Extra-marital affairs are the main reason for divorce in western society. Pastoral therapists usually operate within a modernistic theology and use their 'expert' knowledge of theological ethics to confront the unfaithful spouse - a pastoral therapeutic approach that neither delivers the desired results, nor honours the client's expertise and freedom. This study endeavoured to socially construct pastoral therapy using the principles of postmodernistic social construction discourse with couples/spouses where one spouse is or was engaged in an extramarital affair. The relation between a modernistic epistemology and a postmodernistic epistemology, and how this relation affects theology, practical theology and pastoral therapy were explored. The propium of pastoral therapy in a postmodemistic paradigm and the implications of a narrative approach in pastoral therapy for theological ethics were reflected upon. A narrative description of extra-marital affairs was constructed and some of the cultural discourses which co-constitute extra-marital affairs were discussed. The pastoral therapist and clients were simultaneously in conversation with ethical discourses and relational, personal and emotional discourses, thus co-constructing new alternatives and possibilities. During these multiple reflexive conversations, some of the cultural discourses (eros; self-fulfilment; extra-marital sex and hedonism) which co-constitute extra-marital affairs were deconstructed. In the light of the usual limitations of the life-span of an extra-marital affair, the pastoral therapist and faithful spouses socially constructed alternatives and possibilities for their lives to enable them to outstay the extra-marital affair of the unfaithful spouse. Multiple reflexive conversations with (un)faithful spouses co-constructed, with relational and ethical discourses, a narrative approach in pastoral therapy. The use of externalisation and ritualisation in a narrative approach in pastoral therapy concerning extra-marital affairs was explored. A sense of guilt and secrets were also themes in multiple reflexive conversations with unfaithful spouses. This prompted reflection on the use of Scripture in a narrative approach in pastoral therapy. The relation between the biological-psychological aspects of extra-marital affairs and narrative therapy are also briefly explored. / Philosophy, Practical and Systematic Theology / D. Th. (Practical Theology)

Incest is described by various models focusing on different factors ranging from pathology to descriptions of the ecosystem in which it takes place. This research presents a theoretical and practical description of father-daughter incest in a family where the father was not removed and includes narratives of all associated systems. Consistent with the postmodern, social constructionist and narrative theories, this study attempts to observe and describe the ensuing process of the incest narrative through the various systems within which it takes place. This process explores people's perceptions of incest, how these are assessed and interpreted, what kind of action they mapped out as a result and the possibility that the abusive narrative is being maintained. Implications for therapy with the incest family are discussed drawing on narrative principles. By utilising an emergent design the experiences and narratives of the family and related systems were permitted to emerge through the research process. / Psychology / M.A. (Clinical Psychology

In this scientific essay I have focus on parental work in preschool and the difficulties that might arise. The empirical part is based on two meetings with parents and both of them are about how to understand each other. These meetings are linked to literature and helps me research the term reflection. What am I reflecting and how do I reflect? I also explore the practical knowledge in my work and try to understand the role of the multicultural environment in this work. I try to se possibilites in cooperation at the preschool. With the essay I want to understand why it can be challenging to build trustworthy relations with the parents, which seems important, in order to make the children at the preschool feel safe. I am also interested in researching how the multicultural environment affects the intercultural standpoint of the preschool and what this could mean for my work. The end discussion shows that I am not satisfied to which extend the preschool teachers discuss the difficulties and possibilities of parenting cooperation. / I min vetenskapliga essä lägger jag fokus på föräldraarbetet i förskolan och de eventuella svårigheter som uppstår där. Empirin bygger på två möten med föräldrar, som båda handlar om att vi inte förstår varandra. Mötena kopplas till litteratur och med dess hjälp undersöker jag begreppet reflektion. Hur reflekterar jag och vad reflekterar jag över? Jag synar den praktiska kunskapen i mitt arbete och försöker förstå hur stor roll det spelar att jag arbetar i en mångkulturell miljö. Jag försöker se möjligheter i föräldrasamarbetet på förskolan. Med essäns hjälp vill jag förstå varför det kan vara svårt att skapa tillitsfulla relationer med föräldrar, vilka i sin tur gör att barnen på förskolan blir trygga. Jag är också intresserad av att ta reda på om förskolan, i den mångkulturella miljön, genomsyras av det interkulturella synsätt stadens förskoleplan föreskriver och vad detta i så fall kan innebära för mitt arbete. Slutdiskussionen visar att jag inte är tillfullo nöjd med i vilken utsträckning vi i förskolan diskuterar föräldrasamarbetets svårigheter och möjligheter.

In this essay, I have investigated whether players of World of Warcraft change their language to suit the gender of the character they play. I have researched if there are gender differences that correspond to what is defined as male and female language in mixed-sex conversations. Chat-logs, collected during four participant observations, were used for making an analysis based primarily on research by Coates (1993) and Yale (2007). Seven features were selected for analysis: amount of participation, hedges, questions, directives and commands, taboo language, compliments and grammar. It was possible to discover gender differences, but these were not consistent in all areas of research. For example, female characters had a higher contribution than males, as well as a higher use of hedges and tag-questions among males, which contradicts previous research. The lack of consistency might be due to the fact that the participants do not specifically consider all areas as typically female or male, or their unawareness of these tendencies. We also need to consider disagreement in previous gender studies as well as folklinguistic belief. The explanation of the lack of consistent differences may be a more equal relationship between males and females in this context, or due to thepossibility that the participants, who are usually male, make use of their normal male language.

This paper presents the production, implementation and analysis of the Circles of Conversations as a teaching strategy in the perspective of the development of critical thinking capacities, capable of allowing reflection and dialogue in a shared way. For that, three Circles of Conversations were carried out with five groups of 7th year of Elementary School having as its generating theme the "Life of Darwin". It is a qualitative research of the research-action type. The record was made in audiovisual recording, transcribed and discussed from the content analysis method. Some ideas stood out, being possible to construct categories based on the capacities of Critical Thinking and the questions made in the Circles of Conversations from the FA²IA typology. The discussions carried out presented possibilities and limits from the elaboration to the implementation of this strategy, mainly with regard to waiting time and the number of questions. Inserting the Circles of Conversations in school contexts refers to the reflection on different teaching strategies that allow the participation and construction of knowledge in a critical and purposeful way. Moreover, if planned and implemented from the capabilities of Critical Thinking, it leads to reflection in a democratic and dialogical character in the process of teaching and learning, in which all subjects can participate in the collective construction of a particular knowledge. / Este trabalho apresenta a produção, implementação e análise da Roda de Conversa como estratégia de ensino na perspectiva do desenvolvimento de capacidades de Pensamento Crítico, capaz de possibilitar a reflexão e o diálogo de forma compartilhada. Para tal, foram realizadas três Rodas de conversa com cinco turmas de 7º ano do Ensino Fundamental tendo como tema gerador o “A vida de Darwin”. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa do tipo pesquisa-ação. O registro foi feito em gravação audiovisual, transcrito e discutido a partir do método de análise de conteúdo. Algumas ideias se destacaram, sendo possível a construção de categorias baseadas nas capacidades de Pensamento Crítico e nos questionamentos realizados nas Rodas de Conversa a partir da tipologia FA²IA. As discussões realizadas apresentaram possibilidades e limites desde a elaboração até a implementação desta estratégia, principalmente no que diz respeito ao tempo de espera e a quantidade de questionamentos. Inserir a Roda de Conversa nos contextos escolares remete à reflexão sobre diferentes estratégias de ensino que possibilitem a participação e a construção do conhecimento de forma crítica e propositiva. Além disso, se planejada e implementada a partir de capacidades de Pensamento Crítico, conduz à reflexão num caráter democrático e dialógico no processo de ensino e aprendizagem, em que todos os sujeitos podem participar da construção coletiva de um determinado saber. / São Cristóvão, SE

Helping drivers improve their driving skills and become safer drivers is a problematic topic. Most drivers have a lacking self-assessment ability and consider themselves above average driving skills. This is believed to be related to the lack of continuous feedback after getting the driver’s license. This has led to initiatives to find alternative ways of coaching drivers toward better self-assessment and thereby toward safer driving. Chatbots and conversational interfaces has received increasing attention over the years and could be technologies that can solve these challenges. However, a major challenge to chatbots is that they are mostly implemented in a “one-size-fits-all” approach, and while personalization of the chatbot could solve that challenge, it ishard to achieve. In this study, personalized chatbot conversations that aim to coach drivers are examined. The aim is to create a guide that can help designers and practitioners with design decisions that needs to be considered when creating coaching chatbot conversations. The study was performed as a Wizard of Oz study, where attributes for personalization as well as coaching considerations were tested with users in two iterations to iteratively develop the guide. The findings of the study include the guide itself with its guidelines (see appendix 4), as well as insights on considerations required chatbot personalization and coaching. Regarding personalization, chatbot personality and level of control were identified as two attributes that were fit for adaptation. These can lead to social benefits as well as more tailored services to the users. For coaching, the use of follow-ups, feedback and the chatbot’s attitude are identified as necessary considerations when designing coaching chatbot conversations.

samband med att den studerade myndigheten genomgick enomorganisation där organisationsstrukturen förändrades och styrochledningsfilosofin tog en ny riktning påbörjades resan mot attbli en ”lärande organisation”. Som ett led i förändringsarbetetimplementerades en ny arbetsmetod; reflektion i vardagen (RÌV).RIV syftar till att utveckla medarbetarna i deras yrkesroll, till ökadkunskapsöverföring, att väcka den medarbetardrivna innovationenoch bidra till utveckling av den lärande organisationen. Denhermaneutiska spiralen har genomsyrat studien som har enabduktiv ansats och en mixad undersökningsdesign. Studiens syfteär att undersöka om RIV har bidragit till yrkesmässig utvecklingför medarbetarna samt hur RIV bidragit till den lärandeorganisationen. Material har inhämtats via en enkätundersökningsamt tre intervjuer med chefer från en myndighet inom offentligsektor. Kvalitativa data har strukturerats och tolkats medsläktskapsdiagram. Resultatet tyder på att RIV har positivpåverkan på yrkesmässig utveckling och bidrar till den lärandeorganisationen, men inga generella slutsatser kan dras frånstudien. Det finns hinder och motstånd som måste identifieras ochelimineras innan RIV ger större effekt. För att öka förståelsen ochintresset för yrkesrelaterad reflektion föreslår författaren attorganisationer börjar med att se över om medarbetarnas basbehovär tillfredsställda, att verka för ett ökat engagerat ledarskap samtsatsningar på utbildning till medarbetarna. / In connection with a state organization undergoing areorganisation in which the organisational structure was changedand the governance- and management philosophy took a newdirection, the journey to become a “learning organisation” started.As part of the organisation´s work with improvements, a newmethod was implemented; refection in everyday life (RIV). RIVaims to develop the employees in their professional role, increaseknowledge transfer, awaken the power of innovation fromemployees and contribute to the development of the learningorganisation. The hermeneutical spiral has permeated the studywhich has an abductive approach and a mixed design. The purposeof the study is to investigate whether RIV has contributed toprofessional development for the employees and whether RIV hasserved as a contribution to the learning organisation. Data havebeen obtained through a quantitative / qualitative survey andthrough three qualitative interviews with managers. The resultshows that RIV has a positive impact on employees´ professionaldevelopment and that RIV contributes to the learning organisation.However, there are obstacles that must be crossed and resistancesthat must be dealt with before RIV gives greater effect. The author8. Handledare9. Examinator10. Termin11. Övrigt/Anmärkningbelieves that organisations need to identify and satisfy basic needsof the employees before they are invited to engage in organisationaldevelopment and improvement. The organisational structure needsto be explained so it´s clear to all employees, including managers,where, in the organisation, improvements are relevant. Engagedleadership needs to be strengthened and education efforts needs tobe implemented to make both managers and employees understandthe purpose, value and benefits of reflective conversations in thelearning organisation. / <p>2020-11-26</p>

The research started in a school context where the teachers were severely affected by the changes in and closing of their school. In my qualitatively based research project, I embarked with the research participants on a pastoral, narrative- and appreciative inquiry approach which assist the teachers to deal more efficiently with the effects of the changes they experienced. By sharing and reflecting on their stories, a climate that's conducive to their well-being was constructed. I describe how my participatory action research invited the teachers to be active research participants, who are responsible for their own construction of richer or alternative meanings in their lives. / Practical theology / M. Th. (Pastoral Therapy)

Background: The school's mission is to promote the development and learning of all students and that special consideration should be given to those who have difficulty achieving the purpose of the studies. One way to find ways to support all learning is through conversations with special education teachers. According to the degree ordinance, the special education teacher with a specialization in language reading and writing development must be a qualified conversation partner regarding the same. My problem area is about the special education teacher's role as a qualified conversation partner and counsellor in matters of language, reading and writing development. The purpose of this work is to contribute knowledge about how some teachers, principals and special education teachers describe the special teacher's relational competence in the role of qualified conversation partner and advisor in matters of language, reading and writing development. Method in the study is semi-structured interviews of six respondents. Two special education teachers, two teachers and two principals. The interview results have been analyzed on the basis of Aspelin's (2018) analytics relational competence and on the basis of KoRP, the communicative relational perspective (Ahlberg, 1999). The results show that all respondents give examples of relational competence in the special education teachers. It also emerges that the special education teacher, in consultative conversations, is perceived as clear and structured. Half of the respondents feel that the conversations are important for the teaching of Swedish, and one of them states that he always makes changes in his teaching after the conversations. Conclusions: Both special teachers want to see more profound changes in the classroom after conversations. I see it as important that the special education teacher, with the support of the school management, is given the opportunity to develop their conversational role together with colleagues in continuing education. In different ways, the special education teacher's conversational role, for example through observations of classroom work and subsequent conversations, needs to be developed. The special education teacher’s importance as a conversation partner for language writing and reading development in school should be clarified and worked into the daily work at school. / Bakgrunden: Skolans uppdrag är att främja alla elevers utveckling och lärande och att särskild hänsyn ska tas till de som har svårt att nå målen. Ett sätt att utveckla former för att stödja alla elevers lärande är genom samtal med speciallärare. Enligt examensordningen ska specialläraren med inriktning mot språk- skriv-och läsutveckling vara en kvalificerad samtalspartner och rådgivare gällande detsamma. Mitt problemområde handlar om innebörden av speciallärarens roll som kvalificerad samtalspartner och rådgivare inom språk- skriv och läsutveckling. Syftet med detta arbete är att bidra med kunskap om hur några lärare, rektorer och speciallärare beskriver speciallärarens relationskompetens i rollen som kvalificerad samtalspartner och rådgivare i frågor om språk- skriv- och läsutveckling. Metod i studien är semistrukturerade intervjuer av sex respondenter. Två speciallärare, två lärare samt två rektorer. Intervjusvaren har analyserats utifrån Aspelins (2018) analysverktyg relationskompetens samt utifrån KoRP, det kommunikativa relationsinriktade perspektivet (Ahlberg, 1999). Resultaten visar att alla respondenter ger exempel på relationskompetens hos speciallärarna. Det framkommer även att specialläraren, i rådgivande samtal, upplevs som tydlig och strukturerad. Hälften av respondenterna upplever att samtalen har betydelse för undervisningen i svenska, och av dem är det en som uppger att han alltid gör förändringar i sin undervisning efter samtalen.Slutsatser: Båda speciallärarna önskar se mer djupgående förändringar i klassrummet efter samtal. Att specialläraren, med skolledningens stöd, får möjlighet att utveckla sin samtalsroll tillsammans med kollegor i fortbildningar ser jag som viktigt. På olika sätt behöver speciallärarens samtalsroll, t ex genom observationer av klassrumsarbete och därpå följande samtal utvecklas. Speciallärarens betydelse som samtalspartner för språk- skriv - och läsutveckling i skolan bör tydliggöras och arbetas in i det dagliga arbetet på skolan.

I den här uppsatsen har vi gjort en empirisk studie där vi har undersökt hur ett urvallärare arbetar med litteratursamtal i sin undervisning för att utveckla elevernasläsförståelse i årskurs 4–6. Genom intervjuer och enkätsvar från sju lärare har vigranskat vilka metoder och teorier de utgår från vid litteratursamtal, samt hur debedömer eleverna under dessa samtal. Studien syftade även till att analysera huridentitetsskapandet kan gynnas av denna form av undervisning. Vid analysen har vianvänt oss utav Judith Langers (2017) bok, Litterära föreställningsvärldar, samtAidan Chambers (2011) verk, Böcker inom och omkring oss. Valet av dessa har sinutgångspunkt i det sociokulturella perspektivet som innebär att eleven utvecklas i ettsocialt sammanhang, vilket hela vår studie grundar sig i. Genom intervjuer med lärareframkom det att de inte använder sig i någon större utsträckning av teorier ellerforskning vid arbete med litteratursamtal. Dock gick det se att de använde delar avnämnda teorier utifrån analysen. Lärarna använder litteratursamtal till olika syften,och utvecklingen av läsförståelsen kan ibland komma i bakgrunden. Flertalet avlärarna använde litteratursamtal för att arbeta mer med språkliga områden somgrammatik och ordförståelse. De flesta av lärarna använder även litteratursamtal vidämnesövergripande arbeten. Utifrån studien i helhet gick det se vilken medvetenhetkring metoder i förhållande till litteratursamtalets syfte som krävs för att skapa enkvalitativt god undervisning