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身心障礙機構之經營理念與高效能管理 / Organizations that serve people with disabilities: management philosophy and high-performance management陳育雯, Chen, Yu Wen Unknown Date (has links)
本研究主要目的為理解當前國內身心障礙福利機構的經營管理理念概況,並透過績效表現的不同,結合高效能組織的經營管理特徵,歸納出身障機構的高效能管理方向。而透過研究所發現的經營管理理念特徵,將可提供給政府、機構經理人、或其他身心障礙福利機構關係人,作為組織經營之參考依據。同時也期望透過本研究之結果,指出身心障礙福利機構之經營成果,除關注服務品質以及受顧者需求之外,適當的投入經營管理能力與訓練,對於組織成效也會產生相當的效益。
本研究係採問卷調查法,針對內政部所公布的「第七次全國身心障礙福利機構評鑑」之應受評機構名冊(2008年12月底資料),全國共256間身心障礙福利機構,並以各機構或所屬基金會的董事長,以及機構的負責人如院長或主任為研究對象。問卷共計發放405份,回收數量為255份,皆為有效問卷;其中包含67位董事長,及178位主任或園長,而機構則是回收了203間,故本研究的問卷回收率整體為63%,而針對機構的問卷回收率則為79%
經由因素分析、信度考驗、次數分配與百分比、多變量變異數分析、T檢定、Pearson相關分析、單因子變異數分析後,首先發現目前國內的身心障礙福利機構於其經營管理理念,大致呈現正面的反應;除「事業規劃與創新能力」程度需加強,以及尚無法「避免管理風格之斷層」外,大致都能符合高效能管理之特徵。另一方面,透過本研究也得知,機構管理者的年齡、性別與NPO工作年資,對於其經營管理理念特徵會存有差異;且針對機構本身,身心障礙福利機構的成立年數、員工與志工人數、募捐比例、或服務類型差異,也會對於其經營管理理念存在差異。
最後針對不同評鑑表現的身心障礙福利機構,在經營管理理念上也存有顯著差異,且評鑑表現越佳的組織,於內部管理或是面對外部環境的應變力,也會有較好的表現,其中又以「資源有限性」、「簡單人治」、「缺乏標準化」、「策略規劃型態」、與「操作環境變動性決策特徵」等管理特徵越顯差異,並能與高效能組織管理特徵相互配合,發現評鑑成績優良的機構,較具有高效能的經營管理特性。
故由結論提出以下幾點建議:
一、針對政府相關機構與評鑑委員,當前的評鑑指標較無涉及經營管理理念議題,但透過本研究得知,受評成績較佳的機構也同時有較佳的經營管理特徵,故兩者可相互配合;而於未來的評鑑設計建議可加入相關組織管理量測項目,以幫助受評組織了解自我於經營管理上的缺漏或可增強之處。
二、針對身心障礙福利機構的高階管理者,本研究實證結果得知評鑑結果與機構的類型、屬性、規模,皆不會與評鑑等級存有相關性,故說明規模化或是特定服務類型與屬性,並非獲得較高評鑑等級之關鍵;然評鑑的成績卻與經營管理理念息息相關,機構除關切受故者需求與自身品質外,有效的經營管理才能將服務更具效率的提供給社會大眾。
三、對於持續關心本議題的對象,首先對於NPO的專業發展來說,透機構的發展與成長,不僅是為遵循相關規則以滿足評鑑之要求,背後成功的因素,也包含導入有效的經營管理理念或系統,而促使更高的服務品質與達成目標的效率性;另一方面對於相關領域的教育者,除了提供機構專業服務的輔佐外,也需要提供經營管理層面的教育訓練或幫助,才可達到機構有效的成長與整體身障服務水平之提升
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國民小學教師知識管理、教師組織公民行為與學校創新經營效能之關係研究 / A study on the relationships among elementary school teachers’ knowledge management, organizational citizenship behaviors and effectiveness of school innovation management.簡正一, Jian, Zheng Yi Unknown Date (has links)
本研究旨在探討並驗證國民小學教師知識管理、教師組織公民行為與學校創新經營效能之關係。
本研究主要目的為:
一、修訂教師知識管理量表、教師組織公民行為量表以及學校創新經營效能自評量表。
二、了解教師知識管理、教師組織公民行為與學校創新經營效能之關係。
三、探索教師知識管理、教師組織公民行為與學校創新經營效能之現況,並探索增進學校創新經營效能的可行策略。
四、根據教師知識管理、教師組織公民行為與學校創新經營效能的相關文獻與國內的實證研究,提出可供參考的建議。
本研究主要採取「調查研究法」,以新北市與臺北市公立國民小學教師為研究對象,研究工具為研究者修編之「國民小學教師知識管理、教師組織公民行為與學校創新經營效能之關係調查問卷」。發出正式問卷870份,回收可用問卷517份,回收問卷可用率為59.4%。
問卷調查所得資料以SPSS for Windows 12.0版電腦統計套裝軟體進行平均數及標準差統計分析、T考驗、單因子變異數分析及多元逐步迴歸分析等統計方法處理分析。
本研究之研究結果如下:
一、國民小學教師普遍認同學校創新經營效能之效能,且對教師知識管理及教師組織公民行為有正向的知覺。
二、不同職務、不同服務年資、不同學歷的國民小學教師在「教師知識管理」、「教師知識管理」、「教師知識管理」層面的知覺有顯著差異。
三、國民小學教師知識管理、教師組織公民行為與學校效能有直接正相關。
四、國民小學教師知識管理、教師組織公民行為對學校創新經營效能具有正面預測力。
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隱喻及轉喻對英語為外語學習者之教學成效:以情緒語言為例 / The effects of teaching EFL learners metaphor and metonymy: With reference to emotion expressions陳怡蓁, Chen, Yi Chen Unknown Date (has links)
隱喻及轉喻被廣泛的使用在日常生活語言中。認知語言學主張:隱喻及轉喻實為人類思想與溝通的中心。因此,語言學習者必須具備覺察及理解用以表示抽象概念的隱喻及轉喻用語的能力。然而,因為語言及文化的顯著差異,第二語言學習者在發展溝通能力時,也應培養譬喻能力。
許多學者提出各式教學方法。現存文獻中,使用以概念引喻為主的教學方式,著重於點出用以對比的兩者間之相對特徵,已獲得實驗證實能提升語言學習者之覺察能力、理解能力、及記憶力。然而此教學方法忽略了語言文化間的差異填補,亦輕忽了轉喻的重要性。另一方面,使用隱喻映射為主的教學方式,能藉由實體映射及知識映射有系統條理的闡述用以對比的兩者間之對照關係,不僅有助於彌補因文化不同而造成的認知差異,亦將轉喻與譬喻視為同等重要。因而以隱喻映射為主的教學方式被認為是具備潛力的教學方法,但仍缺少實證。
本論文旨在以實證方式,研究以概念引喻及以隱喻映射為主的兩種教學方式對於以英語為外語學習者在覺察能力、理解能力、及記憶力之學習成效。共有115位、分別來自一般大學及科技大學之大學一年級學生參與本實驗。參與者分成兩組,分別接受兩種教學方式。實驗分兩週進行:第一週先完成電腦化的譬喻能力測驗之前測,接著進行教學,第二週則進行電腦化的譬喻能力測驗之後測。測驗之結果則經由量化及質化方式進行分析。
實驗結果發現:兩種教學方式均對於參與者在覺察能力、理解能力、及記憶力有正面成效。然而儘接受以隱喻映射為主之教學方式的參與者在覺察能力測驗中獲得顯著進步,特別是對於不包含體驗性描述的轉喻性隱喻及隱喻用語,表現尤佳。至於理解力測驗部分,以隱喻映射為主之教學方式對於解讀含有文化差異性的用語特別有助益。另一方面,相較兩組教學方式的表現成果而言,以隱喻映射為主之教學方式造成參與者的學習成果呈現較一致且穩固的成長。總而言之,以隱喻映射為主之教學方式因為提供了具結構性、系統性及邏輯性的映射過程,而促進學習者較容易覺察包含抽象概念的譬喻用語,克服因文化差異性而造成的理解困難,及獲致較穩固的學習成長。
本研究為以英語為外語學習者在學習譬喻用語—包含隱喻及轉喻—上提供了三點貢獻。其一,透過學習者培養譬喻能力之實驗成果,直接教學方式對於第二語言習得的效益再次獲得證實。其二,本實驗成果顯示:轉喻與隱喻實為密不可分的兩種概念,在教學過程中應把轉喻列為與隱喻一樣重要。其三,學習者的中介語包含了語言的普同性及差異性概念,因此應被視為連續體而非階段性結構;在設計教學教材時,應把此連續體的概念併入考量。總結而言,本實驗的成果不只在應用語言學領域提出見解,亦在第二語言習得領域有所貢獻。 / Metaphor and metonymy, pervasively found in everyday language, has been shown by cognitive linguistic research to lie at the heart of human thought and communication. Thus, ability to notice and comprehend metaphoric and metonymic expressions in expressing abstract concepts is indispensible for language users. However, since languages and cultures vary in a wide array of ways to employ metaphor and metonymy, L2 learners should develop metaphoric competence along with communicative competence.
Various methods to develop L2 learners’ metaphoric competence have been proposed. In the extant literature, instruction involving conceptual metaphors (CM), which focuses on correspondences of general traits, has been proved effective in raising learners’ awareness, comprehension, and retention for Hungarian and Dutch EFL learners. Its effectiveness in Chinese speaking context is worth attested empirically. On the other hand, metaphoric mappings, which illustrate both ontological mappings and epistemic mappings of two concepts in more systematic and detailed manners, offer a promising method for EFL language learning. Hence, instruction involving metaphoric mappings (MM) is assumed to be more effective than instruction of CM. The effectiveness of such a method is also worth attested empirically.
The present study aimed to test the effects of CM and MM on EFL learners’ awareness, comprehension, and retention of metaphoric and metonymic expressions with empirical evidence from a carefully-designed experiment. Finer-grained analyses on three important issues were provided: first, an in-depth examination of the intricate interaction of metonymy and metaphor as a continuum, and its influences on figurative language learning was conducted. Second, cultural universality and specificity among languages and the different degrees of difficulties for EFL learners in transferring expressions between L2 and L1 were also investigated. Third, whether structural and logical mappings between languages and cultures could assist learners to better grasp abstract concepts was examined.
The participants included 115 Taiwanese EFL learners, who were freshmen of a general university and a four-year technological university. The English proficiency of the former group was high-intermediate and that of the latter was low-intermediate. The experiment contained three phases: pre-teaching, teaching and post-teaching. The participants were divided into two sub-groups: one received instruction involving CM, and the other received instruction involving MM. They were asked to complete the computerized metaphoric competence test before and after receiving instructions. The results of the tests were collected and analyzed both quantitatively and qualitatively.
The results showed that both instructions could lead to better awareness, comprehension, and retention. However, only the participants of the MM groups performed significantly better in the posttest regarding the Awareness Test, especially in finding metonymic-metaphoric and metaphoric expressions that contained no bodily descriptions, the two categories which were considered the most abstract among the expressions. Regarding the Comprehension Test, MM instruction was found to be especially beneficial for the participants in interpreting expressions involving cultural-specific conceptual metaphors. Moreover, MM instruction resulted in convergent effects in the participants’ performances and led toward relatively more consistent and steady progress. To conclude, MM instruction, with its structural, systematic, and logical mapping processes, was found to be especially helpful in facilitating learners’ awareness of expressions involving more abstract concepts, overcoming difficulties caused by cultural specificity, and leading to longer-term effects on retention.
The present study sheds light on the application of metaphor and metonymy to EFL teaching and learning of figurative language in three aspects. First, that explicit instructions on second language acquisition carry beneficial effects is validated for the development of learners’ metaphoric competence in the target language. In addition, metonymy is suggested as equally important as metaphor, and should be included in EFL language learning programs. Moreover, that learners’ interlanguage system is a continuum encompassing expressions with universal and specific cultural characteristics is also validated. Therefore, designs of EFL teaching materials are suggested to take such a continuum into consideration. In brief, the results of the study contribute not only to applied linguistics but also to second language acquisition.
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卡爾‧巴柏的科學哲學在法律解釋上的運用 / The application of Karl Popper's philosophy of science in the interpretation of law諶俐婷 Unknown Date (has links)
從邏輯實證主義到巴柏的科學哲學再到孔恩的科學革命,本文從這一連串科學哲學的發展出發,先就科學哲學方法論做一個基本的論述,再以其中巴柏的科學哲學作為討論法律解釋的基礎,其中包括法律的客觀性、否證法在具體疑難法律概念的運用,最後提及法律進步的相關問題。
對於客觀性的追求,巴柏認為並不在於認識的結果本質上能達到真理性,這是因為歸納法上的休姆問題無法解決,所以我們必須放棄對於理論的證實(verifiable)夢想,而改以否證的方式進行理論的檢驗。當一個理論通過愈多次否證的考驗,就會成為一個暫時被接受的理論,而這些暫時性的理論並非沒有錯誤的可能性,因此理論認識的結果應建立在對於各式理論合理的討論可能性(discussibility)與批判可能性(criticibility)上,而客觀性就是理論在批判中所建立起來的一種似真(truthlikeness)或逼真(verisimilitute)。
如果將巴柏所謂的客觀性,具體使用在法學中,法律解釋的客觀性,亦可以被認為建立在互為主觀的討論可能性與批判可能性(inter-subjective discussibility or criticizability)上,此時確保客觀性的科學方法是透過「科學方法的公共性格」(public character of scientific method),或是「科學方法的社會面向」(social aspect of scientific method)來加以觀察的,科學知識的增長就在於這樣公開地批判與討論中,透過經驗的檢驗或是駁斥,不斷成長累積與增加。
具體能夠實施這樣科學方法的場域,亦即能夠促使理論置於一種開放的批判空間,巴柏認為必須在一個開放社會才能達成,在開放的社會中,可否接受批判被當作是理性的標準。開放社會的成員會積極、自由地進行批判以改善他們所處的位置,而巴柏心中認為最適合開放社會的政體就是民主政體,唯有民主政體才能寬容多元。
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臺北市公立國民小學校長知識領導、教師工作壓力與學校創新經營效能關係之研究 / A study on relationships among public elementary school principals' knowledge leadership, teachers' work stress and effectiveness of school innovation management in Taipei City湯為國 Unknown Date (has links)
本研究旨在瞭解目前臺北市立公立國民小學校長知識領導、教師工作壓力與學校創新經營效能的現況;探討不同背景下,校長知識領導、教師工作壓力與學校創新經營效能之差異情形;並探析三變項彼此之相關與預測力;檢定三變項的結構方程模式之適配情形及變項間之影響力。本章依據上述研究目的進行文獻探討,提出研究架構,編製「國民小學校長知識領導、教師工作壓力與學校創新經營效能量表」以進行實徵調查。本研究以臺北市之公立國民小學教師為對象,共抽取76所國民小學之912位教師為樣本,回收828份有效問卷,可用卷回收率為90.79%;蒐集的資料以描述性統計分析、t考驗、ANOVA分析、積差相關、多元逐步迴歸、結構方程模式等統計方法進行分析與處理,獲致如下的結果:
一、 臺北市公立國民小學校長知識領導表現為中高程度,以「充實領導知能」得分最高,「展現創新行動」得分最低。
二、 臺北市公立國民小學教師對其工作壓力感受為中低程度,以「工作負荷」壓力感受最高,「人際關係」壓力感受最低。
三、 臺北市公立國民小學學校創新經營效能表現為中高程度,以「環境設備創新效能」得分最高,「行政服務創新效能」得分最低。
四、 臺北市公立國民小學以男性、41歲以上、研究所以上學歷、年資26年以上、擔任主任職務之教師,知覺「校長知識領導」的程度較高。
五、 臺北市公立國民小學以師資班或師大、師院、一般大學教育系大學部畢業學歷、擔任組長、副組長或教師職務、身處學校規模在61班以上之教師,知覺「工作壓力」的程度較高。
六、 臺北市公立國民小學以51歲以上、服務年資16年以上、擔任主任、組長(或副組長)職務之教師,知覺「學校創新經營效能」的程度較高。
七、 臺北市公立國民小學校長知識領導與教師工作壓力、教師工作壓力與學校創新經營效能具低、中度負相關,而校長知識領導與學校創新經營效能具有高度正相關。
八、 臺北市公立國民小學校長知識領導與教師工作壓力對學校創新經營效能具有顯著預測作用,以「校長知識領導」與其層面「整合知識資源」的預測力最佳。
九、 臺北市公立國民小學校長知識領導、教師工作壓力與學校創新經營效能的結構方程模式之適配性檢定獲得支持,能解釋主要變項之關係。
十、 臺北市公立國民小學校長知識領導對學校創新經營效能之影響以直接效果為主。
依據研究結果,本研究在臺北市公立國民小學校長知識領導、教師工作壓力與學校創新經營效能的相關研究上,提出如下的建議:
一、 成立校長知識領導社群,以利校長間領導知能的分享與傳承。
二、 強化學校行政服務與課程教學的創新,以利學校創新經營均衡發展。
三、 降低學校規模、暢通學校溝通管道、營造校內合作氣氛,以利校長知識領導、降低教師工作壓力,提升學校創新經營效能。
四、 透過減課的激勵方式,協助教師減輕工作壓力,以利從事學校創新經營。
五、 鼓勵教師參與校內外或是學位進修,以利教師本職學能的提升,促進行政與教學間互信互助。
六、 提供充裕的時間與空間發展創新,以提升學校創新經營成效。
七、 協助輔導年輕教師,全面提升教師教學成效。
八、 將研究範圍擴大至其它地區或全國,並考慮擴大問卷調查對象至不同層級的教育人員。
九、 可配合採用訪談法、個案研究、德懷術、焦點團體座談等方法,來進行較深入的探討,使研究結果更具有參考價值。
十、 可透過階層線性模式(HLM)來對各變項內之向度做進一步的觀察多層次變項間的關係。
依據研究結論,上述相關建議,俾供教育行政機關、國民小學及未來研究之參考。 / The purpose of this research is to advance understanding of the relationship among public elementary school principals' leadership in knowledge management, teachers' work stress, and effectiveness of schools' innovative management in Taipei city. I analyzed these three variables in different backgrounds of their relationship and prediction. I assessed the adjustment and effects of the structural equation model among three variables. To achieve the purposes, the research involved literature review, proposing a research model and adopting a questionnaire survey: “The investigative questionnaire of relationships among elementary school principals' leadership in knowledge management, teachers' work stress, and effectiveness of school innovation management.” The survey consisted of 912 teachers from 76 elementary schools in Taipei city, and among them, 828 distributed copies were returned as valid. The return rate was 90.79%. The data which were collected underwent statistical treatments such as t- test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson product-moment correlation, multivariate analysis of variance, and structural equation model in order to obtain the results for the stated objectives of the study. The
conclusions of this research are as follows:
1. Taipei public elementary school principals have medium-high performance on their practice of leadership in knowledge management. Score the highest in the dimension of "building professional expertise" and the lowest in the dimension
of "showing innovative actions."
2. Taipei public elementary school teachers have low-medium work stress. Score highest in the dimension of "work loads" and the lowest in the dimension of "
interpersonal relationship."
3. Taipei public elementary schools have medium-high performance in terms of innovative management. Evaluate highest in the dimension of "Innovative performance on school's facilities" and lowest in the dimension of " innovative
performance on administrative services. "
4. Among Taipei public elementary school teachers, those who are male, over the age 41, master's degree or above, working more than 26 years, and working as director, have significantly greater awareness of principals’ leadership in
knowledge management.
5. Taipei public elementary school teachers, who graduated from Teachers' college with a bachelor's degree, working at a school of over 61 classes, have higher
level of work stress.
6. Taipei public elementary school teachers, who are over the age 51, work more than 16 years, serve as director and section chief (or vice section chief), have significantly better awareness of the effectiveness of school innovative
management.
7. Taipei public elementary school teachers’ work stress has low-negative correlation to principals’ leadership in knowledge management and effectiveness of school innovative management. Principals’ leadership in knowledge management is high-positively related to effectiveness of school
innovative management.
8. Both principals’ leadership in knowledge management and teachers’ work stress serve a predictive function on the effectiveness of school innovative management, especially in the variable of principals’ leadership in knowledge
management and the dimension of " integrating knowledge resources "
9. The result of assessment of proper fit on the structural equation model among principals’ leadership in knowledge management, teachers’ work stress, and effectiveness of school innovative management supports and explains the
co-relationships of these three variables.
10. The Influence of Taipei public elementary school principal's leadership in knowledge management on schools' innovative management is mainly via direct
effects.
Based on the findings, the research investigation offers several suggestions for helping school teachers, principles, as well as administrators to implement for a better
organizational practice:
1. Establish Leadership community for school principles to exchange and share the
knowledge
2. Strengthen the innovation in administrative service as well as course design for a
balanced development of school's innovative management.
3. Reduce school scale, open up communication and create cooperative atmosphere within the school for the better leadership, less work stress and to promote the
efficiency of innovative operation.
4. Mitigate work stress by reducing school teachers' teaching hours to benefit schools’ innovative operation plans.
5. Encourage teachers to pursue further education. It will not only improves teachers' professionalism but contributes mutual trust between administrators and teachers.
6. Giving sufficient time and space for innovation to benefit the effect of schools’ innovative operation.
7. Provide guidance to young educators to improve teaching quality in all-round
manner.
8. Expand research scope to other areas or nationwide and consider expanding the
target of questionnaire survey to educators in different levels.
9. Proceed further investigation on the topic with various research methods such as Interview Survey, Case Study, Delphi Technique, Focus Group Interview, etc, which makes the findings more worthy referenced.
10. Using hierarchical linear model to have an empirical research among principals' leadership in knowledge management, teachers' work stress and effectiveness of schools' innovative management.
I hope the authority, elementary educators will find the suggestions of this
research beneficial to the better organizational development.
Key words: principals' leadership in knowledge management, teachers' work stress, effectiveness of schools' innovative management
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策略行銷分析眼科自費醫療市場—以A公司個案為例 / Cataract surgery market in strategic marketing 4c analysis -- a case study of company A許樞龍 Unknown Date (has links)
全民健康保險自1995 年開辦以來,不但減輕國內民眾就醫的財務負擔,也使民眾獲得良好的醫療照顧,但2000年以後,隨著環境變遷,科技不斷進步、國內老年人口增加及人民所得及生活水準不斷提高,各種因素的驅使下使政府的健保醫療支出年年增加,造成政府的財政負擔。
在對民眾的保費,礙於民情及民眾心態調漲不易的情況下,政府不得不採取節流措施,以改變對醫療院所或醫師的健保支出及調降相關器材核價之法令,藉以控制健保收入及支出的平衡。雖政府用意在改善醫療支出的浪費,但造成的結果卻是使醫療院所或醫師引進新技術或新產品的意願降低,也開始縮減醫院人力,使得醫療環境逐漸惡化,而廠商也因下游醫療通路(醫院/醫師)不斷向其砍低產品價格,使得廠商入不敷出,面臨難以生存的窘境。
在此情況下,廠商不得不開始轉向自費型的市場,眾家廠商及本文討論之個案A公司在2006年配合眼科醫學會,不斷向衛生署健保局溝通及陳情,極力爭取白內障產品的自費項目,促使健保局2007年正式公告開放白內障特殊功能人工水晶體的給付差額。
個案A公司在此艱難的制度環境下,同時公司在市場上也進入較晚,面臨該市場激烈競爭,必須力圖改變才能突破,因此本研究主要以行銷策略4C架構來分析個案A公司在此市場下,如何改變公司策略以打破困境。
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從教師專業知能的觀點分析越南小學師資培育課程綱要 / Vietnamese elementary teacher education curriculum: based on the teacher professional competency perspective蔡玉鳳, Sai, Ngoc Phung Unknown Date (has links)
本研究的研究目的為:(一)瞭解越南小學師資培育課程綱要設置理念與內涵;(二)探討越南小學師資培育課程綱要的實務做法。因此採用資料分析研究法來分析越南小學師資培育課程內容,其研究結果指出越南小學師資培育課程綱要具有如下特徵:
一、課程帶有「政治思想與社會主義」的意味。
二、非常注重培養熟練教學內容知識及內容知識。
三、主張培養多元能力的小學教師。
四、缺乏完整教育方法學知識與教育基礎知識。
五、注重實習與研究活動,不過未有完整的實施配套。
六、專門教育課程安排待完整,缺乏選修科目空間。
依據研究結果,提出對小學師資培育課程、政府訂定師資培育政策與未來研究之建議。 / The purposes of this study are to (1) explore the contents and ideas of curriculum design in Vietnamese elementary teacher education (2) investigate the practice of the elementary teacher education curriculum in Vietnam. Using content analysis methodology, this study has obtained some results as follows:
1. The curriculum intends to contain political ideology and socialism.
2. Special attention is paid to pedagogical content knowledge and content knowledge.
3. The curriculum aims to foster the multiple competencies of elementary teachers.
4. The curriculum content is lack of the pedagogical methods and foundation theories of education knowledge.
5. The curriculum focuses on practical training and education study; however, it it does not contain complete supportive arrangements.
6. The professional courses in educational studies are still incomplete; the curriculum also lacks optional subjects.
Based on the results, the study provides some suggestions for the design of the elementary teacher education curriculum, the government policy of teacher education, and future research.
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技術創業之價值創造與商業模式分析 / A Strategic Analysis on the Value Creations and Business Models of Technological Entrepreneurship吳其原, Wu, Chi Yuan Unknown Date (has links)
針對台灣高科技產業的研究重點,學術上常常會從產業生命週期、公司內部的核心能耐或是從產業結構的定位作為出發加以探討。而本篇研究將會從策略行銷、技術採用生命週期、核心能耐三方面的角度進行技術創業公司價值創造及商業模式的分析。實務上,本篇研究也將致力於技術採用生命週期、核心能耐、策略行銷三方面角度的架構予以整合,如此一來,就能夠透過整合性架構幫助業主在實務上的思考。
本研究採取的是個案研究方法。個案研究法中對於個案的選擇,並非重其全面性與系統性,而是重在選擇有代表性與對比效果的個案,以獲得較為豐富的個案內涵以供對研究議題之深究。本研究選擇了龍彩科技、群聯電子、訊連科技以及茂林光電四家較為年輕且分屬不同產業龍頭的公司作為技術創業的個案分析公司。
本研究得到的結論為技術創業公司在保齡球道確認自己的核心技術所能為顧客創造的價值之後,由於台灣新創公司通常無法自行掌控技術採用生命週期,因此隨著產業的發展與產業間的互動,會決定未來新創公司所走的技術採用生命週期的路徑。技術創業公司通常會在康莊大道開始積極培養新的能力來因應下一波的創新。價值創造方面以降低顧客的外顯單位效益成本為關鍵重點。商業模式若從本篇研究的角度來看,即是在技術採用生命週期上,價值創造與核心能耐的互動。若價值創造與核心能耐產生良性循環,則公司的商業模式會開始強化,這樣就能協助公司在各個技術採用生命週期的階段站穩腳跟。 / Academically, we usually use the standpoints of Product Life Cycle, Core Competence or The Position of the Industrial Structure to study high-tech companies in Taiwan. This research would combine the standpoints of Technology Adoption Life Cycle, Core Competence and Strategic Marketing Analysis to study the technological entrepreneurship in Taiwan, especially in value creations and business models.
This is a multi-case study, choosing the representative and comparable cases, including HC Photonics Corp., Phison Electronics Corp., CyberLink Corp. and Global Lighting Technologies Inc., which are younger and playing important roles in their industries.
By analyzing the four companies, this study concludes that:
1.A business model means the core competences interact with the costumer values at the Technology Adoption Life Cycle. A great business model means it’s a positive cycle of interaction and the positive cycle can help companies stand firmly at the Technology Adoption Life Cycle.
2.The most important costumer value is Over Cost per Unity (C1).
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國民小學學校效能評鑑指標與權重體系之建構 / The Establish of The Evaluation Indicators and The Weight System of School Effectiveness in Elementary Education謝金青, Hsieh, King-Ching Unknown Date (has links)
本研究旨在建構一套適用當前教育環境的「國民小學學校效能評鑑指標與權重體系」,以作為未來有效評鑑國民小學辦學績效的基礎。
研究者透過推薦程序,選定教育學者、教育行政人員、小學校長及小學教師等合計138名為參與評定專家,以進行指標可用性及相對權重分配之調查及訪談,並應用卡方考驗、階層分析程序法(AHP) 等進行考驗分析,最後建構完成「國民小學學校效能評鑑指標與權重體系」。研究結果顯示:
一、「國民小學學校效能評鑑指標與權重體系」中,一級指標包含了「教育輸入」、「教育歷程」與「教育產出」。其相對權重分配,「教育輸入」指標為26%,「教育歷程」指標為41%,「教育產出」指標則為33%。
二、一級指標中之教育輸入指標,下轄「發展目標與計畫」、「經費與教學設備」、「教師能力素質」與「學校環境品質」等四個二級指標。其相對權重分配,依序為20%、17%、43%與20%,其下並分別下轄數個三級評鑑指標。
三、一級指標中之教育歷程指標,下轄「校長領導作為」、「學校行政管理」、「學校組織氣氛」與「教師教學品質」等四個二級指標。其相對權重分配,依序為23%、12%、23%與42%,其下並分別下轄三到四個三級評鑑指標。
四、一級指標中之教育產出指標,下轄「發展目標與計畫達成」、「學生成就表現」、「教師專業成長」與「學校社區聲望」等四個二級指標,其相對權重分配,依序為24%、34%、28%與14%,其下並分別下轄二到四個三級評鑑指標。
五、三級評鑑指標項下,並建構有評估細目指標,惟並無相對權重之設計,以符合實務應用時客觀具體與因地制宜之平衡需求。
此外,本研究也針對「學校效能評鑑模式」、「評鑑指標的有效選擇」與「相對權重的理想建構」等進行分析討論。文末並針對實務應用與未來之研究方向等提出具體之建議。 / The purpose of this study aims to establish the evaluation indicators and the weight system of school effectiveness in elementary education. Total of 138 experts were recommended to help developing the evaluation indicators. The subjects consisting of educators, administrators, principals, teachers in elementary schools are implemented with questionnaires and interviews. The main work of these experts was to judge the availability of indicators and the ratio of weights. The results are analyzed by Chi-square test and Analytic Hierarchy Process(AHP). The conclusion manifests as follows:
1) the first-order indicators in the weight system for elementary school effectiveness include educational input, educational process, and educational output. The weight for each inidicator is 26%, 41% and 33% respectively. The second-order inidicators and their weights are stated as follows:
a.) the "educational input" comprises four second-order indicators: developing goals and planning (20%), expenditure and equipment(17%), teachers' competence(43%) and environmental quality(20%). There are three third-order indicators under these second-order indicators.
b.) the "educational process" encompasses four second-order indicators: principal's leadership(23%), administration and management(12%), school climate (23%) and teaching quality (42%). Each of these indicators contains three or four third-order indicators.
c.) the "educational output" contains of four second-order indicators: the developing and achieving goals(24%), students' performance(34%), teachers' professional development(28%), and school's reputation in community (14%). Each of these indicators also contains 2 to 4 third-order indicators.
2.) the reason for the fourth-order indicators not given any weight is to keep the flexibility of this system in various education settings.
Besides, this study also discusses the evaluation model of school effectiveness, the effective choice of indicators and the ideal construct of indicator weight. At the end of the study also proposes some concrete suggestions for practice and further study.
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台灣電源供應器廠商的綠色創新模式-以L公司為例 / Green business model innovation of power supply manufacture in Taiwan-L Company case study高育坤 Unknown Date (has links)
在科技發達的今天,資通訊科技與家電產品造就了一般大眾生活上的便利,但也使天然資源的消耗速度加快,因此,如何能夠有效地節能減碳並進行綠色創新,乃成為企業經營管理上很重要的課題。
本研究的主軸即探討企業進行綠色創新的過程與管理。論文研究上先結合研究目的與文獻探討,建構出一個包含「外在環境」、「創新策略」、「創新管理」與「創新成效」等四大構面的研究架構圖。接著選擇一家製造電源供應器的代表性廠商,進行深入的探索性個案研究。本研究所得到的初步結論包括:
(1)企業對於外在環境的改變要擬定創新策略及勇於挑戰的決心進行創新管理,有助於其創新成效的實現。
(2)企業的綠色創新策略主軸明確,有助於組織內形成共識,對其創新管理資源的運用容易聚焦,並改變其組織文化。
(3)企業運用創新策略及技術策略,可藉由檢視過往失敗的經驗,從中發掘新創思維並進行新產品開發,有助於實現創新成效。
(4)創新研發團隊組織中領導者如能擁有創新熱忱,並給予適當的資源及高階的信任,將有助於企業創新的發展。
(5)「以人為本」的綠色創新模式有助於企業的永續經營及因節能的貢獻而減少環境的衝擊。
本論文最後並提出對廠商與後續研究者的建議。
關鍵字:綠色創新、節能減碳、創新策略、創新管理、企業社會責任、電源供應器、創新團隊、永續經營
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