當中,則存在許多課予行政機關負有諮詢及提供資訊之具體規範。對此,德國法上考量在一般行政程序中,相較於在社會行政程序中的不同需求,將行政機關之諮詢及提供資訊的內容作不同規範,甚至及於行政程序尚未開啟前之程序階段作討論。在我國未就社會給付行政程序另行規範一部專業法規的前提下,在社會給付行政程序中,說明行政機關對個別人民負擔諮詢及提供資訊義務之正當性,分別從行政程序法之一般性規定,及個別社會專業法規之規範作探討。
行政機關違反行政程序行為的法律效果,除了影響系爭行政決定作成的效力外,在國家責任制度方面,透過地位回復請求權之制度建構,俾使人民得請求回復到,如同行政機關已為正確資訊提供之程序地位,進而得為權利之行使及選擇。地位回復請求權對於人民權利保障所能發揮的功能,殊值作為未來我國相關法制度發展的思考面向。
關鍵詞:正當法律程序、正當行政程序、程序基本權、協助義務、良好行政、
諮詢、提供資訊、社會法地位回復請求權、社會行政程序、信賴保護。 / Abstract
Under the information age, requiring the State to provide information to the people, is the important tasks for the procedural requirements of transparency. In recent years, the development of Taiwan’s legal system, mainly focused on asking the Government for disclosure of information to public. Compared to this, whether to ask administrative agency to provide information, further to provide advice on ways of dialogue to the specific people were not of the legal norms of the attention. Changes in modern society, the administration task definition faces complex and the specialized development. The role of the State is to reposition, except the negative side, requires that the State shall not interfere unduly with the exercise of the right of the people, on the positive side, the State have obligations to provide the life of care. Realization in general administrative procedure, due to the changes of the administrative tasks, as well as the complexity of regulations, often makes people difficult to clarify the relationship between rights and obligations. In the social administrative procedure, most people are more disadvantaged on the information obtained. In order to effectively implement and achieve social benefits purposes, asked the administrative agency to provide people to assist in the social welfare procedure.
Require the State in administrative procedures to provide relevant information to the people, is related to administrative procedures in the positioning of the Constitution. Due process of law in the interpretation of the Judicial Yuan, to illustrate the procedure has also been reviewed in the Constitution. Except through the right of the Constitution provides to derive the requirements specification process, there is necessary to develop the procedural constitutional rights. Especially in administrative area, administrative practice and doctrinal in recent years, are committed to advocating the basis and content of the rights. Require the State to provide information to specific people, enough to serve as one of the content of the procedural constitutional rights.
At the level of the legal aspects, based on public interest considerations, obligations of administrative agency in administrative procedures, must further explore whether people have the right of the legal norm. The Administrative Procedure Act of Taiwan, does not provide for the obligation of the administrative agency to consult and provide information to specific people. However, among the social regulations, provides that the administrative agency must provide consultation and information. In this regard, Germany considered the law of general administrative procedure, compared to the different needs in the field of social administrative procedure, provides consulting and providing information in different content, even before the stage has not yet been opened. In the case of social welfare are not standardized administrative procedures and regulations. The legitimacy of the administrative agency in social welfare procedures to provide advice and information to the people of the obligations, can be discussed separately from the general provisions of the Administrative Procedure Act, and the requirements of social administrative regulations.
If the administrative agency violated administrative procedures, in addition to affecting the validity of administrative decisions made. In the regime of State responsibility, through on the right to recover the procedure status, so that people will ask to return to, as administrative agency to provide correct information, for the exercise of the rights and choices, as the future development of Taiwan's legal system.
Key Words:due process of law, due process of administration, the procedural constitutional rights, obligation to assist, Good Administration, consultation, information, the right to recover the procedure status, social administrative procedure, bona fide.
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名分禮秩與皇權重塑—大禮議與明嘉靖朝政治文化尤淑君 Unknown Date (has links)
本文擬以明代大禮議事件,作為研究嘉靖朝政治文化的切入點,試圖透過名分禮秩的角度去分析大禮議牽涉的「七爭」 、頒佈《明倫大典》 及國家禮制變革三方面,找出政治權力、儒家經典詮釋及國家禮制三者的關係,以瞭解嘉靖朝的政治文化有何變化。本文提出的問題如下:
一是嘉靖君臣如何透過經典再詮釋的方式,建構人情論的理論體系,說服士人接受「大禮議」的結果,而嘉靖君臣又如何逐步變易國家禮制,證明政權的正當性基礎,完成皇權重塑的目標。並且觀察後來隆慶朝至崇禎朝的歷朝皇帝如何處理睿宗獻皇帝的祧遷問題,回過頭來證明嘉靖皇帝是否成功地建立了自身世系的正當性。二是嘉靖君臣面臨公私衝突時將會如何抉擇,這些抉擇又會使嘉靖君臣關係與權力分配原則產生何種變化,從而觀察權力核心中的政治人物如何去界定自己在團體中的地位、擁有的職權範圍與政治結構中的既有限制。並且探討大禮議將如何影響嘉靖朝各種團體的人際關係、權力結構及政治生態,從而討論嘉靖皇帝如何能成功箝制士人對大禮議的不滿輿論,探討皇權伸入官僚體系的政治效應。三是大禮議的結果將使名分禮秩出現何種危機,而名分禮秩的危機又會使嘉靖朝造成何種政治效應。再從名分禮秩的意義去討論皇權究竟要作為包括廣大臣民在內的公共中心,還是作為保證皇帝個人私利的手段呢?一旦皇權的公共性質隱晦不明時,將對整個社會秩序造成什麼樣的後果。並且探索士人們如何依循政治權力、社會經濟與思想文化的變化,藉由儒家傳統經典再詮釋的方式,力圖讓名分禮秩回歸「合禮」的軌道,從而限制皇權的範圍,讓政治秩序與社會秩序回復合理的安排。
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