Despite the built-in garbage collector, Java programs can still suffer the memory leak problem resulted from the unhealthy programming style of retaining unwanted references. This paper presents an aspect-based tool for assisting programmers in locating such references to fix the problem. This tool, FindLeaks, utilizes an aspect to collect memory consumption statistics and object references created during a program’s execution and analyzes them for detecting memory leaks. The distinctive feature of FindLeaks is that it reports not only suspected classes of leaked objects but also where in the source the unwanted references were created. Besides, this paper also reports our experience with FindLeaks on three open source Java programs and how we enhanced it to lower its overhead.

《寵兒》（Beloved, 1987）是美國作家童妮‧摩里森（Toni Morrison）的第五本小說。如同她的前四本小說，《寵兒》關注的主題是黑人族群生活在美國所面臨的困境，探討非裔美國人如何在種族歧視的壓迫下求生存。與前四本小說不同的是，《寵兒》所敘述的故事發生在奴隸制度廢除之際，是摩里森第一次直接處理黑人在奴隸制度中遭受虐待的歷史事實。《寵兒》的主角是一群被解放的黑奴，摩里森藉著他們對過去的回憶來訴說奴隸制度對黑人族群所造成的集體創傷。受創的角色活在有關創傷的回憶中。他們不願去回想痛苦的過去，卻又被揮之不去的創傷記憶所纏繞。他們試著彼此扶持，並企圖走出受創的陰霾，找尋一個新的生活。 《寵兒》的故事以女主角柴特（Sethe）弒嬰的秘密為中心，加上其他黑奴的創傷記憶編織而成。既然小說本身是一個有關創傷的故事，批評家對《寵兒》的研究也就常涉及小說中的記憶、創傷與敘事風格。不過這些有關記憶、創傷與敘事的討論總是以種族或性別等議題為出發點，很少批評家純粹分析記憶、創傷與敘事在《寵兒》中的互動關係。有別於以往的研究，本論文試著以「創傷敘述」（trauma narrative）為主軸，採用佛洛伊德（Sigmund Freud）與赫曼（Judith Herman）的創傷理論來分析《寵兒》中記憶、創傷與敘事如何互相影響。首先，本論文探討創傷如何影響記憶的形成與敘事，以及創傷記憶為何是「一個不可說的故事」（an unspeakable story）。其次，本論文將創傷敘述的特色與《寵兒》中複雜難解的敘事風格相比較，討論摩里森如何運用創傷敘述的特色來再現小說中主角們難以啟齒的創傷記憶。最後，本論文討論創傷敘述與創傷治療（trauma healing）之間的關係，說明創傷敘述如何成為創傷治療過程中不可或缺的一環。 / Beloved (1987) is Toni Morrison’s fifth novel. Like her first four novels, Beloved centers on the social injustice which the black people are confronted with in their lives, depicting how African Americans struggle to survive under the oppression of racism. What renders Beloved different is its subject—the history of slavery, which was never dealt with in Morrison’s novels. The main characters in Beloved are ex-slaves who have undergone the atrocities of slavery. By recounting the characters’ experiences, the novel represents the horrors of slavery and the atrocities traumatizing the black people. In their post-traumatic lives, the characters are trapped in their traumatic memory. Although they show reluctance to recall the painful past, the traumatized characters are haunted by their indelible memories. However, the story is not completely tragic since, in the end, the characters are not defeated by their trauma. They endeavor to support each other, trying to rid themselves of traumatic memory and to rebuild a new life. The story of Beloved, which revolves around Sethe’s secret of infanticide, is constructed from the characters’ traumatic memory. Since the story is closely related to trauma, most critics explore Beloved in terms of memory, trauma, and its narrative style. However, critics often discuss only one or two topics of the above three. There are some critics analyzing the interrelation of memory, trauma and narrative in Beloved but their discussions are often the portions pertaining to the more extensive explorations based on the topic of history, race, or gender. Differing from these critical approaches, the present thesis adopts the concept of trauma narrative, using Sigmund Freud and Judith Herman’s trauma theories to analyze the interplay of trauma, memory, and narrative in Beloved. Firstly, the thesis discusses how the traumatic event affects the formation and narration of memory. The discussion also demonstrates why the traumatic memory is “an unspeakable story.” Secondly, the thesis compares the characteristics of trauma narrative with the intricate narrative of Beloved. The discussion centers on how Morrison adopts the characteristic of trauma narrative to represent a story of trauma. Lastly, the thesis explores the interrelation between trauma narrative and trauma healing. The discussion intends to clarify how trauma narrative becomes a prerequisite for trauma healing.

澳洲原住民已經生存在澳洲大陸長達四萬年。他們有著自成一套的宗教系統、神話、風俗習慣、語言和藝術，遵循著使人和自然都共榮的生存方式。但是，由於白人的入侵，企圖強占他們的土地，使得澳洲原住民幾乎要絕滅。在大規模的屠殺和白人從歐洲帶來的傳染病流行之下，原住民的人口急遽減少，連他們的文化都受到威脅。因此，原住民成為澳洲社會中被邊緣化的少數族群。 因此，此篇論文要援引巴赫汀（Mikhail Bakhtin）提出的「時空型」的概念、法國史學家納拉（Pierre Nora）對於記憶的看法及相關的原住民文化，去探討傑克•戴維斯在《頭生兒三部曲》中，顯示出白澳社會對於原住民的壓迫及原住民在重建文化記憶和原住民本質的強化之下，所表現出來生存的毅力。第一章包含了白人和澳洲原住民接觸的歷史背景、傑克•戴維斯及其劇作的簡介，其他評論家對於《頭生兒三部曲》的評論。第二章中，我要援引巴赫汀的「時空型」的概念來討論在白人政府的壓迫之下，原住民所處嚴酷的社會環境及原住民弱勢的社會地位給原住民帶來的影響。第三章則援用納拉對於記憶的論點來分析戴維斯藉由說故事、舞蹈和夢境來創造「記憶場域」（lieux de mémoire）以保留原住民對於其文化的記憶。第四章則是探討原住民本質所帶來的能力增強。藉由此能力強化，原住民得到了對抗白人迫害的力量，且可以為自己發聲。第五章則是為前四章所論做總結。 / Indigenous Australians have lived in Australia for 40,000 years. They develop their own system of religion and mythology, social conventions, language and arts, observing a life that can make both the environment and human beings prosperous. But Aboriginals are driven to extinction by the White who intend to possess their land. Because of large scale of massacres and diseases, both the number of Aboriginal population and their culture are endangered. Indigenous Australians become the marginalized minority in Australian society. Therefore, with the reference to Mikhail Bakhtin’s idea of the chronotope, Pierre Nora’s concept of memory and related Aboriginal culture, this thesis aims to discuss that Jack Davis, in The First Born trilogy, presents the oppression of White Australian society to Aboriginal people and displays Aboriginals’ persistence in survival through the reconstruction of Aboriginal memory and the empowerment of Aboriginality. Chapter One includes the general historical background of the contact between the White and Aboriginals, the introduction to Jack Davis and his plays, and the criticism on Davis’s trilogy. In Chapter Two, I take advantage of Bakhtin’s idea of the chronotope to discuss the severe social environment of indigenous Australians who are oppressed by the White Australian government and the social consequences of Aboriginals’ disadvantaged position in society. Chapter Three aims to utilize Pierre Nora’s concept of memory to analyze that Davis, through stories, dances, and dream visions, creates lieux de mémoire to preserve Aboriginal memory. Chapter Four concentrates on the empowerment of Aboriginality, which offers a subversive force for Aboriginals to fight against the White persecution and have their voice heard. Chapter Five is the concluding chapter to wrap up these three plays.

本文主要透過國民黨經營的《中央日報》「臺灣光復節」特刊，解構戰後所形成的「臺灣光復」論述。之所以選擇《中央日報》「臺灣光復節」特刊，主要是因為《中央日報》代表國民黨的意見與觀念，同時，「臺灣光復節」特刊的內容，相當程度集中了國民黨的「臺灣光復」論述。雖然，「臺灣光復節」特刊正式出現是在1952年，但在1949年「臺灣光復節」當日的內容中，本質上已開始呈顯「臺灣光復」論述的內容，因此在研究時間的範圍上，向前稍微延伸。 所謂的「臺灣光復」論述本質上屬於國民黨「官定意識形態」，同時亦代表國民黨的臺灣史論述。其內容主要以「歷史論述」與「治臺政績論述」為主，經過本文的分析合佔篇幅的80%。 「歷史論述」包含「中國與臺灣的歷史關係」論述，以及「國民革命與臺灣」論述，兩者皆強調中國與臺灣、國民黨與臺灣的歷史關係，其目的在於建構臺灣人對於中國乃至於國民黨的認同意識。「治臺政績論述」包含戰後國民黨政府在臺灣的各種建設成就的論述，包含「地方自治」、「土地改革」，以及「經濟發展」等，其目的在於強化國民黨政府的統治正當性。 若就「臺灣光復」論述的特性而言，在「歷史論述」方面，刻意選取各種能夠建構中國與臺灣、國民黨與臺灣歷史關係的歷史事件、人物等素材。而在「治臺政績論述」方面，刻意忽視、貶抑日治時期的各項建設成就，轉而強調國民黨在臺灣的各種建設成就。不論何種論述，都隱含著一種「恩義」關係，諸如由於「經過中國軍民八年浴血犧牲，以及蔣總統在開羅會議的堅持，才使得臺灣能夠脫離日本殖民統治，回歸祖國懷抱。」，以及「戰後臺灣的地方自治、土地改革，經濟成就等，都是國民黨政府施政的成績，皆是日據時期所沒有的成就。」等等論述。而這些論述的目的，皆在於促使臺灣人相信國民黨政府的統治有其正當性。 而這些強調國民黨對於臺灣人的「恩惠」，在透過《中央日報》這類黨營媒體，以及戰後在黨國戒嚴體制底下所形成的「言論一言堂」環境底下，不斷持續放送。甚至透過歷史教科書、各式各樣的圖書出版品等，散播這類的「臺灣光復」論述。 即便在1987年解嚴以後，「臺灣光復」論述所代表的國民黨臺灣史論述仍然佔有強勢的地位。國民黨的臺灣史論述在解嚴以後的李登輝執政時期，隨著「臺灣意識」的發展，已不可迴避「二二八事件」的重返公共論述場域的問題，而「認識臺灣」教科書的出現，反映了國民黨政府史觀的轉變。不過，即便「二二八事件」議題能夠重新公開討論，以及「認識臺灣」教科書的出現，亦不能代表「臺灣意識」已經完全取代「中國意識」在各個層面的地位。例如2000年以後，馬英九所代表的國民黨臺灣史論述，雖然有些所謂的「本土」化，諸如不避諱談論「二二八事件」與「兩蔣功過」，但仍導向有利於國民黨的政治解釋，論述的本質上仍然不脫解嚴前的「臺灣光復」論述內容。 總之，經由本文的研究，可以得知，在戰後黨國戒嚴體制底下，經過國民黨刻意建構的「臺灣光復」論述，不僅長時期支配大多數臺灣人對於臺灣歷史的認知，至今仍然在「歷史解釋權」、「歷史記憶」的爭奪戰中，佔有一席之地。

本實驗室於先前利用莫氏水迷津試驗篩選學習快與學習慢的大白鼠，取出其海馬迴組織並進行聚合酶連鎖反應差異顯示(PCR differential display)，結果顯示學習快與學習慢的大白鼠背側海馬迴之間共有98個cDNA片段有差異表現。把這些cDNA片段進行定序並利用BLAST資料庫比對，其中一個cDNA片段為大白鼠的pias1 [protein inhibitor of activated STAT1 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 1)] 基因。為了瞭解pias1基因的表現是否和空間學習有所關聯，隨機把大白鼠分成兩組，一組為有訓練組別(有空間線索與隱藏式平台)，另一組為無訓練的組別(沒有平台，作為游泳的控制組)同時進行莫氏水迷津學習試驗。試驗完畢，取出海馬迴組織進行即時定量聚合酶連鎖反應與西方墨點法來分析PIAS1的mRNA與蛋白質的表現。結果顯示有水迷津訓練的大白鼠，其PIAS1的mRNA與蛋白質表現皆明顯的高於無訓練的組別。為了更進一步確認PIAS1在空間學習中所扮演的角色，我們利用基因轉染的技術，轉染PIAS1 siRNA至大白鼠海馬迴CA1區域抑制PIAS1的表現。我們發現轉染PIAS1 siRNA至CA1區域會抑制大白鼠在水迷津的行為表現，然而轉染野生型的PIAS1質體基因至CA1區域卻會增進水迷津試驗的學習能力，同時我們也以西方墨點法發現，當轉染PIAS1 siRNA會增加STAT1 Tyr701的磷酸化，而轉染PIAS1 WT則會抑制STAT1 Tyr701的磷酸化。為了探討PIAS1促進記憶形成的分子機制，我們發現當轉染突變型的STAT1 Y701F質體基因至CA1區域，會抑制PIAS1 siRNA所造成記憶的損害。這些實驗結果代表著PIAS1會抑制STAT1 Tyr701的磷酸化，而PIAS1促進記憶的形成可能是藉由抑制STAT1 Tyr701的磷酸化而達成。另外，我們也單獨轉染突變型的STAT1 Y701F質體基因至CA1區域，水迷津實驗結果顯示會促進空間記憶的形成。目前PIAS1在免疫的角色已有許多研究證實，但是本篇研究是第一個提出PIAS1會參與哺乳類動物學習與記憶形成探討。 / Our laboratory has previously identified 98 cDNA fragments by using PCR differential display from rat dorsal hippocampus that are differentially expressed between fast learners and slow learners from the water maze learning task. After sequencing and BLAST analysis, one of these cDNA fragments encodes the rat pias1 [protein inhibitor of activated STAT1 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 1)] gene. In order to determine whether pias1 gene expression is associated with spatial learning, naïve rats were randomly assigned to the trained group (with visual cues and platform been present) and the non-trained group (without the platform as the swimming control). The dorsal hippocampus from these animals was dissected out at the end of the training and was subjected to RNA and protein extraction for real-time PCR and Western blot analysis of PIAS1 expression, respectively. Results revealed that the pias1 mRNA level and protein level was both higher in the hippocampus of trained rats than non-trained rats. To further examine the role of PIAS1 involved in spatial learning and memory, the specific PIAS1 siRNA was used to knockdown the expression of PIAS1 in rat hippocampal CA1 region. We found that transfection of PIAS1 siRNA to the CA1 area impaired water maze performance, whereas transfection of the wild-type PIAS1 DNA plasmid to the CA1 area facilitated water maze performance in rats. Meanwhile, PIAS1 siRNA increased STAT1 phosphorylation at Tyr701 whereas PIAS1 WT decreased STAT1 phosphorylation at this residue. In the examination of molecular mechanism underlying PIAS1-mediated memory facilitation, we have found that transfection of the STAT1 Y701F mutant plasmid antagonized the memory-impairing effect of PIAS1 siRNA, whereas transfection of STAT1 Y701F alone facilitated spatial memory formation. These results together suggest that one of the molecular mechanisms underlying PIAS1-mediated memory facilitation is through decreased STAT1 phosphorylation at Tyr701. All these manipulations did not affect visible platform learning in rats. In addition to the well documented role of PIAS1 in the immune system, here we have been the first to demonstrate a novel role of PIAS1 involved in spatial memory formation in rats.

張大春在台灣文壇中長期扮演「說謊者」，甚至開宗明義地以「大說謊家」自居，以編謊瞎說為業，竟能讓眾多讀者甘心聆聽他的謊言，並期待他下一次又要怎樣施展謊話，「說謊」之於張大春，儼然成為一種專屬張大春的「技藝」。因此，張大春為什麼願意當一個用小說編造謊言的人？張大春如何不斷地翻轉小說的寫作形式而將讀者玩弄於股掌之間？張大春製造那麼多的謊言，究竟想要表達的是什麼？這些一直都是許多「張大春研究者」所好奇的問題，也是本篇論文研究的目的。對於張大春的「謊言書寫」論者甚多，但前輩論者多以其單本著作為討論主題，本論文希望從張大春的寫作姿態、對語言及創作之信念等方面，將其創作歷程之「謊言書寫」做一全面性討論，以建構出完整的「張大春說謊史」。 本論文將從「謊言」角度切入，爬梳張大春自出道至轉向中國古典領域之前，其謊言書寫之源起到收束的發展歷程。因此將從〈懸盪〉作為起點，而以《尋人啟事》作為轉向前的斷點，討論張大春創作與各時代社會、文化環境之交互作用，分析張大春寫作技巧及文學思想進路之演變，探索張大春從早期短暫受寫實主義影響，到開始追尋「小說之敘述」，再以魔幻寫實及後設技巧展演他對「語言／謊言」思考，最後逐漸轉入中國傳統書場，整理其中演變過程，並討論張大春偏重於「語言」、「記憶」、「權威」、「真實／虛構」等相關主題之由來與脈絡。 在即將邁入二十一世紀的第二個十年，「謊言／真實」議題仍對現今社會有其映照之寓意，所以重探張大春小說中的「謊言書寫」，盼能以不同於前輩論者的角度切入，提賦予張大春小說新的時代意義，供張大春研究另一個面向的思考。

本研究主要是探討台灣半導體產業中晶圓代工與動態隨機記憶體製造廠商競爭優勢有哪些？並且由價值鍵模型、市場-技術生命週期論著、策略矩陣模型、策略性資源模型及鑽石模型來探討。前面是以一般產業模型探討產業具有競爭優勢。 　　從產業現象中推理，歸納哪些具有競爭優勢條件，再經過模型加以應用、推導、驗證，更能使理論與實務相結合。 　　本研究運用Porter鑽石模型探討，找出每一構面因素的相關競爭優勢內涵。第一因素是生產要素，第二因素是需求條件，第三因素是企業策略、企業結構和競爭程度，第四因素是相關及支援性產業，第五因素是機會，第六因素是政府角色。之後依序探討各因素實際上在產業中成功因素內涵加以分析。並配合個案研究與個案深入訪談專家，依序分析國內最具代表性廠商所具有競爭優勢形成的因果關係，使得探討產業競爭優勢更趨完整。 本研究結果使得下列相關命題更具實質的意義。 1. （價值鍵模型）中探討產業競爭優勢、產業分工與群聚的效果。 2. （策略矩陣模型中）分析得知競爭優勢之基礎與條件。 3. （策略性資源模型）得知廠商組織能力培養與產品創新及有形資產之土地、廠房、設備購置時間之重要性。 4. （後進、先進地區市場-技術生命週期論著）：探討產業發展策略中進入成熟期時台灣晶圓代工與DRAM廠商在進入21世紀深次微米技術時，採取何種方式及步驟，保持競爭優勢。 5. （生產因素）資本資源探討，Venture Capital 投入，不僅止於資金挹注且提供經營資訊，銀行融資及推介策略性合夥人。 6. （企業策略、企業結構和競爭程度）國內該產業廠商之策略、管理型態及組織結構如：未來經營策略有合併、策略聯盟與競爭又合作方向，良好事業策略制定與執行影響廠商生存利基與競爭條件。 7. （機會）產業之機會，如國際IDM大廠製造轉移至台灣晶圓Foundry與DRAM廠商。3C商品整合趨勢，提高DRAM需求與掌握國際市場開拓能力，增加市場通路機會。 第一章 緒論……………………………………………………………… 1 1-1 研究背景與問題………………………………………………… 1 1-2 研究的目的……………………………………………………… 1 1-3 研究對象與範圍………………………………………………… 2 第二章 相關文獻探討…………………………………………………… 4 2-1 競爭優勢觀念之探討…………………………………………… 4 2-2 經營策略觀念之探討…………………………………………… 9 2-3 價值鍵探討……………………………………………………… 15 2-4 產業分析觀念之探討…………………………………………… 16 2-5 其他研究架構因素探討………………………………………… 22 2-6 相關理論架構模式之比較……………………………………… 23 第三章 研究設計………………………………………………………… 26 3-1 研究架構………………………………………………………… 26 3-2 研究流程………………………………………………………… 28 3-3 資料蒐集與分析………………………………………………… 29 3-4 研究方法………………………………………………………… 29 第四章 台灣半導體產業之晶圓代工與動態隨機存取記憶體競爭優勢探討…… 31 4-1 前言……………………………………………………………… 31 4-2 全球半導體產業發展現況與展望……………………………… 32 4-3 影響晶圓代工及DRAM需求因 ………………………………… 48 4-4 台灣DRAM製程技術及研發探討 -市場∼技術生命週期論…………………… 49 4-5 具競爭優勢生產成本與價格-價值鍵模型……………………… 54 4-6 專業服務導向與多樣化產品之競爭優勢-策略矩陣模型………… 56 4-7 專業晶圓代工與動態隨機記憶體製造-策略性資源模型………… 60 4-8 彈性經營管理強度與國際競爭能力…………………………… 70 4-9 整體績效改善與達成…………………………………………… 71 4-10 生產力與獲利能力之優勢……………………………………… 72 第五章 晶圓代工與動態隨機記憶體產業競爭力分析………………… 75 5-1 鑽石理論模型構面因素………………………………………… 75 5-2 生產要素………………………………………………………… 77 5-3 需求條件………………………………………………………… 95 5-4 公司實力、策略與競爭…………………………………………100 5-5 相關與支援產業…………………………………………………104 5-6 機會角色…………………………………………………………116 5-7 政府角色…………………………………………………………119 第六章 公司個案討論……………………………………………………126 6-1 個案介紹-聯華電子股份有限公司 ……………………………126 6-2 聯華電子公司策略性資源模型（一）…………………………130 6-3 聯華電子公司策略性資源模型（二）…………………………133 6-4 聯華電子公司「晶圓專工」策略-價值鍵模型………………136 6-5 個案介紹-台灣茂矽電子股份有限公司………………………138 6-6 台灣茂矽電子公司總體策略-產業價值鍵模型………………141 6-7 台灣茂矽電子公司策略性資源模型……………………………142 第七章 台灣半導體產業競爭優勢-Foundry & DRAM研究探討……145 第八章 結論與建議………………………………………………………161 參考文獻……………………………………………………………………164 附錄一訪談問卷…………………………………………………………169

現在台灣的國家（族群）認同正處在一個不明的階段，不僅是族群間有對立的國族意識型態，對第三國－日本的態度似乎也出現族群之間的不同。本研究目的就在瞭解台灣的不同族群之間是否有不同的對日態度，以及族群認同的工具性是否涉入其中。抽樣295位台灣民眾所得的研究結果顯示，不同族群認同者確實有不同的對日態度。族群自我認同為「台灣人」者比起其他族群認同類別者給予日本比給予中國更多的好評，另外，他們也覺得中國比較沒有那麼親近，同時也對日本負面歷史行為做出更有利的歸因。此外，台灣人民的台灣意識為其「族群認同」對親日態度預測力的中介變項。研究結果以選擇性遺忘、建構認同及三角群際關係來加以解釋，亦即，後殖民時期台灣人民的對日態度為建構自身認同所展現的工具性態度，目的在對抗主要外團體中國，不能只是解釋為殖民主義的影響。 / This study was set to investigate how people in Taiwan perceive Japan and China differently in terms of their ethnic identities. Taiwan has experienced the Japanese colonial regime and the Nationalist regime consecutively each for about fifty years. Over the century, Taiwan has kept searching for its collective identity, and China remains the number one threat to its nation-building project. From 295 sampled Taiwan people, we found different ethnic self-identifiers showed different attitudes toward Japanese. Those who identify themselves with Taiwanese showed most positive attitudes toward Japanese, regardless of the fact that they are mostly offspring of people having been through Japan colonial regime. To be more specific, they tended to evaluate Japan better than China, to rate China less close, and to make more “Japanese-serving attribution” when reasoning about Japanese's historical brutality during the Second World War. Moreover, the correlation between Taiwan people's ethnic identities and their attitudes toward Japanese has been found mediated by Taiwan political ideology. The results were discussed by referring to instrumentality of ethnic identification and selective forgetting of collective history in order to reconstruct a new ethnic identity.

人類經濟活動重心之變革推動著產業競爭的樣貌，於二十一世紀的今日，知識已成為經濟活動中最主要之價值驅力，與之相應的，產業中智慧財產層面的競爭也逐漸受到重視，發展至今，智慧財產已深入產業鏈且細化為各種以智慧財產運用為中心以創造獲利之企業。 半導體產業於台灣經濟發展之推進中佔有關鍵性之地位，隨著台灣廠商在全球產業鏈中扮演的角色重要性與日俱增，難以避免必須因應半導體產業中由智慧財產所造就的新興商業模式，其中，智慧財產研發公司拋棄舊有以生產製造為主之商業模式，開創以知識為本的競爭場域，並挾其智慧財產進行全球化的授權以及訴訟，扮演著遊戲規則的創造者，尤其記憶體產業之兩大智慧財產研發公司Rambus Inc.以及Tessera Technology Inc.，自2000年起不斷於全球提起專利訴訟，對整體產業乃至於台灣廠商帶來無法忽視之影響。 本研究試圖建立分析智慧財產研發公司之架構，亦即由該等公司之策略演進出發，宏觀的了解其於變動的競爭環境中如何發揮企業優勢；其次，以公司策略定位為基礎，進一步推動資源投入之分配，並形塑商業模式的產生；最後，本研究萃取智慧財產研發公司商業模式中較具特色且影響廣泛之訴訟階段，藉由記憶體產業中之個案分析比較之方式進行深入之實證研究，以管窺該等公司之專利運用模式，期能透過提升對於智慧財產研發公司策略定位、商業模式以及訴訟模式之了解，活化企業智慧財產之管理，並提供台灣廠商面對專利授權與訴訟時因應之基礎。 / The revolution of economic activities of human beings has been the force behind the changing format of competition among industries. In the contemporary 21st century, knowledge has become one of the most valuable forces in economic activities; correspondently, the competition strategy of intellectual property also seized much attention. As of today, intellectual property has already been integrated in each and every industry chains and developed into various enterprises which earn profits by operating it. Semi-conductor industry played an important role in the process of Taiwan’s economic development. As Taiwanese companies claim more crucial roles in the global industry chain, they are inevitably forced to deal with the new business model established by the creation of intellectual properties. Among them, intellectual property development companies have withdrawn from old business model of production and manufacturing and create a new competition field on the basis of intellectually properties. Intellectual property development companies engage in global wide license and litigation, acting as the rule-maker within the new frame of competition. Rambus Inc. and Tessera Technology Inc. are the two leading intellectual property development companies which brought lawsuits internationally since 2000, creating serious impacts on both the entire industry and Taiwanese companies. This research aims to establish an analytical framework to observe intellectually property development companies, starting from the progress of strategy, try to understand how to exercise their advantages in the ever-changing competitive business world; furthermore, based on business strategies, this research look further into the distribution of resources and the creation of business models; lastly, this research closely examines the litigation phase of the business model of intellectual property development companies by comparative case studies, in order to conclude the operation pattern of patents of such companies. With further exploration on the strategic positioning, business model and litigation pattern of intellectual property development companies, this research provides not only a deeper understanding on the management of IPRs but also a framework for Taiwanese companies to cope with patent licenses and litigations.

This thesis examines the politics of history education, collective memory and identity in contemporary Taiwan through a qualitative case study of the high-school history curriculum reform and controversy from 2002 to 2012. Through eight elite interviews, the evaluation of an extensive amount of primary sources, and the quantitative and qualitative analysis of the relevant history curricula and other official documents, I find that the most visible part of the controversy is a conflict between advocates of a “China-centered historical perspective” and the representatives of a “Taiwan-centered historical perspective”, who both try to reclaim the territory of national history to have their collective memory represented in it. Furthermore, my analysis of the relevant history curricula indicates that all of them are representative of the collective memory of more than one group. This demonstrates that the influence political parties can exert on history education is constrained by competing versions of collective memory. The thesis also shows how the strong tendency towards Taiwan-centered view on history within society has been translated into the history curriculum after the DPP created conducive conditions for meaningful change. Subsequently, the KMT tried to exert influence on the revision process, but continuous attention from the public prevented major changes. In the final analysis, it is very difficult for any political party or powerful group within contemporary Taiwan to impose one exclusive version of the past as national master narrative on the whole society. Competing collective memories of sub-national groups continue to co-exist within civil society, which demands for a more pluralist history curriculum that incorporates smaller “memory communities” in the national narrative to forestall social disunity and further controversy.