Une des interprétations dominantes de la philosophie de Descartes consiste à considérer que Dieu garantit une parfaite correspondance entre l'ordre des raisons et l'ordre des choses, de sorte que nos idées peuvent être tenues pour conformes à la réalité telle qu'elle est hors de notre pensée. Nous suggérons que Descartes n'a jamais espéré faire jouer ce rôle à Dieu dans sa théorie de la connaissance et qu'il n'a pas plus prétendu que nous soyons assurés de disposer d'idées adéquates à ce qu'est la réalité hors de notre pensée. Pour cela, nous soutenons que l'importance accordée par Descartes à l'hypothèse d'un Dieu trompeur, est largement surestimée par les commentateurs, et qu'elle ne sert qu'à justifier, par contrecoup, le rôle que la véracité divine ne joue pas dans sa philosophie première. Nous défendons la thèse selon laquelle le fondement de la vérité revient, en ultime instance, chez Descartes, à l'"ego cogitans", de sorte que la vérité, du point de vue de l'esprit humain, n'est pas ce à quoi la pensée doit d'être conforme, mais ce qui ne peut qu'être conforme à notre pensée. Par conséquent, nous suggérons que l'ego joue, par défaut, dans la philosophie première de Descartes, le rôle trop souvent accordé à Dieu par ses commentateurs. / One of the dominant interpretations of Descartes' philosophy consists in considering that God assures a perfect conformity between the order of reasons and the order of things, in such a way that our ideas can be regarded in accordance with the reality such as it is out of our thought. We suggest that Descartes has never hoped that God could play this part in his theory of knowledge and that he has no more claim that we would be certain of having adequate ideas according to the reality as it is out of our thought. In this aim, we argue that the importance conceded by Descartes in favour of the deceiving God argument is widely over-valued by the scholars, and that it is used only to justify, by repercussion, the part that the veracity of God doesn't play in Descartes' first philosophy. We defend the thesis from which the foundation of the truth in Descartes' philosophy is, in the final analysis, built on the "ego cogitans" in such a way that the truth, for the human mind, is not what the mind has to conform to, but what is necessary conformed to our mind. Consequently, we suggest that the ego, in Descartes' first philosophy, plays, in absence, the role too frequently awarded to God by the scholars.

This thesis deals with analysis of EU rules on entry and residence on the territory of Member States. These rules are described from the perspective of different groups of people, EU citizens, citizens of EFTA Member States, family members or citizens of Turkey, and also from the perspective of Member States participating in the Schengen Border Area and Member States outside this Area. The core of this thesis consist is the analysis of four key EU rules in this field, namely the Border Code (Regulation 562/2002), the Visa Code (Regulation 810/2009), the 539/2001 Regulation and the 2004/38 Directive, as well as relevant case law of the Court of Justice, that influences the interpretation of the rules in hand significantly. The rules are also assessed from the point of view of principles of legal certainty and legitimacy.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:30:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Karina Kauffman.pdf: 558314 bytes, checksum: a11f7ba679b42a7710f6881e2916be06 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-05-12 / This study aims to analyze the legal and modulation, to verify that the application of the "modulation" provides legal certainty for jurisdictional. Toward that goal, first we aimed at analyzing the role of the judiciary in a democratic state of law. We note that in the modern state, there is no longer a reporting relationship between the political system and legal and that the Judiciary itself as a neutral power capable of guaranteeing the dictates of the Constitution and ensure the fundamental rights of citizens under the aegis of the legality and morality. Legal certainty, we note that from the moment the standard judicial becomes repeatable for similar cases, has emerged as a consolidated jurisprudential understanding, the article approaches the legal norm, but settled case law is not law. Seek in our work show that certainty is a overprinciple, i.e, a principle of overlevel, loaded axiological high and requires other principles for their definition. One consequence of legal certainty that this work will explore the retroactivity of the law, which is closely related to the principle of legality, since it means that the law should be applied to the case is the law in force at the time of occurrence of and the law. If there is some kind of change in position of superior courts, which leads to change its interpretation of the Constitution and laws, such change may not be effective retroactively, on pain of hurt, among other constitutional rules, the objective good faith of courts which relied on the hitherto prevailing law. This is one of the guarantees of legal certainty in the democratic state of law / Este trabalho tem por objetivo analisar a segurança jurídica e a modulação, para verificar se a aplicação da modulação proporciona segurança jurídica aos jurisdicionados. Em busca deste objetivo, primeiramente buscamos analisar o papel do Poder Judiciário no Estado Democrático de Direito. Verificamos que, no Estado moderno, não cabe mais uma relação de hierarquia entre o sistema político e o jurídico e que o Poder Judiciário se apresenta como um Poder neutro, apto a garantir os ditames da Constituição da República e a assegurar os direitos fundamentais do cidadão, sob a égide da legalidade e da moralidade públicas. Quanto à segurança jurídica, constatamos que, a partir do momento em que a norma judicial passa a ser repetível para os casos idênticos, firmando-se assim um entendimento jurisprudencial consolidado, essa norma aproxima-se da norma legal, mas jurisprudência consolidada não é lei. Procuraremos no nosso trabalho mostrar que a segurança jurídica é um sobreprincípio, ou seja, um princípio de sobrenível, com carga axiológica elevada e que necessita de outros princípios para sua definição. Um dos corolários da segurança jurídica que exploraremos neste trabalho será o da irretroatividade do direito, que está intimamente relacionado ao princípio da legalidade, já que se entende que a lei que deve ser aplicada ao caso é a lei em vigor à época da ocorrência do fato. Se houver algum tipo de alteração de posicionamento das Cortes superiores, que acarrete alteração de sua interpretação da Constituição e das leis, tal mudança não poderá ter eficácia retroativa, sob pena de ferir-se, entre outros cânones constitucionais, a boa-fé objetiva do jurisdicionado que confiou na, até então, jurisprudência predominante. Essa é uma das garantias da segurança jurídica no Estado Democrático de Direito

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T10:47:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Osvaldo Ferreira de Carvalho.pdf: 2625445 bytes, checksum: 89eda0d1f8d858e66f6918a8811b91b9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-12-14 / This master's thesis focuses on the legal certainty and efficiency of basic social rights. Argued that all social rights create legal positions favorable to allow individuals to whom from the constitutional norm, independently of any legislative exercise immediately bringing benefits to them are the object. Fundamental social rights, once they have obtained some degree of achievement will be, while ensuring institutional and subjective right. Because of this, it was shown that the prohibition of social regression can be considered one of the consequences of legal-subjective perspective of fundamental social rights in its size prestational in this context, assuming the condition of real rights of defense against measures to stamp setback, whose purpose is the elimination or reduction. Social rights are not denied the nature of fundamental rights with legally and fully effective, that is, full potential of completion, there is, therefore, a primacy of individual rights over social rights. The protection and effectiveness of basic social rights can only be achieved when a minimum of legal certainty, because this requires a guarantee of certain stability of legal relations and the order Legal. Besides the establishment of social rights alongside the rights of freedom, there is an appreciation of the idea of social solidarity and subsidiarity, similar to the consolidation and deepening of political democracy. It is that, currently, the elements of sociality and democracy have become inseparable in the State Constitution. / Esta dissertação de mestrado tem como foco a segurança jurídica e a eficácia dos direitos sociais fundamentais. Sustenta-se que todos os direitos sociais fundamentais geram posições jurídicas favoráveis aos indivíduos aos quais possibilitam a partir da norma constitucional e independentemente de qualquer interposição legislativa o exercício imediato das prestações que lhes constituem o objeto. Os direitos sociais fundamentais, uma vez que tenham obtido determinado grau de realização passam a constituir, simultaneamente, garantia institucional e direito subjetivo. Em razão disso, aponta-se que a proibição de retrocesso social pode ser considerada uma das consequências da perspectiva jurídico subjetiva dos direitos sociais fundamentais na sua dimensão prestacional que, neste contexto, assumem a condição de verdadeiros direitos de defesa contra medidas de cunho retrocessivo, que tenham por finalidade a sua eliminação ou redução. Aos direitos sociais não são negados a natureza de direitos fundamentais com força jurídica e plena eficácia, isto é, plena potencialidade de realização; não existindo, pois, uma primazia dos direitos individuais sobre os direitos sociais. A proteção e a eficácia dos direitos sociais fundamentais apenas serão possíveis quando estiver assegurado um mínimo de segurança jurídica, pois esta pressupõe a garantia de certa estabilidade das relações jurídicas e da própria ordem jurídica. Para além da consagração dos direitos sociais ao lado dos direitos de liberdade, assiste-se a uma valorização da ideia de solidariedade social e de subsidiariedade, semelhantemente à consolidação e aprofundamento da democracia política. Destaca-se que, atualmente, os elementos da socialidade e da democracia tornaram-se indissociáveis no âmbito do Estado Constitucional.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:23:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gustavo Guilherme Arrais.pdf: 777231 bytes, checksum: 668eb71619f840e250d332e46b1cc0d8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-21 / The intention of this dissertation is to get a general view about the last day of the limitation period in fiscal execution actions, describing, this way, the legal and jurisprudential scenario. It is justified for the needs of knowing the future behavior expected by the receiver of the norm, and the legal certainty inherent in law. Based on an assumption that law is a text belonging to the communicacional system, we assume that the norms must carry their message until the receiver of the communication. Likewise, we understand that the hierarchy of laws must be respected, by the supremacy of the Constitution compared to the others norms about this subject. The logical positivism is used as the methodological approach, especially Professor Paulo de Barros Carvalho theory. The result is an objective and logical analyses of the subject, and the correct identification of the problems of the law text used nowadays / Busca-se traçar um panorama geral sobre o ad quem do prazo prescricional em sede de execução fiscal, descrevendo, para tanto, o correspondente atual cenário legislativo e jurisprudencial. A justificativa para o presente estudo baseia-se no conhecimento da conduta futura do sujeito passivo disciplinada pela norma, e o alcance da segurança jurídica a ser propiciada pelo ordenamento. Para tanto, parte-se do pressuposto de que o direito é texto imerso em um sistema comunicacional por excelência, o que atrai o necessário e efetivo conhecimento de sua mensagem pelos sujeitos da comunicação. Outrossim, entende-se que o texto jurídico submete-se ao postulado da hierarquia, com a supremacia das normas constitucionais sobre as demais normas que disciplinam o assunto. A abordagem se dá através do panorama do neopositivismo lógico, adotado e desenvolvido pelo Professor Paulo de Barros Carvalho aqui no Brasil, o que propicia uma análise objetiva e lógica dos textos normativos sobre o tema e a correta identificação de todos os vícios existentes na linguagem hoje utilizada

En une décennie, le Conseil d’État a profondément modifié les termes de la contestation juridictionnelle des contrats des personnes publiques. À une politique de stabilisation formelle de la chose contractée, agissant sur l’accès au juge du contrat, a succédé une politique de stabilisation matérielle. Le recul du principe d’irrecevabilité des conclusions d’annulation dirigées contre le contrat s’est accompagné d’une rigidification du prononcé de l’annulation. La mise en évidence d’une irrégularité propre à justifier la disparition rétroactive du contrat de l’acte a été volontairement compliquée.Chaque étape de l’instance est affectée par le phénomène de stabilisation. À tous les moments de l’examen du contrat, des techniques juridictionnelles sont susceptibles d’écarter le risque d’annulation rétroactive de l’acte. En cela, la stabilisation est transversale.La doctrine a maintes fois souligné ses manifestations au stade de la sanction du contrat. Dorénavant, en présence d’une irrégularité, le juge du contrat dispose de pouvoirs de sanction différenciés et adaptés à la gravité du vice. En conséquence, le contrat vicié n’est plus nécessairement exposé à l’annulation. Les pouvoirs de sanction qui autorisent un maintien partiel ou total du contrat irrégulier sont caractéristiques de la stabilisation palliative. Mais le conditionnement du régime de l’action contentieuse affecte également l’examen juridictionnel stricto sensu. Le droit de critique du contrat s’exerce à présent dans un périmètre plus réduit qu’auparavant. C’est ainsi que d’autres procédés juridictionnels agissent sur la caractérisation de l’irrégularité. Ils ont pour effet de repousser la déclaration d’irrégularité. Dans cette perspective, la stabilisation est préventive.L’ouvrage propose une étude d’ensemble du phénomène stabilisateur. Suivant la chronologie du procès fait au contrat, la stabilisation préventive est appréhendée avant la stabilisation palliative du contrat. / Within a decade, the Conseil d’Etat deeply changed the terms of the judicial complaints towards public persons’ contracts. A policy of substantive stabilization replaced a former policy of formal stabilization of the res contracted – which was influencing the access to the judge of the contract. The decline of the rule of inadmissibility of the claims for anulment towards the contract came together with a tensioning on the anulment sentencing. The claim for an irregularity justifying the contract retroactive disappearence has been intentionally complicated.Each step of the proceedings is impacted by the phenomenon of stabilization. At each moment of the contract examination, judicial techniques are likely to eliminate the risk of retroactive anulment of the contract. This shows that the stabilization is transversal. Legal doctrine showed many times those occurrences at the step of the penalty on the contract. From now on, facing an irregularity, the judge of the contract may use some powers of penalty, quite different and adapted to the seriousness ouf the irregularity. Thus, the irregular contract is not necessarily supposed to be anulled. Powers of penalty that allow a partial or global maintenance of an irregular contract are typical examples of a palliative stabilization. But the conditioning of the legal action system also impacts the strictly speaking judicial examination of the contract. The right to contest the contract may now be exercised in a more reduced scope. In this way, other legal processes act on the charcaterisation of the irregularity. The serve to reject the statement of irregularity. From this perspective, this is a preventive stabilization.This work provides an overview study of the stabilization phenomenon. Regarding the timeline of the contract trial, the preventive stabilization will is first presented, before the palliative one.

Submitted by Rosivalda Pereira (mrs.pereira@ufma.br) on 2017-10-31T20:21:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 RAUL CAMPOS SILVA.pdf: 1653423 bytes, checksum: 9666a3866cf6acd9c423eb26be573842 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-31T20:21:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RAUL CAMPOS SILVA.pdf: 1653423 bytes, checksum: 9666a3866cf6acd9c423eb26be573842 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-07-28 / The present research, elaborated in the context of arrival of the new Brazilian Civil Procedure Code, focuses the behavior of the Court of Justice of the State of Maranhão while using institutes of judicial decision uniformization, aiming to verify if this behavior improves the principle of legal certainty, and also to identify the reasons which explain such conduct. The research begins with the study of legal certainty, investigating its nature (as a principle), its ends and the attitudes that it demands from the three State branches. Following, the study will establish the behaviors required specifically to a ―civil law‖ Judiciary Branch, and to the Brazilian Judiciary Branch, for the accomplishment of legal certainty while using uniformized decisions. Finally, by means of decision analysis and interviews with judges, the conclusion is presented. / A presente pesquisa, realizada no contexto do advento do novo Código de Processo Civil brasileiro, tem por objeto a conduta institucional do Tribunal de Justiça do Estado do Maranhão (TJMA) no uso de institutos de uniformização de jurisprudência cível, procurando- se, primeiro, verificar se esse comportamento tem-se revelado apto a fomentar o princípio da segurança jurídica, e, segundo, identificar as razões que o explicam. Inicia-se com o estudo da segurança jurídica, sondando-se sua natureza (de norma-princípio), seus fins e as condutas que exige dos três Poderes do Estado. Em seguida, fixam-se as condutas que, hoje, são exigidas de um Poder Judiciário de ―civil law‖ para a observância ao princípio da segurança jurídica, bem como as que são exigidas especificamente do Poder Judiciário brasileiro no uso de jurisprudência uniformizada. Por fim, mediante análise de atos judiciais do TJMA e de entrevistas aplicadas a seus Desembargadores, apresenta-se conclusão responsiva ao problema formulado.

Le but de cette thèse est de reconstruire l’ensemble des questionnements théoriques qui sont présupposés par les auteurs qui participent de la réception des Seconds Analytiques au XIIIème siècle. Étant donné que la doctrine contenue dans cet ouvrage d’Aristote est difficile à interpréter de manière systématique, il est inévitable que sa réception progressive ait été guidée par des questionnements métaphysiques et gnoséologiques plus ou moins partagés par les auteurs mentionnés. Ma recherche est une tentative pour retracer ces questionnements, le but étant de proposer une reconstruction systématique de l’ensemble de la théorie contenue dans les commentaires des Seconds Analytiques de la période mentionnée. Cette reconstruction systématique offre une vision unifiée de l’ensemble des thèmes traités grâce à l’identification d’une question générale qui déterminerait l’orientation des questions spécifiques. L’auteur sur lequel la plupart des analyses sont concentrées est Thomas d’Aquin, mais le but étant de comprendre les questions qui guident la tradition des commentaires du XIIIème, Robert Grosseteste et Albert le Grand ont une place spéciale dans cette recherche. La thèse proposée est que la question précise qui est censée être répondue par ces commentaires est celle de savoir quelles doivent être les caractéristiques d’une connaissance parfaite. Par conséquent, les doctrines développées dans ces commentaires ne chercheraient pas à proposer une méthode de connaissance certaine de la réalité. Les propriétés d’une démonstration concernant sa forme et le contenu des propositions qui la composent se limiteraient à décrire un idéal de connaissance parfaite. / The aim of this thesis is to reconstruct the set of theoretical questionings supposed by the authors who participate in Posterior Analytics’ reception during the 13th century. Considering that the doctrine contained in this Aristotle’s work is difficult to interpret in a systematical approach is inevitable that its progressive reception would have been guided by metaphysics and epistemological questionings, partially shared by these authors. The present research is an attempt to track down these questionings, with the objective of proposing a systematic reconstruction of the theory contained in the commentaries of the Posterior Analytics during that period. This systematic reconstruction offers a unified vision of the aspects assessed in this investigation. This due to the identification of a general question which would determine the orientation of specific ones. Thomas Aquinas is the author about whom most of the analyses are focused. But always considering the aim of comprehending questions which guide all this tradition of comments, two other comments have been studied: Robert Grosseteste and Alberto the Great. The thesis proposed is that the Posterior Analytics’ reception during the 13th century, reflects an attempt to answer the following question: which characteristics must a perfect knowledge possess? In accordance with this thesis, the doctrines developed in commentaries regarding this Aristotle’s work did not seek to propose a method of true knowledge of reality. The properties of a demonstration, regarding its shape and content of the propositions that compose it, would describe an ideal of perfect knowledge.

Verification of knowledge-bases is a critical step to ensure the quality of a knowledge-based system. The success of these systems depends heavily on how qualitative the knowledge is. Manual verification is however cumbersome and error prone, especially for large knowledge-bases. This thesis provides a design theory, based upon the suggested framework by Gregor and Jones (2007). The theory proposes a general design of automated verification tools, which have the abilities of verifying heuristic knowledge in rule-based systems utilizing certainty factors. Included is a verification of completeness and consistency technique customized to this class of knowledge-based systems. The design theory is instantiated in a real-world verification tool development project at Uppsala University. Considerable attention is given to the design and implementation of this artifact – uncovering issues and considerations involved in the development process. For the knowledge management practitioner, this thesis offers guidance and recommendations for automated verification tool development projects. For the IS research community, the thesis contributes with extensions of existing design theory, and reveals some of the complexity involved with verification of a specific rule-based system utilizing certainty factors.

Sammanfattning Uppsatsen behandlar EU-stadgans tillämplighet på det svenska dubbelförfarandet, påförande av skattetillägg och utdömande av straffrättsliga påföljder vid oriktig uppgift. Framställningen baseras på gällande lagtext vid 1 december 2011, men hänsyn har även tagits till lagförslaget avseende den nya skatteförfarandelagen, SFL, som avses träda i kraft den 1 januari 2012.  Besvarandet av syftet sker ur ett svenskt perspektiv med beaktande av rättssäkerheten för den enskilde. Det klargörs att EU-stadgans ställning innebär att den skall ha företräde framför motstridig nationell rätt. Vidare kan kravet på klart stöd som HD har uppställt för att underkänna det svenska dubbelförfarandet med stöd av Europakonventionen, inte upprätthållas vid EU-stadgans tillämpning. Ett sådant krav skulle strida mot rättssäkerhetskravet på en bestämd rättskällehierarki, och därmed inte tillförsäkra den enskildes rättssäkerhet. Kravet på likabehandling vid rättstillämpningen för att tillförsäkra den enskildes rättssäkerhet innebär dock inte att det föreligger ett krav på EU-stadgans tillämpning i alla mål avseende det svenska dubbelförfarandet vid oriktig uppgift. Detta eftersom det inte finns anledning att anta att HD eller HFD gör en annan bedömning än den HD nyligen har gjort i NJA 2011 s. 444, trots de konkreta unionsrättsliga anknytningarna i målet. Slutligen klargör uppsatsen även att det emellertid finns skäl att anta att EU-domstolen skulle kunna komma att göra en annan bedömning än HD. Mot bakgrund av EU-domstolens uttalande i praxis om medlemstaternas skyldighet att även inom området för direkt beskattning iaktta unionsrätten vid utförande av olika sanktioner, samt medlemsstaternas lojalitetsplikt, anförs det att artikel 50 i EU-stadgan därför bör tillämpas på det svenska dubbelförfarandet vid oriktig uppgift. Likväl föreligger det inget krav på EU-stadgans tillämpning på det svenska dubbelförandet, med hänsyn till den enskildes rättsäkerhet, ur ett svenskt perspektiv. / Abstract The purpose of this thesis is to clarify the EU Charter’s applicability on the Swedish double parallel system regarding tax crime and tax surcharge, from a Swedish viewpoint, with consideration for the individual’s requirement for legal certainty. The thesis is based on current law as of the 1st of December 2011, however due account is taken to the new law proposal for the Swedish Tax Assessment/Payment Act, which is expected to be in force on the 1st of January 2012. Also, the thesis clarifies the EU Charter’s supremacy over national law. Furthermore, it is shown that the Swedish Supreme Court’s (HD) requirement for “clear support” in the European Convention to bypass national Swedish law cannot be upheld in respect to the EU Charter, as this would conflict with the requirement for a set legal hierarchy to fulfill the individual’s adequate legal certainty. The Swedish Supreme Court has found that the EU Charter can not be applied to the Swedish double punishment system, regardless of concrete facts in the case being related to EU-law. However, the condition of equal treatment with regards to legal certainty does not result in an absolute requirement for the EU Charter’s applicability on the Swedish system, as there is no evidence that the Swedish Supreme Court will change its assessment of the matter at hand. Nevertheless, it is argued that there is ample reason to believe that the Court of Justice would make a different assessment of the issue, considering the Court’s previous statements with respect to the member states responsibility to regard EU Law even within the field of direct taxation. Therefore, the thesis concludes that although there can be no absolute requirement to apply the EU Charter to the Swedish system, with regards to legal certainty, the EU Charter should nonetheless be applicable.