This diploma thesis deals with the media representation of social classes and inequalities in the popular Czech series Most!. It focuses primarily on the conception of classes in Czech society and on aspects of the construction of everyday reality through the series. It also identifies the stereotypes, which have a potential influence on the formation of the viewer's opinions and attitudes. The thesis was created on the basis of a qualitative content analysis of the series with the aid of multimodal analysis, which focuses on linguistic and visual communication of the characters. To enrich this analysis, an element of the type was also added to the analysis. This type provides a comparison the characters with the social types in Czech society. The analysis of the paper was also inspired by the project Divided by Freedom, from the year of 2019, which divided society into several classes. The paper follows this research and class sorting and applies it to the series Most!. This diploma thesis defines social classes, the way in which they are represented and how this representation forms reality through stereotypes. Thanks to the element of type in the analysis, a set of typical characteristics was recognized which connected the series and living world.

This master thesis explores the media representation of deepfakes. The first part summarizes previous research followed by a comprehensive review of deepfakes, including the technology allowing for their emergence, current uses and methods of regulation and detection. The second part connects the phenomenon with important theoretical concepts such as social construction of reality and the crucial role of media in this process. The empirical part consists of research combining two methods - quantitative content analysis and qualitative critical discourse analysis. The research analysis is focused on media articles dealing with deepfakes in order to find out how the media represent this phenomenon. The results show that current media discourse of deepfakes is strongly negative as the media frame them as a security threat. This negative representation is highly speculative since journalists often invent their own stories of future disastrous consequences of the technology for national security due to lack of current examples. The findings show an apparent hierarchy of the harms posed by deepfakes which is present in media coverage, and reflects gender sereotypes and inequality in the current society. Harm in the form of non-consensual fake pornography targeting women is neglected in the media...

本研究認為要了解台灣新聞媒體在「焚化風險/污染議題」上的表現，必須將其置放在台灣焚化政策爭議的整個歷史脈絡中來作探討，才能跨越「從媒體文本看世界」的侷限，了解國家、社會運動、媒體在「焚化政策爭議」中的互動關係。 研究方法方面，本研究以文獻分析法分析國家推動焚化爐的制度設計與「風險管理」的配套措施則，以參與觀察法、深度訪談與歷史文獻分析民間反焚化爐運動發的發展，並試圖辨識國家與社會運動各提出了哪些詮釋架構。在媒體文本方面，採用框架分析法。 本研究發現，從民國73年《都市垃圾處理方案》開始，「焚化」一直被定為主要垃圾處理政策；國家一方面以各種優惠、補貼、保障利潤的長期合約等機制扶植/圖利國內廠商；另一方面以「中央給錢、地方找地」的權責劃分原則搭配回饋金、公權力、民有民營模式三個機制來排除居民的反對與抗爭。 國家在推動焚化爐的過程中，鼓吹焚化有「減量化、安定化、衛生/無害化、資源回收、占地小、台灣垃圾適於焚化、焚化是先進國家主要垃圾處理方法」等優點，根本未提及戴奧辛及其他污染。待環保團體提出質疑，國家才透過新聞媒體來安撫社會大眾，提出「積極改善」、「配套措施」與「安全保證」，把問題導向「如何補救」而非「是否還要繼續接受污染」。在空氣污染防制方面，大型爐的戴奧辛排放標準遲至民國86年才訂出，小型爐管制最遲至92年才生效。鼓勵民間投資灰渣再利用的政策更是大大增加這些毒物流散到環境中的機率，而且因為我們看不見、不知道，所以毫無警覺。 早期的反焚化爐運動分成兩股力量，草根組織在社區抵擋焚化爐進入，專業環保團體則多次在媒體上揭露「焚化風險/污染」。民國88年起，開始有環保團體引介國外的反焚化論述給社區草根組織；在環保團體與地方組織緊密互動、串聯的過程中，發展出反焚化論述的「在地版本」，更快速壯大運動的影響力，迫使國家重新檢討焚化政策。在反美濃焚化爐的個案中，人們更見識到，在中央/地方政府施政作為與焚化技術雙雙失去正當性之後，焚化利益的政經共生體如何操弄法律、科學/技術與官僚體系特性來抗拒反對與改變。 在焚化風險的決策點上，中時、聯合兩大報並未提供警訊，主動揭露焚化爐可能帶來的風險/污染，也沒有自我批判或學習的能力，在下一次報導時提出警告。 在環保團體揭露焚化風險/污染時，兩報傾向用「兩面並陳、各說各話」的「衝突對立框架」來處理，但聯合報傾向凸顯兩造說法的兩極化、沒有交集，中時則是「形式對立、內容不強調對立」。不過，在揭露之後，民間團體還是很難得到媒體近用，但國家卻能輕鬆得到媒體進用，以科學研究的內部不確定性和外部權威、「安全保證」等機制，將議題引導至「風險管理」的詮釋框架，解除焚化政策的正當性危機。 在「反對焚化污染/風險運動」的媒體再現中，美濃反焚化爐運動完全被擠壓在地方版，只有官員圖利廠商被偵辦的新聞才上得了全國版，但此類「司法新聞」無法呈現中央/地方政府互踢皮球、集體卸責等整套「風險政治」的運作過程，不利於各地受害者的交流、串聯，亦不利社會輿論壓力的形成。 在討論垃圾問題的社論中，兩報均接受焚化是國家「既定政策」的事實，以「肯定並催促興建」、「視為既定事實」、「討論如何排除焚化爐興建困難的問題」、「信任科學/技術」等框架來支持「焚化爐是最佳方案」。「減量回收」政策從頭到尾都被套上個人實踐的道德化框架，削弱其可獨當一面，取代焚化爐的正當性，亦排除了國家在減量回收政策上的責任。 兩報探討垃圾與焚化爐問題的社論絕大多數是應垃圾大戰而寫，只有一篇聯合報社論以焚化爐風險為主題。兩報對於焚化爐爭議大致上有固定的框架，中國時報很一貫地抱持「焚化是不得不然的選擇」，所以要作好管制/公關工作的詮釋框架，聯合報則是一直強調源頭管制（減量）的重要性，只可惜該報的言論並不認為源頭管制可以完全取代焚化，故在立場上是採取「嚴格管制焚化爐，加上個人要作好源頭減量才是戴奧辛的治本之道」。不過，這種一致性僅限於全國版，地方版無法歸納出類似規則。

The thesis is a contribution to the analysis of media representation through the use of critical discourse analysis of twelve English written articles by Russian and international media sources. The articles were chosen in relation to the unauthorised Pussy Riot protest in the Cathedral in Moscow back in February 2012, and the societal changes that have taken place thereafter. The analysed articles have been written and published between February 2012 and January 2014. The aim with the study is to see how media sources from different geographical backgrounds described the same events and news.

Le 29 juillet 1881, la loi sur la liberté de la presse marque le point de départ d’un développement sans précédent de la presse écrite en France. Un développement qui amène cette presse à jouer un rôle désormais essentiel dans la vie politique, sociale et culturelle de tous les français. Très rapidement, la presse du Puy-de-Dôme profite de ce bouleversement institutionnel pour se développer à son tour. Parallèlement au succès des romans feuilletons, l’actualité criminelle devient alors un des atouts commerciaux majeurs de cette presse écrite devenue populaire, et ce depuis le début des années 1860 et la naissance du Petit Journal. Tous les moyens sont bons pour faire voir à son lectorat. Les dépêches ne suffisent plus, il faut désormais se déplacer, enquêter, s’interroger et révéler, avec ou sans la collaboration des autorités judiciaires. En effet, la criminalité a depuis toujours suscité au sein de la population un éventail d’émotions aussi diverses que la peur, le dégoût, la curiosité, la réprobation et la fascination. En réponse à ces émotions, les révélations et les jugements d’actes criminels sont l’occasion pour la presse de multiplier les éloges ou d’émettre des critiques vis-à-vis du système politique et judiciaire, de s’inquiéter de la déchéance des valeurs morales, de s’effrayer des menaces anarchistes et des monstres tapis dans les ruelles et les champs. Plus que de simples outils d’information et de politisation, les journaux deviennent alors par le biais de l’actualité criminelle le relais des interrogations et des convictions de toute une société. Le but de cette réflexion est de mettre en avant les spécificités de cette représentation médiatique de la criminalité en insistant sur sa dimension provinciale et sur son évolution, des premières années du Second Empire aux dernières heures de la Belle Époque. / On July 29th 1881, the law on the freedom of the press marked the starting point of an unprecedented development in the French written press which led to its playing what then became an essential role in the social, political and cultural life of all French people. Before long, the press in Puy-de-Dôme benefited from this development, to evolve in the same way. In parallel with the success crime reports brought to serialised fiction, these crime reports became one of the major commercial assets of this newly popular written press, and had done so in particular from the beginning of the 1860s and the founding of the Petit Journal. Newspapers would stop at nothing to show the readership what was involved; dispatches no longer sufficed. From then on it became necessary to go and see, investigate, reason things out and disclose information, with or without the collaboration of the judicial authorities. Indeed, crime has always aroused a wide range of emotions in people such as fear, disgust, curiosity, reprobation and fascination. In response to these emotions, the revelations of and verdicts given for criminal acts provided the press with an opportunity to endlessly praise or else to express criticism of the political and legal system, to show concern about the decline in moral values and to be scared of anarchistic threats and of monsters hiding in alleyways and fields. More than being simple informational or politicizing tools, newspapers, through crime reports, then became the indispensable relay of the questionings and convictions of society as a whole. The aim of this reflection is to highlight the specificities of this media representation of crime while insisting on the form it took in the provinces and on its evolution in the first few years of the Second Empire and the final hours of the Belle Époque.

This thesis contains four chapters. The first chapter gives an overview of the current situation concerning same-sex parent families in France. This involves discussions of the PACS (Pacte civil de solidarité), adoption, and marriage, as well as the societal influences that caused the massive negative response to the Taubira law. The second chapter goes into more detail concerning portrayals of homosexuality in French media throughout the years. There is a focus, however, on one of the earliest portrayals of lesbianism in French literature: The Nun by Diderot. Lastly, the third chapter involves further explanation of the history of homosexuality and same-sex parent families. This chapter explores these ideas specifically in the context of French history, as well as how conditions for same-sex parent families have changed in recent years. The fourth and final chapter presents conclusions of the research.

Background: Diabetes is a global health issue on the rise. Besides genetics as a cause of diabetes, diet, weight and lifestyle are amongst the main factors. Due to the modernized society, new technology and risks, there has been a shift in responsibility of safety and health. As a part of a health promoting policy development during the last few decades there has also been a natural de-authorization of health knowledge and expertise. Governmental expertise has been decentralized to the society and so has the responsibilities. Traces of this new health paradigm can be seen in the media discourse. It has been seen in studies of the reporting of diabetes in North American press, that societal factors – such as labor market, health care and infrastructure – often get veiled by individuals’ responsibility and guilt due to lifestyle and life choices. This affects how individuals feel about their life situation and how the public perceive them.     Method and material: A quantitative content analysis was performed on 112 articles from six Swedish broadsheet and tabloid newspapers. The articles were coded with variables measuring article theme, dominant framing of diabetes´ causes and whose responsibility, what arguments are used and what agents with dignity can be seen. Excerpts from the articles were also analyzed with qualitative tools as modality and argumentation analysis. Results: Similarities between the Swedish and the North American newspapers were discovered. Societal factors and structures as causes and means of responsibilities were not as prominent as those aiming for the individual. The responsibility of the society was also reported to a much greater extent than society as a factor contributing to cause diabetes. This can be considered a sign of the health promoting strategy and the individualism that is rooted in modernization, industrialization and economic liberalization. Doctors and scientists were given dignity as often as celebrities and private citizens, which indicates the de-authorization of health knowledge and the further use of scientists and doctors as a truth repository in media. Several of the articles concern the critique of the diabetes unawareness and predominant individual responsibility that was the outset of this study. Celebrities and private citizens were frequently given dignity in these cases. In their criticizing, high modality contributed to a strong authority in their knowledge. / Grund för forskningsfrågan: Diabetes av olika slag drabbar ett växande antal människor världen över. Sjukdomen tros främst bero på genetik och omgivande faktorer så som livsstil, vilken påverkas av den omgivande miljön. Det har visat sig i studier av rapportering kring sjukdomen i bland annat nordamerikansk press att samhälleliga faktorer ofta hamnar i skymundan och att skulden och ansvaret för sjukdomen framstår ligga hos individen och dess egenvalda livsstil. Detta kan bero på en hälsofrämjande strategi som setts växa fram under de senaste decennierna, som en reaktion på effekterna av teknisk utveckling, modernisering och marknadskrafter. Strategin har inneburit en naturlig av-auktorisering av hälsokunskapen och individualisering av ansvaret. Detta hälsoparadigm återspeglas i medierna.   Studien: Denna studie undersöker rapporteringen av diabetes i svensk press, genom en kvantitativ innehållsanalys av 112 artiklar från sex svenska dags- och kvällstidningar. Materialet kodades med variabler för bland annat artikeltema, dominant gestaltning av orsak samt ansvar för diabetes, vilka argument som förekommer och vilka aktörer som tillskrivs dignitet i sammanhanget. Detta kompletterades med en kvalitativ analys av några textutdrag från materialet, med verktyg och begrepp från och argumentationsanalys samt det lingvistiska begreppet modalitet.   Resultat: Det framträder stora likheter mellan de svenska tidningarna och de nordamerikanska. Samhällsstrukturer som orsak till och ansvar för diabetes framgår inte i samma utsträckning som individens roll. Samhällets ansvar för sjukdomen framgår dock i större utsträckning än dess skuld, vilket går i linje med individualiseringen av hälsoansvaret. Läkare och professorer tillsammans förekommer med dignitet i ungefär lika många artiklar som privatpersoner och kändisar tillsammans, vilket indikerar avauktoriseringen av hälsokunskapen, och den fortsatta användningen av läkare och professorer som ett slags ”sanningsvittnen”. I flera artiklar framträder just den kritik mot okunskap kring sjukdomen och hur individerna själva måste arbeta för att förändra läget, en utgångspunkt för denna studie. Kändisar och privatpersoner fick i dessa fall dignitet. I deras kritiserande av andra uttalanden de inte höll med i, agerade hög modalitet en faktor som gav dem auktoritet i sina uttalanden.