違法取得之證據於民事訴訟上可否予以使用，涉及之層面甚為廣泛，最為相關者，即係對於發現真實之手段上，所容許最大界限之所在，此自涉及到民事訴訟制度上之價值判斷，因此欲釐清此一爭議問題，自有必要以民事訴訟之最上位法理，諸如發現真實之追求、民事訴訟制度之目的，以及促進訴訟等相關之基本理念予以探討，本文整理並歸納目前文獻上所提出之諸多理論，以違法取證可利用性之角度切入予以觀察，是否有所衝突抑或係理念相同之處，以尋求此議題於民事訴訟整體架構之定位；此外若係採取禁止使用之立場，為避免實質正義之完全剝奪，即須進一步探討民事訴訟制度之發展，是否已提供足以正當化禁止使用此類證據之正當性基礎，本文並以實務上最為常見之通姦案例為焦點，具體操作評估此理論基礎之可行性。 再者，職司審判之法院為達認定事實之要求，自須依自由心證而為證據取捨並為證據評價，此自為自由心證之內涵，而欲承認違法取得之證據將有禁止使用之可能者，自須探討是否法官得基於自由心證，而享有證據之利用自由，為釐清此一爭議，本文以證據能力之要件、證據能力與證據價值之區分、嚴格證明之要求，並進一步釐清民事訴訟法以及實務運作上對於各種證據能力之規範，以尋求違法取得之證據於自由心證之定位。 對於違法取得之證據倘若欲禁止使用，實務上所面臨到操作上之問題，即係基於何種理論基礎、何種審查方式、於審判程序何種階段予以審查、證據禁止之範圍均須一併納入探討之範圍予以釐清，而民事訴訟上違法取證之議題，外國法已發展出一套運作模式，因此本論文於此同時整理並歸納外國法之文獻，諸如英美法之證據排除法則之運作，以及德國法之證據禁止法則之介紹，並與我國法之制度運作互為參照比較，是否可為我國體系建構上之參考借鏡。 同時再以實務上較為常見之違反程序法，以即違反實體法所取得之證據，予以類型化分類，並以學說見解之介紹與實務見解之觀察與分析，探討是否有較為穩定性之運作模式，以符合法安定性。 最後基於實務見解對於此類議題已有為數不少之判決，本論文即以表格化之方式，予以呈現實務上目前對於證據禁止使用之審查方式為何、證據禁止使用之比例多寡、對於各種類型係以何種原因作為判斷可利用性之考量，期望能較為清楚目前實務見解對此一議題之走向。

近年來大型消費性電子公司均致力發展商品外型的設計美感，試圖以具有視覺美感的商品吸引消費者的目光，以獲得更高的利潤。但本研究認為廠商在追逐商品設計美感時，也應探討消費者差異對於其美感反應的影響；以及不同商品以美感外型包裝時，對消費者的效果差異。對此，本研究以Bloch, Brunel & Arnold（2003）提出的消費者商品美感中心性（CVPA）、商品與自我一致性等概念，探討消費者對美感的心理差異，如何影響其對於商品設計美感的反應。同時並探討商品外顯性的差異，對於消費者的美感反應是否具有調節效果。 透過消費者美感中心性、商品設計美感、以及商品外顯性的2*2*2三因子實驗設計，本研究以3C商品為實驗商品，並以線上實驗的方式進行。研究結果如下： 1. 消費者重視美感的程度與商品設計美感間的一致性，會影響其對於商品設計的愉悅反應。 2. 商品呈現順序會調節不同CVPA消費者對於商品設計的愉悅、品牌興趣、自我與品牌連結、認知價值等反應。 3. 重視美感程度差異的消費者，並不會因為商品外顯性的調節而影響其美感反應。 4. 商品外顯性與商品設計美感之間具有交互效果：對於高外顯商品而言，高美感設計可有效提高消費者的認知價值，但低外顯商品若以高美感設計呈現，亦可使消費者因超乎預期的感受而倍感愉悅。 5. 消費者對於美感在認知層面的自我與品牌連結反應，會顯著受到CVPA「敏銳」面向的影響；在情感層面的美感評估、態度、愉悅等反應，則會顯著受到「價值」面向的影響；在行為層面的品牌興趣、購買意圖，則會顯著受到「反應」層面的影響。 / The role of aesthetical quality of a product has been placed much importance these years in the manufacturing industry, especially in consumer electronic industry. While developing products with aesthetical quality, it is also important to understand how consumers responded to products with high and low levels of aesthetic quality. The present study explored the moderating role of consumers’ psychological differences on their aesthetic responses, and also examined how differently they responded to products that differed on aesthetic quality and conspicuousness. This study adopted the concept of Centrality of Visual Product Aesthetics developed by Bloch, Brunel & Arnold (2003) and drew upon the concept of self-product image consistency to explore how consumers’ aesthetic orientation influence their responses to products with high and low aesthetic design. Moreover, the influence of product differences has also been considered. The proposed hypotheses were tested by a three-factor on-line experiment. The results are as follows: 1. The consistency of consumers’ CVPA and products’ design aesthetics influenced consumers’ pleasant feelings. 2. The order of how the stimuli were presented moderated the consistency effect mentioned above, especially on responses such as: pleasure, brand interest, self-brand connection, and perceived value toward the product. 3. For consumers with different levels of CVPA, the products’ conspicuousness did not moderate their aesthetic responses toward the product with high and low aesthetic designs. 4. There was an interaction between “product conspicuousness” and “product design aesthetics” on consumers’ “perceived value” and “pleasant feelings” toward product designs. 5. Consumers’ aesthetic responses were influenced by different dimensions of CVPA: “Acumen” accounted for significant variance in “self-brand connection,” “Value” explained significant variance in their attitudinal responses toward the product, and “Response” significantly predicted the variance in their behavioral responses. The implications and suggestions for future studies and practitioners were also discussed.

本研究旨在探討不同甄選情境中（視聽組、聽覺組、文字組），「人格印象」、「能力評估」、「喜好程度」及「應對表現」對「口試成績」的影響。 本研究以實驗法進行，採3「甄選情境」× 5「考生」二因子混合設計。其中「甄選情境」分為「視聽組」、「聽覺組」及「文字組」三組，「考生」則分為「甲生」、「乙生」、「丙生」、「丁生」及「戊生」五位。每組均由17位口試委員對5位考生進行評分。由於三組之口試委員不同，各組之評分不會彼此影響，因此「甄選情境」為獨立樣本，即受試者間設計；五位考生均會接受17位口試委員之評分，因此「考生」乃相依樣本，即受試者內設計。 本研究以碩博士班研究生為研究對象，請他們在觀看（聆聽或閱讀）口試錄影帶（謄本）後，以大學推甄口試委員的立場對影片中人物所形成之「人格印象」、「能力評估」、「喜好程度」及「應對表現」予以評分，並評定其「口試成績」。本研究採隨機分配，將研究對象分為「視聽組」、「聽覺組」及「文字組」三組。每組17位口試委員，共計51位。在觀看（聆聽或閱讀）口試錄影帶（謄本）前，受試者有5分鐘時間閱覽考生之書面資料，然後在觀看（聆聽或閱讀）考生之口試錄影帶（謄本）後，填寫「人格印象量表」及「口試評量表」。 本研究以3「甄選情境」× 5「考生」混合設計二因子變異數分析檢定不同的甄選情境在「人格印象」（他人親和取向、個人愉悅取向）、「能力評估」（專業能力、問題處理能力、人際關係處理能力、行政能力、外語能力）、「喜好程度」、「應對表現」及「口試成績」上之差異情形，結果發現處在不同甄選情境中的口試委員在這些變項上（外語能力除外）均可獲得頗為一致的判斷。研究者認為造成此結果的可能原因為：（1）參與推甄口試的考生無論是在課業或是人格特質、能力上均有相當程度的相似性；（2）大學推甄所使用的書面審查資料較職場口試中所使用的豐富，足以提供考生之人格、能力相關訊息；（3）實驗過程中口試委員閱讀書面審查資料的時間和口試時間的間隔太短，考生書面資料造成的初始效應過於強烈。 在不同甄選情境（視聽組、聽覺組、文字組）中，「人格印象」、「能力評估」、「喜好程度」、「應對表現」對「口試成績」之影響方面，研究結果發現：（1）「口試成績」與「應對表現」有高度相關；（2）「個人愉悅取向」與「視聽組」及「文字組」口試成績之間僅具低度相關，但卻與「聽覺組」口試成績具高度相關；（3）「專業能力」與「視聽組」及「文字組」口試成績之間僅具低度相關，但卻與「聽覺組」口試成績之間具高度相關；（4）「問題解決能力」與「視聽組」及「聽覺組」口試成績之間僅具低度相關，但卻與「文字組」口試成績之間具高度相關；（6）「喜好程度」與「視聽組」及「文字組」口試成績僅具低度相關，但與「聽覺組」口試成績則具高度相關；（7）「口試成績」與「他人親和取向」、「人際關係能力」、「行政能力」、「外語能力」僅有低度相關。 研究者認為本研究之所以發現「人格印象」與「視聽組」和「文字組」口試成績之間並沒有很高的相關，其可能的原因如下：（1）有些人格特質是無法在短時間內被覺察到的；（2）有些人格特質是比較容易用聽的方式覺察到的；（3）人格特質的判斷通常是以潛意識的方式在進行的；（4）人格特質是可以經由大學四年的教育慢慢成形的；（5）人格特質對口試的影響主要是在對應試者未來工作表現的預測上，而大學校系並不需預測考生未來工作表現。 綜合本研究發現，在大學推甄口試方面，考生的肢體語言、外表、聲音等對口試委員的影響並不是很重要。此外，人格特質在大學推甄口試上的影響亦非常輕微，因此研究認為大學學系應重新衡量是否應繼續保有口試？抑或改以其他方式進行學生的甄選，以達到既有效又節省的取才方式。 / The purpose of the study is to identify which of the following variables: personality impression, capability judgment, likeability, and interview performance, is actually affecting the outcome of the university enrollment interview with different settings. Subjects were 51 post-graduate students, randomly assigned to three groups – “Audio-visual Group”, “Audio Group”, and “Script Group”. Those in video group watched the video of the university enrollment interview, while those in audio group listened to the audio of the same interview, and those in script group read the transcript of the said interview. Vitae of the applicants were given to the subjects for reference prior to the stimulus. Each subject reviewed 5 applicants’ video (audio/transcript), and filled in the Personality Impression Form and Interview Assessment Form. 2-way ANOVA is used to examine the effect of different settings (audio-visual, audio, or transcript) on personality impression, capability judgment, likeability, and interview content, and it is found that all variable can be judged in coincidence among subjects within different settings. Pearson correlation is used to examine the effect of personality impression, capability judgment, likeability, and interview performance on the decision-making of interview in different settings, and it is found that interview result is (1) highly correlated to interview performance in all settings; (2) highly correlated to personality impression, specialty, and likeability in “audio group”, however, it is loosely correlated in other groups; (3) highly correlated to problem solving skills in “audio group”, however, it is loosely correlated in other groups; (4) loosely correlated to inter-personal skills, administrative skills and foreign language in all settings.

本研究主旨有三：(一)整理現有股市財經節目的營運方式、節目內容並瞭解財經節目主持人及其口語傳播技巧。(二)從股市財經節目觀眾收視行為來觀察，以節目收視率及收視觀眾輪廓(audience profile)為基礎，觀察股市財經觀眾其日常生活中收看股市財經節目的相關行為。(三)結合對財經節目與觀眾收視行為的觀察與研究，找出股市財經節目的關鍵要素並提出建議。 本研究以文本分析、深度訪談、二手資料整理等研究方法進行，分析整理後，發現股市財經節目觀眾的收視動機非常明確，為主動閱聽人，收看節目係屬工具性行為，主要目的係希望投資獲利。因此，節目設計應先考量以下兩點：(1)股市財經節目的觀眾特性：男女比例相當、年齡層較高、學歷較高、居住北部地區較多、家庭所得較高、對資訊需求差異大、對節目是否應教育功能意見分歧。(2)股市特性：資訊瞬變、影響股市漲跌因素甚多、需專家解說。 而股市財經節目雖與其他節目有明確區隔，唯同類型的電視投顧節目或股市貼盤節目本身並無差異化，造成電視投顧節目以消耗投顧老師的方式進行經營，四個股市貼盤節目僅有二個尚稱成功，本研究建議節目產製單位應以更深層、更能吸引觀眾的相關投資資訊來提升閱聽眾對節目的忠誠度，而同類型節目之間則應以觀眾對資訊偏好的需求、對節目教育功能的不同的認知來進行差異化。 / This analysis will 1) examine the current format for Stock Market Analysis Television Programs, the program content, the program hosts types, and the host speaking styles. 2) Examine program viewer behavior, based on viewer ratings, audience profile, and the role that these programs play in the daily lives of its viewers. 3) Ascertain the key elements of these programs and provide recommendations based on conclusions reached through cumulative analysis of such television programs and the behavior of their viewers. Based on text analysis, in-depth interviews, and second-hand data, viewers appear to have clear utilitarian motivations for watching these television programs, they are active listeners, and their primary objective is to profit on their stock market investments. Program design should take into consideration the following elements: 1) Viewer Demographics: even proportion of male and female viewers, higher age-bracket, highly educated, living primarily in Northern Taiwan, high household incomes, strong demand for new information, split on whether such programs provide educational value. 2) The Nature of the Domestic Stock Market: information changes quickly, factors affecting the rise and fall of stock prices are many, professional market insight and analysis is needed. Stock Market Analysis Television Programs, which are quite different from other television programs, fall into one of two main types: Investment Consulting Company-produced Analysis Programs, Real-time Market Data and Analysis Programs, with very little variation between competing programs in each category. The former generally relies on a string of new program hosts in an attempt to maintain viewer interest. There are currently only four of the latter type of program currently running with only two of them showing even mild success. This report will recommend that producers of such programs should offer more in-depth content so as to better attract and maintain viewers. Competing programs should also distinguish themselves from one another by offering different types of data and analysis content, and different levels of educational content in their programs.

邁入數位電視紀元乃是全球之趨，而其對於增進身障者獲取各類資訊的「媒介近用權」具有莫大助益，其中針對聽障社群接取內容最重要的近用需求──「字幕」和「手語」服務，在數位科技匯流發展下，皆可以「隱藏式」之方式供應，同時造福聽障和非聽障之傳播權益，以及減輕廣電業者相關技術的支付成本。因此，近用服務的提供從過去的消極被動轉向現今的積極樂觀。而外國先進國家大多皆以公共廣電媒體之設立價值與目標，作為該國近用服務推動的核心主體，希望藉由數位電視的技術研發，達成更多聽障輔助應用之需求和供應滿足，協助其順利進入數位包容社會。故本研究以探詢國外落實近用服務情形，以做為我國公共廣電服務借力使力之參考，期許對我國聽障社群在傳播權益上產生影響。 　　 　　研究發現，英國、歐盟針對聽障社群的媒體近用落實，無論在法規的制定、實務的推行以及技術的研發等各層面皆有所重視，認為數位電視平台的時代，應協助聽障融入數位包容社會，並設法增進其傳播權益，以彰顯聽障與一般大眾之平權的公民地位；而在我國公視部份，其營運目標始終視英國BBC為效法對象，希冀在內、外資源充份下能達至同BBC供應近用服務之標準水平。然而在多種因素交織下，現階段公視對於聽障媒體近用服務的提供，則依舊保持類比電視時代之作為，不過，經本研究與其互動後了解，公視未來可能朝向增加其他近用服務項目發展，期望數位電視真正來臨時，其能化過往被動態度轉向積極進取：公視目前在電視平台持續兩個「手語專門」節目的製播，並預計規劃將手語服務擴大至「運動」類型節目，以符合聽障收視的期待；至於字幕服務，在已完備的基礎上，試圖朝向「表情字幕」與「即時字幕」發展；另外，於2011年HiHD數位頻道將推出「隱藏式字幕」功能。在網路平台方面，公視服務仍然延伸至電視頻道的節目宣傳與相關資訊供給為主，對於加強聽障的網路近用權益，例如「無障礙網頁空間」以及「近用小組」，認為必然有公共義務介入加以落實，但礙於目前並無相關資源規劃與投入，因此要實際推行仍有很大的進步空間。 / The main purpose of this study is to discover the practice of the right of media access in foreign countries, in order to provide reference to Taiwan’s Public Service Broadcasting (PSB) and to make progress on communication interests for hearing impaired community. “Caption” and “Sign Language” are the most important tools for hearing impaired people to gather all kinds of information and fulfill the necessity of access service. Under the digital convergence, these tools can be provided in special ways, which makes the hearing impaired people and the hearing people share the benefits simultaneously and the cost-down effect of broadcasting industry. We know that most developed countries positioned their access service project by referring to nation’s PSB. They believed the new era of digital TV is a solution to attend the balance between demand and supply of hearing impaired aid applications. While the provision of access services is getting more active and optimistic, the digital inclusion is much close to us. The study shows, British and Europe Union think they should assist hearing impaired people to be involved in e-Inclusion society and highlight equally citizen status by enhancing the rights of hearing impaired people. All the aspects such as regulation enactments, practical implementations and technique developments has been considering all the time on the stage of digital TV platform. Just like the BBC in British area, Public Television Service (PTS) in Taiwan is taking BBC as a benchmark to achieve the access services standard in condition of sufficient resources. However, changing the status quo is not so easy for inextricably interwoven reasons. PTS still works in an analog status. In spite of the circumstances haven't changed much till now, there are much more possibilities in the future. The study discovered some new progressive plans are possible for PTS’s access services in digital journey: PTS will continue to provide two programs which are sign-presented, and moreover, sign language service is going to show up in sports genre; As to caption services, PTS is working on facial expression caption and real-time caption provision; HiHD would have closed caption function in 2011. In the case of Internet platform, PTS is focused on propaganda and related information of TV programs. Barrier-free web space and access group are considered necessary for strengthening hearing impaired people’s Internet access rights and interests, but with insufficient resources planning and investment to put into realization. We can see there is still so much to do if we believe we have the affirmative obligations.

本文的研究問題有三，一是了解外語教學教材中應有的文化教學內容，二是了解現今華語綜合性教材之文化教學內容現況，三是提出對於華語綜合性教材中與培養學習者文化能力的內容相關的編寫建議。 本文首先從研究外語教學的學者們對於文化教學的意見以及《AP中文課程大綱》、《歐洲共同語文參考架構》、《國際漢語教學通用課程大綱》等重要的外語教學大綱，了解現今外語教學中文化教學的目標已從教授學習者文化知識逐漸轉變為培養學習者的文化能力。並依前人對於能力的定義，將外語教學中的文化能力分為文化知識、文化技能、態度以及文化意識四部分。再依此四大部分，探討文化能力之概念如何落實於課堂教學之教材中。接著，本文依據討論結果，分析在臺灣使用率最高的兩套華語綜合性教材――《新版實用視聽華語》及《遠東生活華語》，以瞭解目前教材關於文化能力內容的呈現現況。本文分析結果發現，兩套教材皆僅呈現文化知識，至於培養文化技能、態度、文化意識等練習活動則相當缺乏。 最後，本文參考分析結果，從文化知識、文化技能、態度、文化意識等四部分，提出對於華語綜合性教材中文化能力內容編寫之建議，冀能對於未來教材文化能力內容之規劃及開發有所助益。 / This study aims to integrate some results of recent research in theory and practice of teaching culture competence in foreign language teaching into methods and materials of teaching Chinese as a Second Language (CSL). Researcher focus on three topics: (1) Which are the aims of teaching culture in foreign language teaching? And what are the subjects of teaching cultural competence? (2) To what extend do content and method in CSL comprehensive teaching materials conform to these aims and subjects? (3) What suggestions should be given to the editors of CSL comprehensive teaching materials in order to improve the acquisition of culture competence of Chinese language learners? This study starts with an overview of theories of developing culture competence in foreign language teaching. The aims and methods of teaching culture in standard curricula for language teaching as the “AP Chinese language and culture course description”, “The Common European Framework of Reference for Languages” and the “International Curriculum for Chinese Language Education” will be analyzed. According to this, it can be seen that the goals of cultural teaching shifted from merely providing cultural knowledge to developing cultural competence. There are different concepts about what culture competence is, how we can evaluate it, and how we can develop it. This study makes use of the description of cultural competence by means of four aspects: cultural knowledge, cultural skills, attitude and cultural awareness. These four aspects can be seen as a basic concept for teaching cultural competence, too. Modern didactics and materials should be aware to develop each aspect of culture competence. How are these aims for developing culture competence presented in present CSL materials? A detailed analysis of two common teaching materials (“Practical Audio-Visual Chinese” and “Far East Everyday Chinese”) shows that teaching culture is mainly restricted on teaching cultural knowledge. There is a noticeable lack of exercises and practices to develop cultural skills, to promote a positive attitude to cultural diversity, and to develop cultural awareness. Finally, the suggestions for developing cultural competence in CSL teaching materials will be given in conclusion, and wish this study will help development of Chinese teaching materials edition in future.

聯合國教科文組織於二○○五年十月二十日通過文化多樣性公約。從談判歷史觀之，「文化多樣性」似乎是歐盟會員國於烏拉圭回合時在GATS下倡議「文化例外」之延續，也因此公約通過後，主張貿易自由化之一方擔心公約將限制貿易，而與GATS產生衝突；另一方面，主張文化保護之一方則認為公約可助其在GATS下續行推動「文化例外」，亦即將視聽服務排除GATS之適用。 本文研究之目的係在探討文化多樣性公約對於GATS視聽服務之影響。首先，本文就文化多樣性公約下的重要規定進行研析，並以視聽服務為論述核心，探討公約與GATS間的可能衝突。在綜合考量規範衝突及談判現況後，本文最後試評估公約對於GATS視聽服務之影響，並提出對未來視聽服務談判之展望。 公約下的義務，由於締約國在履行上多保有裁量權，解釋上尚難構成貿易限制或具歧視性；另一方面由於GATS規範極具彈性，WTO會員國本不負絕對的特定承諾義務。依此，公約與GATS發生衝突發生之可能性並不大。至於公約的權利規定，或有違反GATS義務之虞，惟由於締約國可選擇不行使公約權利而履行GATS義務，因此公約權利與GATS義務的衝突得以事先避免。 由於公約對GATS之衝擊有限，再加上公約將可提供一個文化議題協商之平台，公約或可紓解WTO會員國對於文化保護之關切，進而摒除彼等國家在GATS下基於文化保護而不願開放之疑慮。依此，本文研判公約對於GATS視聽服務自由化將是助力，有助於視聽服務談判之進行。鑒於GATS下並無文化一般例外以調和兩套規範，本文建議未來在WTO下可透過增訂「部長決議」，要求WTO會員國於解釋並適用GATS規定時應將公約之相關規定列入考量，俾達成公約與GATS間相互支持之目標。 / On 20 October 2005, the UNESCO General Conference approved the “Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions.” Judging by the negotiating history, “cultural diversity” appears to be the continuation of “cultural exception” invoked by the European Communities under the GATS negotiations during the Uruguay Round. Therefore, after the Convention is approved, free trade supporters worry that the convention might restrict trade and conflict with the GATS rules. On the other hand, cultural protectionists argue that the Convention has merits in moving forward “cultural exception,” i.e. to prohibit the application of the GATS rules on the audiovisual services. The objective of the thesis is to analyze the impact of the Convention on the audiovisual services under the GATS. The thesis first studies the rules under the Convention and discusses potential conflicts between the Convention and the GATS in terms of audiovisual services. Considering both the conflicts of norms and current negotiations, the thesis attempts to assess the impact of the Convention on the audiovisual services and forecast the future of negotiations on the audiovisual services under the GATS. The obligations of the Convention may not be easy to be interpreted as trade restrictions or discriminations because States Parties can mostly reserve their rights to perform. On the other hand, GATS rules is so flexible that WTO Members need not make specific commitments under the GATS. Accordingly, the possibility of conflicts is not high. Though the rights of the Convention might be contradictory to the obligations of the GATS, States Parties can choose to perform their obligations of the GATS rather than exercise their rights of the Convention in order to preclude the existence of the conflicts. The Convention only has limited impact on the GATS. In addition, the Convention provides a forum of negotiations on cultural issues so that it might smooth over WTO Member’s concern with cultural protection and remove their doubts of liberalization on the basis of cultural protection. Judging from this, the Convention can give a boost to the liberalization of audiovisual services and facilitate the negotiations. In light of the fact that there is no general exception clauses of cultural protection under the GATS to harmonize the two international instruments, this thesis suggests that “Ministerial Decision” be adopted to request WTO Members to take relevant rules of the Convention into consideration when interpreting and applying the GATS rules in order to achieve the goal of mutual supportiveness between the Convention and the GATS.

自1980年以來，台灣企業逐漸於國際商業競爭上嶄露頭角的同時，也開始面臨智慧財產保護課題。 2003年3月，聯發科為全球獲利最高的IC設計公司，美商DVD播放機控制晶片供應商ESS正向系統客戶送樣（預計4月開始出貨），以增加客戶採用之可能性的同時，在美國北加州聯邦法院向聯發科提起專利侵權訴訟，禁止聯發科使用DVDPlayer單晶片（SoC）播放機銷往美國；6月初，傳出ESS與聯發科達成和解，金額從數千萬美元到1億美元，消息傳出，聯發科股價一度下滑近10%，市場與法人同步傳出聯發科將面臨官司敗訴，需賠償1億美元，據悉聯發科高層對消息提前曝光相當震怒，傳出對消息外露人員處以解職。6月中，聯發科宣布與美商ESS簽訂技術授權合約，未來2年內，聯發科將支付9,000萬美元的權利金。 2004年3月，美商Zoran向美國國際貿易委員會（ITC）控告，聯發科侵犯CD/DVD控制器設計架構，以及直接連結IDE/ATA資料埠的主端界面控制器等相關三項專利權，隨後又向美國洛杉磯地方法院提起專利侵權訴訟，除請求賠償金以外，亦要求美國法院發出禁制令，命令聯發科之侵權相關產品不得輸往美國；聯發科則回應，因尚未收到任何正式文件，委由美國律師了解，俟收到正式文件後再對外說明；同年7月，聯發科也在美國德拉瓦聯邦地方法院對Zoran提起專利侵權訴訟，2005年9月ITC判定聯發科敗訴，市場傳聞聯發科已提列準備金8億元；2006年1月，雙方達成和解，聯發科支付8,500萬美元權利金給Zoran，侵蝕聯發科該年獲利約10％。 而跨國專利侵權訴訟有別於傳統訴訟的特殊性在於(1)跨國性：涉及於不同國家企業、不同國之涉訟地、不同國之市場與生產。因在跨國企業之布局運籌下，訴訟地必定尋求最有影響力之地點，通常為美國及中國，案例中由於ESS及Zoran均為美商，因此在美國提起對聯發科之訴訟；(2)計畫性：為達成商業目的而規劃之訴訟，案例中，ESS對聯發科基於競爭關係而提出訴訟，目的在於增加訂單、減少競爭；Zoran對聯發科則基於增加營收之目的，要求侵權損害賠償，作為過去一年之營運虧損。換言之，為自己或客戶增加營收及訂單、減少競爭，為其訴訟計畫之最終目的；(3)規模性：為了增加影響力與壓力，往往在許多國家同時提起，對象從侵權者擴及其下游客戶，攻擊點既廣且深；(4)繼續性：訴訟期間，影響客戶對其之信任及訴訟管理能力形象；案例中，聯發科雖有傲人之獲利能力，然而在與ESS一案中，卻顯出訴訟管理能力之薄弱，導致Zoran效而尤之，此形象一旦形成，勢必將為聯發科帶來更多不必要之侵權訴訟紛爭；(5)組織性：將訴訟工具與企業組織做連結，融入組織文化以全面改善，並由此發展一套標準作業流程，案例中Zoran習慣性地在提起訴訟前，先於市場發放消息，造成市場恐慌以形成其客戶之壓力，並使該壓力轉嫁至侵權對象，使其容易屈服；(6)資源性：跨國專利侵權訴訟必須具備以下基本要件，「錢多」因需支付龐大之訴訟費、律師費、專家費、賠償金及權利金、並有能力迴避設計及改變模具，並需有喪失市場及流失營收之心理準備。「人多」因訴訟之故，需具備詳盡之專利資料庫建立、調查產業/技術/產品/競爭者分析等資料為因應，並有訴訟規劃人員、應訴人員、支援人員等龐大後勤單位。「命長」因企業必須有能力支撐營運，不致在訴訟過程之謠言紛擾中倒下，案例中，均有市場傳言紛擾之問題，足以說明。 自1980年以來，台灣廠商歷經歐洲、美國、日本等大廠商之專利侵權訴訟逼迫下，付出了昂貴的代價，因此開始投入鉅額資金為研發、申請專利，近十年來台灣企業在美國、台灣、中國所申請的專利申請費用便高達了一千九百多億台幣，加上遭受了至少一百多件跨國專利訴訟的訴訟費用，便高達兩千億之多，尚不包括每年支付的權利金也高達台幣一千五百多億台幣，足以養活台積電兩萬名員工及影響四十七萬名股東生活長達兩年之久，足見台灣廠商在研發及專利申請方面之投入程度及所花費心血之鉅。 然而，審視台灣企業近十年在專利侵權訴訟方面之表現，發現：（1）每年均有影響台灣產業發展的專利侵權訴訟發生；（2）遍及每個產業；（3）以被告居多；（4）和解的以付出鉅額權利金居多；（5）打完訴訟的以敗訴居多。 由此可見，台灣企業付出昂貴的研發費用、專利申請費用之後，並沒有改善台灣企業年年被告、年年支付鉅額權利金、損害賠償金的宿命，在高度的付出之下，卻沒有改善在國際研發方面的地位，顯然付出與獲得顯不成比例。 智慧財產的創造、保護、管理，其中的費用包括研發費用、專利申請費用、訴訟費用、權利金及損害賠償等，美國企業是在研發、專利申請支出了龐大的費用，然而可以在訴訟費用、權利金及損害賠償中賺回來，亦即至少符合投資報酬率，然而，反觀台灣企業，不但在研發、專利申請時支出了龐大的費用，在訴訟費用及權利金、損害賠償方面，不但沒有賺回來，反而必需支付更多的金錢，顯然的，台灣企業在跨國專利侵權訴訟管理的方法論上出了極大的問題，而有立即改變之必要！ 有別於過去文獻侷限於「文獻與法規的翻譯」、「片段案例的選擇討論」、「過多理論的探討」、更幾乎沒有人探討重要的「中國專利侵權訴訟」，以致於見樹不見林，徒有理論而不會操作，消耗過多精力與資源於繁瑣而不重要的法律細節，卻無法猜透國際企業專利侵權訴訟背後的策略運籌，導致不能真正打贏過一場戰爭。 因此，本文提出一套跨國專利侵權訴訟管理之機制，橫跨最重要的兩個世界市場—美國、中國為主，法律面提供詳盡完整的如警告信發送、起訴、審前會議、馬克曼聽證會、發現程序、審判程序、專利無效程序、訴前救濟、保全措施等訴訟程序、制度規定與流程架構；企業管理面提供包含研發、生產製造、市場行銷、財務、會計、租稅、外部律師、專家、公證人等全面性管理策略，以大量實證的方式分析整理、以豐富的跨國專利侵權訴訟實戰經驗寫成，期望能使台灣產業真正打贏一場戰爭。 / Since 1980, Taiwan companies had been sued by European, U.S.A., Japan companies for patent infringements and forced to pay out enormously. Therefore, they started to invest tremendous amount of money and resources in research & development (R&D), as well as in patent prosecution. Last decade, Taiwan companies had already spent up to 190 billions New Taiwan Dollar (NTD) in U.S.A., Taiwan, and China patent prosecution and maintenance fee. Yet, if added up the cost of hundreds of transnational patent litigations, the total amount was up to 200 billions NTD and it did not include Taiwan companies had to pay out 150 billons NTD royalty yearly. 190 billions NTD for example could provide for twenty thousand employees and influence 470 thousand shareholders in Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC). This certainly exhibited that Taiwan companies had been invested magnificently in R&D and patent prosecution. However, examining the outcome of patent infringement litigations of Taiwan companies in last decade, it shows: (1) every year there are critical patent infringement litigations which influence the development of Taiwan industry; (2) litigations are throughout all important Taiwan industries; (3) in most of time, Taiwan companies are defendant , not plaintiff; (4) Taiwan companies reach the settlement with paying a great sum of indemnification and royalty mostly; (5) most Taiwan companies lose in the litigation. As the above described, although Taiwan companies have invested enormous resources in R&D and patent prosecution, it does not change the situation which every year Taiwan companies are sued for patent infringement, have to pay out a great sum of indemnification and royalty, and certainly still stand in indifferent position of the R&D value chains. After all, what Taiwan companies obtain is not what they expect from their investments. The cost of creation, protection, management of intellectual property include R&D, patent prosecution, patent litigation, royalty, and indemnification. Although U.S.A. companies invest a lot in R&D and patent prosecution, they usually earn back from patent litigation, royalty, and indemnification. However, Taiwan companies not only invest tremendous money and resources in R&D and patent prosecution, but also pay out much for royalty or the outcome of patent litigation. Obviously, Taiwan companies have some serious problems in their methodology of management transnational patent infringement litigations, thus it is very crucial to change their methodology immediately! Taiwan theses and studies usually fall into “translating foreign papers, laws and regulations ”, “discussing the choice of some parts of cases”, or “studying theories excessively”, also almost no inquires into patent litigations in China. Consequently, the discussions and studies of patent litigations in Taiwan have never brought out the whole picture and practical actions of strategic management of patent litigations. Obviously, most studies spend too much efforts and resources on legal details and ignore the most important matter which is how international companies control and manage transnational patent litigation. As a result, Taiwan companies never learn how to win a patent litigation war. Therefore, this thesis is different from other Taiwan theses because this thesis provides a mechanism of managing transnational patent infringement litigations. Prominently, this thesis covers patent litigation procedures and management in the most significant markets in the world—U.S.A. and China. In the legal aspect, this thesis provides information on the complete litigation procedure in U.S.A. and China which includes cease and desist letter , service, pre-trial conference, markman hearing, discovery, trial, patent validity procedure, pre-trial injunction, protective injunction; in the management aspect, this thesis provides complete management strategies which shall be carried out as the regular basis and during a patent litigation while managing R&D, manufacture, marketing, finance, accounting, taxing, law firm and lawyer, expert, judge performing notarization. Most importantly, this thesis analyzes enormous patent litigation cases and industrial information, therefore this thesis is able to provide the first and never-seen practical structure for Taiwan companies to win a patent litigation war.

隨著數位匯流與市場全球化，閱聽人的電視劇收視行為逐漸改變，各種新媒體影音平台搭配不同的裝置，逐漸形成跨媒介、跨平台的觀看。同時，多國電視劇內容並存於網路平台，閱聽人觀看多元內容成為必然趨勢。然而，透過網路觀看多國電視劇是過去研究顯少觸及的新觀看行為，此觀看行為比過去更個人化，且富有多樣性。因此，本研究透過深度訪談與日記法，針對年輕族群透過網路觀看多國電視劇的行為進行討論，面向包含科技媒體的使用、多國電視劇內容的選擇，以及個人觀看與互動模式。 本研究發現，這些年輕觀眾的收視脈絡改變，個人化的收視打破時空限制，使用過程是雙向互動的，已然形成新舊媒體的跨平台觀看，其觀看平台多元分散且沒有忠誠度，本研究以整合性科技接受模型理論（UTAUT）解釋此現象。同時，觀眾擁有自主選擇多國電視劇內容的能力，如此其選擇的方式及動機，敘事吸引力、來源國印象及使用與滿足等理論皆能提供部分解釋，並以第三代接收分析解釋多元浸泡的媒介文化及社會連結意義。 整體而言，受訪觀眾的科技使用行為與過去不同，在不同情境下，可能會選擇不同的觀看媒體，養成跨平台觀看的能力和習慣。同時，這些平台承載的多元內容具有互文性，增加了多國觀看的必然性。同時，觀看行為走向個人化，受訪觀眾擁有選擇內容與觀看方式的自主能力，且過程皆與生活緊密相關。

司法院釋字第520號解釋於理由書指出：「基於法治國原則，縱令實質正當亦不可取代程序合法」，即一語道出程序正義之重要性。 民間參與公共建設具專業性、複雜性及高風險性、隔代性、利益衝突等特性，在政府與民間合作理念的推動下，法律規定模式已呈現由「條件式」的模式轉向「目的式」模式，致使政府合作對象的甄審（選）成為一種高度專業趨向之判斷，並且可能陷於「決策於未知之中」的困境。民間參與公共建設的推動上，除技術層面之實體審查標準外，實應認真思考面對決策的程序問題，藉由程序之提升，用以補足實體規範的不足。據此，有關引進民間參與公共建設之法規，甄審程序選出的最佳締約對象、最優申請案件或最優申請人「是否即屬適當」，應思考甄審（或評選）程序與組織設計，是否妥適。 本文擬由正當法律程序於美國及日本之發展出發，藉以了解其規範基礎與發展情形，並分析我國司法實務有關正當法律程序原則之解釋，理解我國對於正當法律程序之內涵與要求。其後聚焦行政實務上經常引用作為民間參與公共建設案件辦理依據之獎參條例、採購法及促參法，就其甄審、評選或評審程序與爭議處理程序檢視正當法律程序實踐情形。 本於基本權保障意旨及法律承認權利之保障，基本上本文認同至少應有一最低限度之保障（即聽證權）。至於其他要求為何？本於民間參與公共建設之興建或營運，涉及政府有限資源之分配及申請人(營業自由、契約自由)與使用者（生命、身體、財產）之基本權保障相關，應可由司法院釋字第384號解釋及釋字第709號解釋推導出「組織」要求，而其他如公正作為(迴避、禁止程序外接觸)、受告知權、說明理由及資訊公開，亦正是落實組織適法與聽證權，所不可或缺之要素。