全球人口快速成長至七十億，且未來可能正成長到90億，糧食匱乏已是不爭的事實，若不儘快研究對策，只一味從事經濟成長是不理性的。2011年索馬利亞有30萬人餓死，全球玉米價格也上漲60 %，扣除人為因素的炒作外，耕地減少、溫度效應下欠收嚴重、養殖生畜與人爭食，都是造成糧食短缺的原因。如果能以「農產廢棄物轉換成動物日糧」、「廚餘轉換成綠能發酵飼料」的概念來研究農牧業的經營策略，比僅單方面提高農產量會來的更有效益。 因此，本研究期望能將個案的實際成果作為複製的樣板，進行完整而有效的探討，瞭解如何用最低成本來建構此模式，並運用策略為個案找到成長的機會，及如何複製到中國大陸二十五省，降低進入門檻，用有益微生物數以億萬計的優勢為人類服務，同時也為個案公司創造出新的機會及策略。 本論文以綠能發酵各種人類廢棄物之研發，營運經營管理的實際參與，對應「三化」(資源化、無害化、減量化)處理和生態循環示範基地的經驗，整理分析討論，回饋農牧業界及台灣、大陸政府回收創能政策的機構參考。

科学研究費補助金 研究種目:基盤研究(C)(2) 課題番号:07610175 研究代表者:松本 康 研究期間:1995-1997年度

本研究源自於McLuhan「媒介就是訊息」的說法。研究者認為，關於媒介與人類心靈間的互動關係，如果真如麥氏所說，不同的媒介使用會造成不同思維及傳播方式的話，那麼或許我們可以反過來進一步提問，未受過文字教育，不使用「文字」做為思維溝通工具的文盲，怎麼思考及口語表達？他們的思考方式又和受過文字教育的人有什麼不同？ 事實上，本文的主要研究問題與目的，並非只在說明文盲的口語表達行為，更重要的是，研究者試圖以媒介使用差異為切入點，建立一套解釋人類口語表達行為的初步架構，而這個解釋架構的完成，則需透過文盲口語表達行為的觀察與說明而來。 在本文中，研究者特別強調報導人所處整體「媒介文化」情境對其思維與行為的影響性，並透過文獻檢閱及十五位報導人田野觀察的過程，研究者將媒介定義為一種「文化工具箱」，研究者並進一步以這兩個概念，延伸McLuhan「媒介就是訊息」的概念，提出本研究的解釋架構： 非單一媒介，而是人們所處的整體「媒介文化」影響人們的口語表達行為。不同的媒介文化會形塑不同的文化工具箱，在日常生活的口語表達行為中，人們即是利用這些文化工具箱，來解決問題及達成目的；但反過來說，這些文化工具箱也會限制和影響人們所思所為。 在此，「媒介文化」一詞，指的是以思維溝通工具為首，所創造出的文化環境，與傳統傳播學中指涉的媒體內部文化意義並不相同。「文化工具箱」指的則是那些經由所處文化形塑而來的各式有形及無形的成套工具。在本文中，研究者調特別強調，文化工具箱是以多重成套的方式共存。亦即，在解決某一問題時，我們腦中同時可能存有多個甚至相互衝突的文化工具箱，人們即是利用這些共存的多重文化工具箱，選擇出適當的問題解決工具。故而我們可以說，在解決問題的過程，人們仍具有相當程度的自主性。 另外，必須強調的是，本文在媒介文化中所提的口語/文字/電子文化分類，並非是個截然二分的概念，而是一種「偏向」。因為現存文化中，大半同時包含了口語、文字和電子文化的作用，只不過不同的媒介文化，在其中所造成的作用力有其大小罷了。故而本文以口語和文字/電子偏向文化稱之，旨在說明口語/文字/電子文化的連續和混合特性。 同樣的，在本文中，文化工具箱也是種「偏向」概念，亦即，文化工具箱的形成與使用，並非處於一種截然二分的狀態，而是種習慣的傾向，故而某些文化工具箱，也許較常在口語文化偏向或口語人身上使用，但並不意謂著文字/電子文化偏向或文字/電子人，就不使用這些文化工具箱，只不過相對上來說，使用的技能和頻次可能少了些。 至於這個文化工具箱使用的選擇偏向，主要與我們的生活/生長環境有關，生活/生長於某媒介文化中人，因為從小到大就身處在一個使用該文化所形塑的文化工具箱的環境中，所以會偏向選用該文化所形塑之工具箱，且使用技能較佳。 / This study tries to establish a media theory to explain the oral expression of people. In this study we propose some ideas through the filed observation of 15 illiterate’s oral expression and the literature review. First, not media only factor but the whole media culture affects people’s thinking way and oral expression. Second, all media are cultural product, so we call them cultural tool-kit. And when people use a media to solve some problems, they must be affected by the culture. Third, sometimes we choose the different cultural tool-kit to solve the same problem, so tool-kit’s use is a kind of people’s actively choice process. Fourth, the choice process of cultural toolkits is a kind of bias behavior. The people growing in a oral media culture bias to use oral media cultural toolkits to solve problems. Fifth, although we actively use cultural toolkit to solve problems in our everyday, but these cultural toolkits also affect our thinking way and oral expression.

本文從對環境危機的關懷切入，討論人類中心論如何造成人類對大自然的恣意剝削與破壞，包括基督教義、理性主義、機械世界觀等等，使人類將自然界當作實現個人利益的工具。隨之而起的是「生態中心的轉向」，人類逐漸把自己看做是更大尺度主體的一份子，大自然本身應該是一個具備自我組織與生發能力的有機體，其中每一個組成份子都有其價值與意義。 生態中心論包括大地倫理學、深層生態學及蓋婭理論，其對於大自然與人類的觀點，以及環境倫理的看法，與中國的道家哲學十分相近。於是本文接著從道家思想中，闡明其與生態中心論共通之處。最終得出三個要點，堪做為環境教育的啟示： 1.人應領悟到自身與大自然之間密不可分的關係，並且尋回其間的連結。 2.人應有充分的機會體驗這種連結，並致力回復大自然運作的規律。 3.人應努力實踐自身與大自然的共生；達到逍遙無為的和諧自由之境。 從這三點出發，筆者認為一切的環境教育與環保作為，在知其然之外，更重要的是知其所以然。人既然與自然性本一體，就應該從這一點出發建構環境教育的核心基礎。於是提出召喚、共鳴與覺醒的三個步驟。 召喚原則對應的是人是否具備真誠面對自身生命狀態的品質；而在教育原理中，必須重視啟發性的原則，透過故事、感動的經驗、美好的圖像、與大自然親密的互動等等，喚起個體內在與大自然的本來連結。 第二步驟，是讓個體盡可能地經驗大自然與人類之間密不可分的關係，以及大自然如何以極度的包容性與豐富性，含納萬物。其中對應到的人性品質是「愛」，一種一體感與連結感的體驗。體驗性是其中必要的教育原則。 最後，在了悟天人合一、物我和諧的真相之後，個體便可以達到充分認識自己與自然、以及界限所在的「覺醒」狀態，其中隱含的人性品質為「自由」。儘管自由是不易達到的，但個體在覺醒的狀況下實踐自身最大的利益，亦是充滿意義的奮鬥過程；也因此，到了這一步，環境教育可以真正讓一個置身大自然中的人類，清楚而堅定地為保護環境獻身。 整體而言，本文嘗試建構一個環境教育的進路，使自然中的小生命，回歸到生命與自然的真實面貌，並從此一更深廣的本質出發，以達到最終生命意義的實現。而第五章討論之華德福教育中的環境教育觀，亦為本文之結論提供旁證。 / To look for a proper approach of environmental education, through concerning recent worldly crisis, the study take three aspects of seeing the relation between human beings and the nature, as the source of homo-centrism. They are Christian, Rationalism and mechanical paradigm of science. Composite to the points of human-centrism, eco-centrism, including “land ethics”, “deep ecology” and “Gaia theory”, arose as a reflection to see the nature as more holistic and lively system. The ancient Chinese philosophy, Daoism, corresponds eco-centrism on a higher and more self-realizing level. These two theories, eco-centrism and Daoism, both dedicate an approach of environmental education to the common nature of human and the nature itself. Only through define selfness as part of nature, human beings will take responsibility for environment. The task of education is to recall the same essence of the nature and human beings, and experience it plenty, then to reach a clear conscious of being in nature. The approach of teaching and curriculum of Waldorf Steiner school is taken as an example to reflect three concepts held by the author. These three concepts raised, initiating, experiencing and practicing, are the conclusion of this study.

「社基保育」（Community-Based Conservation）是強調「由下到上」（bottom-up）的自然資源管理模式。透過在地民眾的參與（participation），不僅減少政府在自然資源管理的支出，形成為社區居民認可的資源管理模式；更重要的，透過居民參與，社基保育連結地方自治（self-governance）與民主（democracy），實踐公共財合產（coproduction）與增效（synergy）的效果。因此社基保育不僅有生態保育的優勢，更有政治與經濟面的討論意義。 以往對社基保育的研究，多以鄉村或原住民地區的資源管理為研究範例，這些地區藉由居民的共議或傳統文化，獲得居民認同，刺激居民主動參與。然而若將研究焦點轉向都市地區，社基保育能否發揮相同功效？透過本研究的兩個案例—台北市富陽自然生態公園與台南市巴克禮紀念公園，社基保育在都市社區中仍有實行的可能。但相較鄉村與原民社區，都市社基保育的參與者更多，彼此溝通協調需要更多成本，形成集體行動也更不容易。本研究兩個案例中的里長，皆發揮動員居民的功能，並代表居民和其他參與者如政府、非營利組織溝通，降低居民參與的成本，營造居民集體行動的雛形。而政府、非營利組織與居民在社基保育過程中的關係，將影響社基保育能否達成在地落實的目標。 / Community-Based Conservation is the model emphasizing “bottom-up” power of managing natural resources. It reduces the government’s cost of resource management, and becomes a widely accepted model by the locals through their participation. Furthermore, it combines Coproduction, Synergy, local Self-Governance, and Democracy Governance through the locals’ direct participation. Therefore, Community-Based Conservation not only has advantage in ecological conservation, but also shows importance in politics and economics. Previously, the researches on Community-Based Conservation often take resource management models in rural and indigenous areas as their cases. These models obtain the residents’ identity and stimulate their active participation by their discussion or the influence of traditional culture. But if we transfer the researches’ focus to urban areas, can Community-Based Conservation play the same role? Through the two cases in this thesis: Fuyang Eco Park in Taipei and Barclay Memorial Park in Tainan, it is possible to implement Community-Based Conservation in urban areas. However, compared with rural and indigenous areas, there are more participators in urban areas. It costs more to make them coordinate and communicate with each other well. Consequently, it is very important to inspire the locals to participate in Community-Based Conservation. In these two cases, both Neighborhood magistrates construct the model by mobilizing the residents, communicating with different participators such as the government, non-profit organizations, and reducing the cost of their participation. The relationship between the government, non-profit organizations and the residents in the process of Community-Based Conservation will affect the fulfillment in urban areas.

開放原始碼軟體平台與互補性資產建構—以Google與 Intel 為例 / Open source software is Open Innovation only if it has a business model driving it (West and Gallagher 2006). Open Innovation is the paradigm describing the scenario in which firms use a broad range of external sources for innovation and seek a broad range of commercialization alternatives for internal innovation (Chesbrough 2003). The Platform Leader builds the platform and concentrates its efforts on promoting and directing innovation of complementary products in favor of its R&D direction (Cusumano and Gawer 2002). The author has chosen leaders in two distinctive industry sectors— Google, the leader in search engine industry, and Intel, the leader in the microprocessor business for the personal computer industry—as the case study companies for this research. Both cases fit the definition of open innovation since both Google and Intel have specific business models for their open source software platforms. This research explores how industry leaders exploit open source software platforms to realize their specific strategic intents. The research problems are: (1) how companies can incorporate external creativity and innovation to maintain their own innovative momentum; (2) what are the key factors and strategies for building a successful open source software platform and its ecosystem; (3) how can a company use an open source software platform as part of its strategy to enter new markets and promote development of complementary assets to build its competitive advantages. The author proposes the following framework to analyze how leading firms design open source platform strategies: (1) analyze the firm’s core competencies; (2) analyze the firm’s strategic intent for their open source software platform; (3) analyze the firm’s strategies for designing the architecture of their open source software platform; (4) analyze the firm’s strategies for designing the ecosystem around the platform. Based on the analysis of the two comparative cases, the author has been convinced of the following propositions: 1. Firms can use open source software platform to incorporate external creativity and innovations that promote the development of complementary assets and to build or at least maintain their competitive advantage against competitors. 2. Instead of a purely open or purely proprietary platform strategy, platform owners can utilize a hybrid strategy, which combines the advantages of open source and closed source to retain control and differentiation. 3. As opposed to a company-owned open source software platform, a community-owned open source software platform will attract more communities’ involvements and stimulate more innovation. 4. When developing complementary assets, firms should adopt an open innovation approach to incorporate external creativity and innovations; however, when building their core competencies, firms should adopt a more closed innovation approach to maintain their distinctive competitive advantages. 5. One of the key determining factors of a successful open source platform strategy is the platform owner’s ability to create value and enable every partner within the ecosystem to share some portion of it.

本論文以「賽伯格閱讀」的方式在台灣當代小說中「讀取」三種賽伯格主體，並且展望賽伯格閱讀批判當代科技社會的可能性。賽伯格閱讀意指將文本中的人事物讀出賽伯格的意味。也就是說，賽伯格閱讀所分析的文本不必然、也不需要是容易讓人直接聯想到賽伯格理論的科幻文本，而能是更寬泛的、各種形式的文本──包括不是科幻小說的文本。重點不在於有沒有，而在於如何；不在於文本「本身」有沒有賽伯格主體的再現，而在於如何以賽伯格閱讀去讀取文本當中的賽伯格主體，並且探討該賽伯格主體如何構成，終而批判科技和特定權力位階的共謀。本論文盡量選擇科幻小說以外的文本作為分析對象，藉此挑戰「賽伯格理論通常連結到科幻文本」的刻板印象。此外，本論文也以「拼裝」這個詞彙思考混雜各種異質元素的賽伯格主體構成。本論文所提出的「義肢人」、「遊戲人」、「動物人」這三種賽伯格主體，是受哈洛威（Donna Haraway）的〈賽伯格宣言〉中「三種關鍵的界線破裂」之說所啟發。三種賽伯格主體各自對應、補充三種界線的不穩固──義肢人體現了「有機體和無機物的混淆」、遊戲人呼應「物質和非物質的曖昧不明」、動物人則為「人類和動物的難以區別」。本研究聚焦於1990年代以後的非科幻文本，並在分析其中賽伯格主體及處境時，納入身心障礙研究和生態女性主義的批判方法。本研究並非藉著後人類和賽伯格鼓吹單純地擁抱科技、宣稱人類已非人類，而是要藉著後人類和賽伯格來再次警惕科技的利弊、鼓勵各界在不同脈絡中「重新發明人類」──意即，重建一種更不具排斥性、更為寬廣的對於人的想像。 / The current study suggests that the reinvention of the human stands as a potential field for future Taiwanese literature. This thesis attempts to conceptualize the subjectivities of the posthuman even beyond the field of science fiction. This thesis labels the literary practices outside science fiction as “non-science fiction.” The focus lies on non-science fiction for two reasons. One, this study attempts to challenge the assumption in Taiwanese literature that associates the concept of the posthuman only with science fiction. Second, this study finds that the presupposed literary category of science fiction limits the imagination of cyborg- or posthuman-related subjects in Taiwanese literature. Inspired by the work of well-known cyborg theorist Donna Haraway, this study notes that non-science fiction texts present three kinds of posthuman existence. According to Haraway’s “Cyborg Manifesto,” “three crucial boundary breakdowns” make the cyborg possible. The three kinds of posthuman in this thesis correspond to Haraway’s three boundary breakdowns. The man of prosthesis corresponds to the blurred boundary between organism and non-organism, the man of video games to the physics and non-physics, and the man of animal to the humans and animals. This analysis focuses on Taiwanese non-science fiction texts from the 1990s onwards and applies concepts from disable studies and ecofeminist criticism, in addition to posthuman and cyborg theories. Situated within posthuman/cyborg studies, this thesis does not celebrate the breakdown of boundaries but points to the redefinition of the human which reduces and deconstructs hierarchal oppressions.

本研究運用質性研究方法，加以個案研究方式，對於第三方支付模式和實體信用卡虛擬化之非第三方支付模式進行個案分析，以探討在超競爭下，行動支付業者如何透過競爭以及合作策略，形成行動支付生態系統發展模式。本研究所得結論如下： 一、中國和肯亞等開發中國家之金融體系尚不發達，交易雙方出現信任缺口，銀行服務並不健全，金融資源分配不均，因此透過破壞傳統支付體系架構，發揮網路外部性之雙邊市場效應，打造出第三方支付模式之行動支付生態系統，以達到普惠金融發展目標。 二、歐美日等已開發國家之金融體系已臻健全，金融匯兌服務普及，金融監理重視市場公平與金融穩定，因此未破壞傳統支付體系架構，而是透過跨產業競合方式修改現有支付面前端程序，型塑出實體信用卡虛擬化支付模式之行動支付生態系統，以達到優化金融服務目標。 綜合上述結論，可歸納出二項管理意涵：第一項為在金融服務普及率較低的體系，傾向於發展填補信任缺口之第三方支付模式，而在金融服務普及率較高的體系，則傾向於發展提高安全性之實體信用卡虛擬化支付模式。第二項為企業藉由競合策略，既爭取價值也創造價值，其中爭取價值的本質是競爭，而創造價值的本質則是合作，以達到雙贏。 台灣傳統金融服務與超商密集度高，客戶需求被高度重視及滿足，銀行、超商與第三方支付業者形成跨產業競合關係，發展出多元支付方式，因此建構使用單一裝置即可提供多元支付功能之行動支付平台，可做為台灣行動支付生態系統健全發展之解決方案。具體建議為尋求跨產業競合，金融監管持開放態度，培訓金融科技人才，加強資訊安全，以建構完善的行動支付生態系統。 / In the view of hyper-competition, sustainable competitive advantage does not exist, and only by constant innovation in order to obtain a series of short-term competitive advantage. However, business ecosystem could clarify the competition and cooperation relationship between businesses. In this study, qualitative research and case study methodologies are used to find the adoptable mobile payment ecosystem. The third-party payment would fill the trust gap between the parties. Therefore, developing countries should adopt third party mobile payment ecosystem, in order to achieve financial inclusion. The non-third party payment would improve the security of cardholder transactions and reduce the risk of banking. Therefore, developed countries should adopt non-third party mobile payment ecosystem, in order to optimize financial services. The above conclusions can be summarized as two management implications: First, low penetration of financial services tends to develop third-party payment, and high penetration of financial services tends to develop non-third party payment. Second, business co-opetition strategy has the nature of value creation and value capture to achieve win-win situation. Taiwan’s financial service-intensive, customer needs are met, banks, stores can be formed with the third-party payment industry co-opetition relations, the development of a diverse payment methods, and therefore the construction using a single device to provide pluralistic payment function of mobile payment platform, will be suitable for robust development of Taiwan’s mobile payment ecosystem. Suggestions include cross-industry co-opetition, open-minded financial supervision, training financial technology professionals, and strengthen information security.

工業革命後傳統經濟發展模式成功地使經濟活動與經濟成長成為世界上大多數國家的政治議題，但大量提高產業生產的結果使得地球上的資源消耗與廢棄物製造量所造成的生態耗損速度遠超過自然再生速度。另一方面，由於「科技」與「貿易」的影響，生物新陳代謝加諸於人類的負荷將透過產業的新陳代謝更形擴大，在高度工業化國家物質消費程度與形式更受到消費主義的鼓舞，形成毫無節制的消費與浪費。近年來台灣地區加入世界貿易組織（World Trade Organization， WTO）引起廣泛的環境與貿易議題的討論，其中農業議題尤為顯著，究竟台灣地區加入WTO後之農地轉用政策是否可使土地資源利用達到永續經營之目標，引發本研究之研究動機。 本研究以生態足跡分析及貿易與永續發展相關理念為基礎，以1991到1996年台灣地區的農業產業做為研究的時空範圍，進行台灣地區耕地與牧草地生態足跡之實證計算並加以分析。在理論方面，首先就永續性之整體面向及各別領域面向推論出生態經濟學之定義符合整體面向之強永續性觀念；其次重新思考人類容受力定義，非以支持最大人口數（單位：人╱土地）而是轉向計算某一族群在持續基礎下生產所有消費物質及消化所有廢棄物所需的土地及水域面積（單位：土地╱人）之生態足跡（ecological footprint）觀念；在貿易與永續發展理念推論部份，則以IISD（1994、1995）、ICTSD（1995）及Cosbey（1998）等之相關研究作為理論基礎；最後，結合生態足跡、貿易及永續發展三者之理論。 在實證方面，本研究修正國內外多項研究後，重新定義符合台灣地區之生態足跡計算項目，並計算台灣地區1991到1996年農業（耕地與牧草地）之生態足跡，得知台灣地區農業消費中佔耕地生態足跡比例較重的項目分別為稻米、其他作物、豆類、種子油及進出口紗布、紡織製成品、成衣及服飾品及鞋類等五項，而影響台灣地區農業之牧草地生態足跡面積較大的因子包括羊毛及皮革、獸皮兩項；將這些項目與行政院農委會WTO農業因應對策項目對照後，發現影響最大的兩項分別為稻米及農園特產之豆類；因此本研究就稻米與豆類兩項產業加入WTO前後對台灣地區生態足跡、生態標竿、及生態赤字之影響進行進一步研究，並分析該兩項產業完全轉用為非農業使用與完全無轉用對生態足跡之影響，以評估該兩項產業加入WTO是否為一永續性策略。 本研究的研究結果發現，不論是稻米或豆類，其生態足跡與耕地生態標竿間的差距在無論有無造成農地轉用的情形下，都對該值影響不大，亦即不因加入WTO而有所改變。就生態足跡的理念觀之，若加入WTO使進口量增加的結果造成產業生產力提昇、進口產業以內銷為主、對國內生產量影響程度愈大，相對生態足跡面積降低程度愈大者及農地轉用為同類別使用等這四種影響的情形之下，則台灣地區加入WTO可視為永續性策略。 / After the Industrial Revolution, traditional economic development models have successfully made economic activities and economic growth a political issue for most countries around the world. However, with the greatly enhanced industrial productivity has come instensified uses of the resources of the earth, and the ecological depletion rate resulting from solid waste volumes has far exceeded nature's regenerative capacities. On the other hand, due to the influence of technology and trade, the natural biological metabolism, already carrying a human load, is being expanded and intensified by the industrial metabolism. In highly industrialized countries, the degree and form of material consumption has been inspired by consumerism, engendering virtually unlimited consumption and waste. In recent years, while Taiwan has been seeking to join the World Trade Organization (WTO), there have been pervasive discussions on the subject of trade and the environment. Among these, agricultural issues have been prevalent. Should Taiwan join the WTO, will the farmland transformation policy permit land resource usage to meet the objectives for sustainable development? This question is the motivation for this dissertation. This dissertation is based on the ecological footprint analysis, along with trade and sustainable development theories. The timeframe for reseach extends from 1991 to 1996, focussing on Taiwan's agricultural industry. Ecological footprint analyses were calculated based on factual evidence/data from Taiwan's arable land and pasture land. In terms of applied theories, first, considering both the comprehensive entirety as well as individual discrete segments, we conclude that the definitions of eco-economics are in agreement with the concept of the strong sustainability. Next, we reconsider the definition of human carrying capacity, not basing this concept on the support of a maximum population base (Unit: per capita/ha), but rather on the calculation of the land and water needed by a certain group (Unit: ha/per capita), existing on a continuous base, to effectively produce all consumer materials and absorb all solid waste. In respect to trade and sustainable development theories, we use related studies such as IISD（1994、1995）, ICTSD（1995）, and Cosbey（1998） to be our theoretical base. Finally, we combine the three theoretical constructs, namely the concept of the ecological footprint, trade, and sustainable development. In carrying out our research on factual evidence/data, this dissertation modifies research previously conducted by a number of researchers. We redefine the calculation parameters for Taiwan's ecological footprint, finely calculating the ecological footprint for the agriculture industry (arable land and pasture land) for Taiwan in the 1991 to 1996 period. We learn that in terms of agricultural usage and consumption in Taiwan, the five key items with the largest shares of the arable land footprint are: rice, other cereals, pulses, seed oils, and import/export textile yarn, fabrics, articles of apparel and clothing accessories, footwear. Factors demonstrating the greatest influence on Taiwan's pasture land ecological footprint are: wool and leather, and animal hides. When we compare these findings with policies of the Council of Agriculture for entering into the WTO, we confirm that rice and pulses are indeed the two items of greatest importance. Therefore, this dissertation will focus on the rice and pulses industry before and after entering into the WTO, and on their influence on Taiwan's ecological footprint, ecological benchmark, and ecological deficit. We will also analyze possible consequences should these two industries be transformed to non-agricultural uses, or, if no such changes are instituted, what the consequences will be for Taiwan's ecological footprint. Based on these findings, we will evaluate whether the allowance of entry of these two industries into the WTO is a sustainable strategy. Our research findings reveal that, whether or not we transform farmlands from the rice and pulses industries, there will be no significant impacts on the anticipated gap between the ecological footprint and the arable land ecological benchmark. This means there will be no significant change should there be entering into the WTO. Thus, from the perspective of ecological footprint analysis, if we join the WTO and the result is an increase in imports, this will enhance our industrial productivity; imported items will be fully consumed domestically; the greater the influence on domestic production volumes the greater the decrease in the ecological footprint area; and, farmlands will be transformed to non-agricultural uses. Because of the above four factors, it can be said that joining the WTO will probably be considered as a policy of sustainability. 第一章 緒論 1 第一節 研究背景 1 第二節 研究目的與內容 5 第三節 研究流程與問題限制 9 第二章 基本理念與文獻評析 13 第一節 永續性理念及知識性工具 13 第二節 永續發展評估工具－生態足跡分析 26 第三節 貿易與永續發展關係之研究 44 第四節 生態足跡的比較利益基礎 57 第五節 永續發展與WTO環境與貿易議題之探討 63 第三章 永續發展與WTO相關農業議題探討 69 第一節 台灣地區加入WTO各項農業議題之協定 69 第二節 台灣地區加入WTO各項農業議題之對策 84 第三節 台灣地區加入WTO農業議題對永續發展之影響 94 第四章 台灣地區農業生態足跡分析實證研究 99 第一節 生態足跡分析架構之建立 99 第二節 台灣地區歷年農業生態足跡評估 109 第三節 台灣地區農業生態標竿之建立與生態足跡分析結果 118 第五章 台灣地區稻米及農園特產之生態足跡與WTO農業相關議題之探討.124 第一節 台灣地區農業生態足跡與WTO農業議題對應項目分析 124 第二節 台灣地區因應加入WTO農業議題對應項目與台灣地區稻米及農園特產生態足跡影響因子分析 130 第六章 加入WTO對台灣地區永續發展影響之探討 142 第一節 以生態足跡觀點解讀加入WTO是否為永續性策略 142 第二節 以貿易與永續發展原則檢視台灣地區加入WTO是否為永續性策略 146 第七章 結論與建議 149 第一節 結論 149 第二節 後續研究建議 154

過去新科技的研究不是偏重於使用者研究就是著重於組織架構的變革，雖然在研究角度上都頗有斬獲，但總有難窺得全貌之憾，為了能跳脫出這兩個已經成熟的研究路徑，研究者採用全觀的角度，欲從大架構著手。 　　本論文主要論述分三個主軸，經由個案的觀察將三個論點貫穿，達到觀察者陳述文本的前後呼應。首先由轉借自生態學的媒介生態概念來探討國內眾多報紙電腦化的因素，結果發現大報的變革動作往往會對同環境的中、小型報紙造成影響；大報改變生態中的競爭基準點，中、小型報紙會因環境改變，而產稱趨同現象(isomorphism)，這種現象的產生除了一般商業上的風險規避的自發性因素外，研究者不能、排除中、小型報業是迫於競爭者及硬體環境變遷的壓力、只好改變沿用已久的生產流程。 　　第二個論點則著重於組織內部的變化、除了環境改變的外力、影響報業採用新科技的動力、亦有可能基於新科技能影響組織工作流程、因此研究者引用了企業處理程序再生工程(Business Process Reengineering；BPR)及新科技對競爭優勢的影響的兩個觀點來檢視報業是否利用這種劇烈的變革達到換血的目的。研究發現個案欲利用電腦化來達到組織內部人事調整的目的，並希望藉著此次重整來重新調整自我在報業市場的競爭定位(nitch)。在此研究者必須強調環境和組織變革所運用的策略可互為因果亦可單獨存在，以本研究的個案而言，競爭環境改變可視為前因，策略的應用則是依環境調適所採取的回應結果，若外界環境不變，其結果必然另呈樣貌。 　　最後一個部份著重於組織變革中權力的流動及其影響。權力原本是一種流動的概念，會隨著依存的組織變動而轉換，電腦化是組織權力重組的開始，在這個過程中，白領勞工及藍領勞工會因個人擁有的資源與可資溝通籌碼而有不同的待遇產生，白領勞工只要能夠掌握交換籌碼及掌握有利的溝通模式，通常可以在組織中快速上升流動，但這也會使科層組織中彼得原則現象迅速產生，但專家權仍無法抗衡日益加重的專業責任，仍得吸納由藍領勞工轉嫁而來的分工。至於藍領勞工幾乎遭到技術剝離(deskilled)，除非接受組織的交換條件，幾乎沒有籌碼可言。