Denna kandidatuppsats fokuserar på manliga sjuksköterskor på den svenska arbetsmarknaden. Sjuksköterskeyrket är kraftigt könssegregerat och andelen män uppgår till cirka 10 procent. Detta utgör ett problem då yrket är i behov av arbetskraft och att rekrytera från båda könen ökar möjligheten att tillgodose behovet av arbetskraft. Det finns betydligt mer forskning om kvinnor i mansdominerade yrken än forskning om män i kvinnodominerade yrken, samt relativt få studier genomförda i Sverige inom området. Med det som bakgrund är syftet med kandidatuppsatsen att ur ett genusperspektiv få en större förståelse för manliga sjuksköterskors upplevelser av att arbeta inom ett kvinnodominerat yrke, samt hur könsnormer konstruerar yrkesvalet. Studien har utgått från en kvalitativ metod och tillvägagångssättet har inspirerats av empirisk fenomenologi. Åtta semistrukturerade intervjuer med manliga sjuksköterskor har genomförts och analyserats genom tematisk analys. Den teoretiska referensramen består av genusteorier samt teorier om minoritetsgrupper. Vidare presenteras tidigare forskning relaterad till studiens syfte och frågeställningar. Studiens resultat visar att manliga sjuksköterskor upplever övervägande fördelar i sin minoritetssituation men även att de bemöter stereotypa uppfattningar med koppling till deras kön och yrkesroll. Vidare visar studien att vanliga motiv till att männen valde sjuksköterskeyrket är den sociala aspekten med yrket, en vilja att hjälpa andra samt att en betydande faktor bakom yrkesvalet är att ha fått en inblick i yrket genom exempelvis arbete inom omsorgen då yrket ofta framställs ur en negativ synvinkel. Resultatet samt statistik visar att det är en könssegregering inom yrket där män i stor utsträckning följer den manliga normen inom sjuksköterskeyrket genom att vidareutbilda sig till ambulanssjuksköterska. Den teoretiska referensramen och genusperspektivet har underlättat vid tolkning av studiens resultat och bidragit till förståelse kring vikten av att vara medveten om hur minoritetsgruppers sociala status påverkar upplevelsen av arbetsplatsen. Vidare bidrar studien med förståelse för hur kön och könsnormer påverkar kvinnor och män på arbetsmarknaden samt vikten av att arbeta med ett genusperspektiv. / This bachelor's thesis focuses on male nurses on the Swedish labour market. The nursing profession is gender-segregated and approximately 10 percent of the workforce consists of men. This is a problem since the profession is in need of labour and recruiting both men and women would make it easier to meet the labour demands. There is significantly more research on women in male-dominated professions compared to research on men in female-dominated professions, and relatively few studies have been conducted in Sweden in this field of research. Therefore the aim of this study is to gain a greater understanding from a gender perspective of male nurses experiences of working in a female-dominated profession, as well as how gender norms construct the choice of profession. The study has a qualitative approach and is inspired by empirical phenomenology. Eight semi-structured interviews with male nurses have been done and analysed through thematic analysis. The theoretical framework is based on gender theories and theories related to minority groups. The study also presents previous research relevant to the purpose and research questions of this study. The study reveals that male nurses primarily experience advantages in their minority situation, but also how they encounter stereotypical perceptions related to their gender and professional role. The study demonstrates that common motivations for men choosing the nursing profession include the social aspect of the job, a desire to help others, and gaining insight into the profession for example through work in caregiving professions, as the profession is often presented from a negative point of view. The results indicate a segregation within the profession, where men tend to follow the masculine norm in the nursing profession by becoming ambulance nurses. The theoretical framework and gender perspective contribute to a greater understanding of the findings in this study and the importance of being aware of how the social status of minority groups affects the workplace experience. Furthermore, the study contributes to understanding how gender and gender norms impact women and men in the labour market, as well as the importance of working with a gender perspective.

This thesis is a case study of measures promoting gender equality in RWE CZ company. Dissertation introduces Czech labor market reflecting the existence gender inequalities and defines their impact. Summarizes Czech institutional and legislative measures promoting gender equality on the national level. Empirical part focuses on the critical analyses of chosen measures from the gender perspective and suggests measures that could increase efficiency of current approaches adapted by RWE CZ company.

Sammanfattning Studiens syfte är att identifiera kundattityder bland genusmedvetna millennials i avsikt att fastställa hur fysiska servicelandskap med unisexkoncept bör utformas. Utifrån denna information formuleras rekommendationer samt tillhörande modell för företag som ämnar integrera det könsneutrala konceptet i sin butiksprofilering. Studien kommer att behandla teorier utifrån kön, genus och unisex, begreppet konsumentbeteende med fokus på attityder, samt fysiska servicelandskap. Studiens metod är av kvantitativ karaktär och det empiriska materialet utgörs av en enkätundersökning med deskriptiv analys. Totalt inkom 312 svar från undersökningens respondenter varav 259 svar ansågs relevanta för studiens ändamål baserat på det etablerade åldersspannet för millennials, vilket i denna studie är konsumenter födda 1980-2000. Valet av millennials som undersökningsobjekt är grundat i att tidigare undersökningar har funnit att millennials är en genusmedveten kundgrupp, vilket innebär att de ställer sig kritiska till den traditionella och stereotypa könssegregeringen. Denna studie kan verka som praktisk grund för företag samt teoretisk grund för forskare till fortsatta studier då den genomgångna teorin samt empiriska datan indikerar på att kundsegmentet ​genusmedvetna millennials har ett intresse för en bredare implementering av unisexkoncept hos företag i klädbranschen. Studien bidrar med underlag till ett ämne väl värt vidare forskning då flertalet tendenser tyder på en förändring i antågande, där millennials är en betydande del av denna strukturförändring i samhället. För att inte förlora framtidens kunder behöver företag skapa sig en förståelse för unisexkonceptets kärna och inse att det inte handlar om att begränsa, utan att öppna upp design. Att göra allt tillåtet för alla. / Summary The purpose of this study is to identify customer attitudes among gender conscious Millennials to establish how physical service landscapes with a gender-neutral concept should be customized. Based on this information recommendations are formulated, accompanied by a model for businesses who intend to integrate a gender-neutral concept with their business profiles. This study will present theories regarding sex, gender and the gender-neutral concept, the consumer behaviour concept with a main focus on attitudes, as well as the physical servicescape. The methodology used in this study is of a quantitative character and the empirical material constitutes of a survey with a descriptive analysis. A total of 312 answers were submitted by the respondents of which 259 answers were relevant for the purpose of the study based on the established age range for Millennials; which in this study is consumers born 1980-2000. The choice of Millennials as the object of interest is based on previous research which has found that Millennials are a ​gender-sensitive ​generation, which means that they have a critical view on traditional and stereotypical gender segregation. This study can act as a physical base for companies and a theoretical base for researchers to further study the subject since the theory and empirical data indicates that the customer segment ​gender conscious Millennials have an interest of further implementation of the gender-neutral concept in companies in the clothing business. This study contributes with a foundation to a subject well worth further research since a multitude of tendencies indicates that a change is coming, where Millennials are a significant part of this structural change in society. So as not to lose the future customers, companies need to create an understanding for the core of the gender-neutral concept and realize that it’s not about limiting, but to open up design. To make everything allowed for everyone.

Bakgrund och problem:  Sedan lång tid tillbaka har det ansetts att lumpen är något av det manligaste som kan göras, för det är då ”pojkar blir till män”, och det har funnits en föreställning om att kvinnor inte hör hemma i den militära sfären. Detta med anledning att kvinnor setts som fysiskt svagare och i behov av skydd från män, vilket har medfört ett hinder för kvinnor att positionera sig i det militära. Försvarsmakten är ett av Sveriges sista manliga yrkesmonopol som avsattes först år 1989 och det har ställts många krav på kvinnor för att de skall kunna etablera sig i myndigheten. Historiskt upplevdes Försvarsmakten ha en ”grisig” jargong, kvinnor ansåg sig bli illa behandlade av befäl och sexism var något som tycktes ”sitta i väggarna”. Sverige är ett av de länder i världen som har högst andel kvinnor i arbetslivet. Trots detta har Sverige en av de mest könssegregerade arbetsmarknader i världen. Försvarsmakten arbetar idag med jämställdhet i form av handlingsplaner för jämställdhetsintegrering och mål för att uppnå en jämnare könsfördelning men det är endast 17 procent av de anställda som är kvinnor, vilket gör Försvarsmakten till en av Sveriges mest könssegregerade arbetsplatser. Syfte och metod: Syftet med föreliggande studie var att medvetandegöra samt öka förståelsen för hur socialt konstruerade könsnormer upplevs påverkar kvinnors möjligheter att arbeta i, utveckla sin karriär och stanna kvar i mansdominerade organisationer, i detta fall Försvarsmakten. Nio semistrukturerade djupintervjuer genomfördes på Trängregementet där respondenterna bestod av både kvinnor och män som är officerare. Utöver intervjuerna har även flertalet olika dokument granskats som primärt underlag för den diskursanalys som utfördes i studien samt att dokumentationen och empirin verkade som supplement till varandra. De diskursanalytiska metoderna som använts var delar av diskurspsykologi och Bacchias WPR-ansats. Intervjuerna och de granskade dokumenten utgör även studiens triangulering i syfte att erhålla ett bredare perspektiv och därmed gavs möjligheten till en djupare, mer träffsäker och fullständig bild av Försvarsmaktens jämställdhetsarbete. Resultat och slutsatser: Utifrån den diskursanalys som gjordes gick det att finna att Försvarsmakten ser på individen som problemet snarare än att det är organisationen som behöver åtgärdas samt att det även är individen som skall utgöra eller skapa lösningen. Kvinnor har formellt sett goda möjligheter till att göra karriär i Försvarsmakten. Karriärutveckling upplevs däremot som allt för snabb så att relevanta kunskaper och erfarenheter inte erhålls i den mån som upplevs behövas. Kvinnor har dessutom utmaningar med sin identitetsutveckling där de slits mellan att inte vara för ”kvinnliga” men inte heller för ”manliga”. Därmed upplever kvinnor att de inte når upp till de förväntningar som sätts på dem eller så väljer de att anta en mer ”maskulin” form för att försöka anpassa sig till normen. Stereotyper och jargong påverkar således kvinnor ur en negativ aspekt i deras arbete. / Background and problem: For a long time, it has been considered that the military service is one of the manliest things that can be done, because that is when "boys become men", and there has been a notion that women do not belong in the military sphere. This is because women were physically weaker and in need of protection from men, which has led to a barrier for women from positioning themselves in the military. The Swedish armed forces are one of Sweden's last male occupational monopolies and was first set aside 1989 and many demands have been made for women to be able to establish themselves in the authority. Historically, the armed forces were perceived to have a "grubby" jargon, women felt they were badly treated by command and sexism was something that seemed to be deeply rooted. Sweden is one of the countries in the world with the highest proportion of women in working life. Despite this, Sweden has one of the most gender-based segregation of the labor market in the world. The Swedish armed forces are currently working on gender equality in the form of action plans for gender mainstreaming and targets for achieving a more balanced gender balance. But only 17 percent of their employees are women, which makes the armed forces one of Sweden's most gender segregated workplaces. Purpose and method: The purpose of this study was to raise awareness and increase understanding of how socially constructed gender norms are perceived affecting women's opportunities to work, develop their careers and remain in male-dominated organizations, in this case the Swedish armed forces. Nine semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted at Trängregementet where the respondents consisted of both women and men who are officers. In addition to the interviews, several different documents have been examined as the primary basis for the discourse analysis that was carried out in the study. The reviewed documentation and the interviews also appeared as a supplement to each other. The discourse analytical methods used were parts of discourse psychology and Bacchias WPR approach. The interviews and the reviewed documents also form the triangulation of the study in order to obtain a broader perspective and thus the possibility of a deeper, more accurate and complete picture of the armed forces gender equality work. Results and conclusions: Based on the discourse analysis that was done, it was to be found that the armed forces see the individual as the problem rather than that the organization needs to be addressed. The individual should also form or create the solution. Women have formally good opportunities to make careers in the armed forces. Career development, however, is perceived as too fast so that relevant knowledge and experiences are not obtained to the extent that is felt needed. In addition, women have challenges with their identity development where they are torn between not being too "feminine" but also not to "masculine". Therefore, they feel absence of achieving the expectations that are put on them or they choose to adopt a more "masculine" forms to adapt to the norm. Stereotypes and jargon thus affect women from a negative aspect of their work.

本研究主要在探討臺灣地區經濟發展'職業結構及家庭結構變遷過程中,女性高等教育參與之變化. 利用政府之調查統計資料分析:1.經濟發展'職業結構變遷'家庭結構變遷與高等教育參與之關係.2.高等教育中性別隔離狀況及其變動趨勢.3.女性就業之行職業集中狀況.並藉由文獻及性別隔離狀況變動之分析探討影響臺灣地區高等教育性別隔離之原因.

The general question in this dissertation is whether the democracy of schools is carried out in a gender equal manner in Sweden’s gender segregated upper secondary school. Students’ experiences of school democracy are measured using the dimensions of influence, discussion and legal rights. Three different explanatory factors are considered: the significance of gender, gender context and the character of the school programmes for these experiences. The study is based on student responses to a poll conducted in the top form classes of Kronoberg County’s upper secondary schools during the school year 2008/2009. The results of a series of regression analyses show that neither gender, gender context or programme character alone had an affect on experiences of school democracy. However, the more males present in a teaching environment, the poorer the experiences of influence and discussion are when all of the three explanatory factors are controlled for. In addition, the school programmes having male-coded character content particularly stand out favourably regarding school democracy. The number of males is usually high in such programmes and therefore the negative effects of male representation cancel out the positive effects of programme affiliation unless an explicit division is made of both of these aspects. Thus, keeping gender context and programme character separate is very important with studies of school democracy, since significant effects otherwise remain hidden. The study demonstrates that school democracy is important for students. Those students who have good experiences of school democracy perceive the school environment as significantly better than those who have poor experiences of school democracy. Concerning secondary effects, it appears that experiences of school democracy have different implications for learning among female and male students. There is a negative relationship between male experiences of influence and their grades in Swedish and Maths, while female experiences of discussion seem to show a positive covariance with grades. There is no relationship found in the data between students’ daily experiences of school democracy and their thoughts on voting in the upcoming parliamentary election.

Abstract   The purpose of this doctoral thesis is to shed light on, explain, and problematize women’s and men’s paths both to and within the profession of engineer. Computer and mechanical engineers are in focus and the overarching issues that this thesis attempts to answer are: How can women’s and men’s paths to the profession of engineer be explained and what has governed/motivated their choice of education? How do women’s and men’s career patterns look in professional life, and how can these patterns be explained?   This study is based on a social-constructivistic approach, entailing a focus on how choices of education and profession have been negotiated through social and cultural practices, norms, and values. The thesis combines work science research with research into the gender and technology fields. In particular, the relationships between gender, technology, and labour market gender segregation are of key importance in this thesis. The four part studies of the thesis are based on three qualitative studies and on one quantitative study. The qualitative studies consist of interview surveys with a total of 24 computer and mechanical engineers and 22 IT consultants. The quantitative survey is an exhaustive survey of 3,662 working IT engineers.   My studies show that the career patterns of women and men in the profession of engineer differ. Men’s paths both to and within the profession tend to be “straight” while women’s are often “winding”. The thesis shows that historically established, often stereotypical, conceptions of gender contribute towards recreating these different paths for women and men. At the same time, tendencies towards change are indicated. This is made visible through a gradually changing view of both father- and parenthood, which in and of itself is creating new prerequisites for women and men in working life. In concluding, the thesis proposes a new term, technology career, as an analytical tool for continued studies of gender segregation in technology and engineering professions. The aim in using this term is to capture the social complexity and cultural dynamic as regards how technology and gender are co-produced. / ”Jag har ju en yngre bror som har stöttat mig i det här. Han har ju samma utbildning som jag men han valde ju rätt med en gång [   ] han gick mera den raka vägen än min krokiga.”   Såhär säger Kristina om sin väg till ingenjörsutbildningen och till ingenjörsyrket. Till skillnad från hennes yngre bror var hennes väg ”krokig”, medan hans var ”rak”. Denna avhandling tar sig an den könssegregering i ingenjörsutbildningar och i ingenjörsyrket som Kristinas berättelse återspeglar. I fokus står data- och maskingenjörer. Detta är två av de mest könssegregerade ingenjörsgrenarna, och betraktas ofta som ”mansyrken”. Genom såväl kvalitativa intervjuer med ingenjörer och en kvantitativ totalundersökning av över 3000 ingenjörers karriärmönster, undersöker avhandlingen vilka tecken på förändring som syns i ingenjörsyrkets könssegregering. Vilka är hindren för kvinnor att ta plats inom yrket, och vilka möjligheter finns?   Line Holth är forskare i arbetsvetenskap och verksam vid Handelshögskolan och Centrum för genusforskning vid Karlstads universitet. Detta är hennes doktorsavhandling.

Research was conducted using hermeneutic-phenomenology and semi-structure interviews to explore and understand the lived experience of women veterans of the Canadian Forces. Women recently entered Canadian military combat positions, taking on a profession historically exclusively occupied by men. Due to the lack of research on women veterans of the Canadian Forces, knowledge was drawn from research about women in nontraditional work, American paramilitary and military occupations, as well as an historical review of women’s involvement in the Canadian Forces, to provide context to the research themes. Participants comprised of 6 women veterans who described 11 essential and 4 significant themes. Unique contributions to literature include essential themes such as, Slut or a lesbian, take your pick, Proving I’m good enough, Trying to be treated better, Got some support, Visible and singled out, Perpetual outsider, Given gender based tasks or opportunities, and Women demeaned. Suggestions for future studies and implications for counselling practice are discussed.

The thesis deals with the history of feminism both in the world and in the Czech Republic, its trends and waves. Some distinguished male and female feminism representatives whose works and opinions have influenced the development of feminist ideology are introduced. It also gives a survey of permeation as well as influence of feminism and gender on certain areas of private and social life in the European Union and in the Czech Republic. In the thesis legitimacy or illegitimacy of feminist demands and possibilities to meet those demands are discussed. The terms such as equality, discrimination, agenda on equality between men and women and family politics are mentioned, because they refer to areas of a prominent concern of feminism.

The inequality of women in the workforce has been an ongoing issue. The 19th amendment granted women the right to vote in 1920. Since then, women have continued to fight for their equality in its entirety. Specifically, in the 21st-century women continue to fight for equality in the work place. Studies have shown that the amount of women in the workplace has exponentially increased. In fact, “they caught up with men in the rates of higher-education graduation, they increased their training and representation in formerly male-dominated professional fields and they entered many previously male dominated occupations” (Vokić, 2017). However the increase of representation doesn’t necessarily positively correlate with the treatment of women in the workforce. In many countries the most prominent journalists remain male. The purpose of this paper is to detect if Spanish-language journalism is male dominated in regard to the kinds of stories male and female reporters are assigned. Through the observation of which gender gets assigned hard/soft news stories we will examine if this pattern continues in Spanish-language broadcast journalism. We will determine if stereotypes and gender roles are being reinforced in the media through the assignment of stories to reporters.