Denna studie undersöker genom en kvalitativ innehållsanalys språksynen i två förlagsproducerade läromedel för spanska i årskurs 9, Colores 9 och Gracias 9. Kursplanen för moderna språk i grundskolan har en uttalad funktionell och handlingsorienterad språksyn som utgår från den Gemensamma europeiska referensramen för språk (GERS). I denna studie har lärandeaktiviteterna i övningsböckerna Colores 9 och Gracias 9 samt deras tillhörande digitala material klassificerats i olika aktivitetstyper utifrån kursplanens förmågor (lyssna, läsa, skriva och tala) dels för att ta reda på hur fördelningen mellan lärandeaktiviteterna inom förmågorna ser ut, dels för att ta reda på vilken typ av aktiviteter som representeras i materialet. Dessa aktiviteter har sedan analyserats utifrån Littlewoods kontinuum i syfte att undersöka vilken språksyn som speglas i materialet, samt om denna språksyn överensstämmer med kursplanens. Resultatet visar att majoriteten av lärandeaktiviteterna inom alla förmågor fokuserar på explicit inlärning med fokus främst på språkets strukturer där aktiviteter som övar uttal, översättning, grammatik och högläsning dominerar. Det framgår av denna studie att lärandeaktiviteterna i läromedlen speglar en traditionell och strukturell språksyn med inslag från grammatik- och översättningsmetoden och den audiolingvala metoden och därmed inte överensstämmer med kursplanens handlingsorienterade kommunikativa språksyn.

I de gymnasieprogram där moderna språk ingår som ett obligatoriskt ämne kan elever antingen fortsätta med språket som de läste på grundskolan eller börja om med ett nytt språk på steg ett. Denna uppsats fokuserar på dessa elevers målsättningar, attityder och målorienteringar för språkinlärning utifrån perspektiven av självbestämmande teori och målorienteringsteori. Ett urval av gymnasieelever som läser moderna språk steg 1 på en gymnasieskola i Malmö fick besvara ett frågeformulär om deras motivation för språkkursen som de går. Resultaten visar att autonoma målsättningar samt en känsla av kompetens och samhörighet är nödvändiga för hög motivation. Urvalsgruppens målorientering visar däremot att även högmotiverade elever tenderar att uppvisa kontrollerade motivationsmönster vilket tyder på att moderna språk förblir, i många elevers ögon, ett skolämne snarare än en möjlighet att utvidga sina språkliga och kulturella horisonter. Det görs flera språkdidaktiska rekommendationer för att arbeta motivationsfrämjande med elever som läser moderna språk på steg 1 på gymnasiet. Det rekommenderas bland annat att skapa betydelsefulla kommunikationssituationer eller att arbeta strategiutvecklande för att öka elevernas självupplevda effektivitet och känsla av kompetens. / In high-school programs where a second language is included as a compulsory subject, students can either continue with the language they studied in middle school or start anew with a new language at level one. This paper focuses on these students' goals, attitudes, and goal orientations in relation to language acquisition from the perspectives of self-determination theory and goal orientation theory. A selection of high-school students studying a second language at a beginner level in a high school in Malmö answered a questionnaire about their motivation for the language course they were taking. The results show that autonomous goals, as well as a sense of competence and relatedness, are essential for high motivation. However, the goal orientation of the selected group indicates that even highly motivated students tend to exhibit controlled motivation patterns, suggesting that the second language remains, in the eyes of many students, a school subject rather than an opportunity to broaden their linguistic and cultural horizons. Several didactical recommendations are made to enhance students’ motivation when studying a second language at a beginner level in high school. This includes, among other things, creating meaningful communication situations or working to help students develop learning strategies that will enhance their self-efficacy and feeling of competence.

This study examines how modern language teachers in secondary schools in Sweden reflect on their capacities and motivation to implement Education for Sustainable Development [ESD] (lärande för hållbar utveckling [LHU]) in their lessons. Based on the theoretical framework of teachers´ beliefs, a postal survey was prepared, combining a Likert scale with open questions. As for now, the teachers in German in this study are seemingly unaware of the connection between ESD and their subject´s main purpose, which is to prepare the students to initiate and participate in authentic, communicative situations in the target language, and the requirement to foster intercultural dialogs within Europe. Neither are they aware of how the neuropsychological processes involved in foreign language learning are linked to the global sustainable goals SDG 4.7, SDG 16, and SDG 17 within Agenda 2030. Instead, the study confirms how the historical development of the term sustainability and ESD (LHU) has left a trail of confusion behind itself. As a result, six attitude types could be defined, each with different challenges based on the teachers' understanding of ESD and their underlying philosophical, ideological, and professional convictions. Besides the difficulties of placing their own subject within ESD, most teachers are convinced about the importance of sustainable development for mankind, which creates a dilemma of intrinsic incoherence and therefore less engagement. To increase their sense of capacity, they are unified falling back on former, contra-productive practices and turning to texts- and workbooks for help. The study concludes that there is a risk, that when language teachers are not given access to relevant knowledge and professional learning communities, in which they can explore the connection between their subject, ESD, and Agenda 2030, the Swedish society and schools will further lose the subject´s values and its unique neuropsychological related potential. This potential includes the ability and motivation to initiate and participate in peace-building intercultural dialogues within and outside Sweden, even if one´s language standards are still inadequate, as well as an individual prerequisite for empathy and compassion.

Aim – The paper at hand has three aims which are based on the recent adjustments made to the Swedish curriculum which take effect in summer 2018 and stipulate the implementation of digital competence in all subjects. Firstly, the study examines the effect of ICT and digital media/ aids on the WTC and motivation of second language learners. Secondly, a look is taken at how ICT and digital media/ aids are implemented in teaching today and thirdly, the challenges teachers face by the diverse interpretation and definition of the term digital competence and its realization in the classroom are investigated. Design/methodology/approach – The study is a literature review in which recent literature and research papers in the field of ICT in teaching with focus on second language teaching and learning were examined. Findings – According to the results, the author found that the use of ICT and digital media/ aids have a positive effect on the WTC and motivation of second language learners when used appropriately. The challenges teachers face in this respect is a lack of methods and strategies as well as technical support that are needed to successfully implement ICT in their lessons. Especially the lack of technical support is viewed as a time consuming one as it requires teachers to have a back-up-plan which in effect means more lesson planning on their part. Additionally and in regard to the implementation of digital competences in all subjects, teachers are faced with new challenges which comprise a technical; theoretical and didactical knowledge of the term and its practical realization. Due to the recency of the changes made to the curriculum, the investigation of the challenges that present themselves to the teachers open up for new research that can be made in this field.

Motivations, Attitudes and Modern Languages. A study of students’ motivational processes and attitudes while learning foreign languages. This doctoral thesis investigates students’ motivational processes and attitudes while studying and learning foreign languages (FLs). Students were asked about their choice of FL, and what had motivated them during their many years of studies. The study analyzes open-ended questionnaires and interviews with 43 students enrolled in the last year of foreign language studies in two schools, limiting its focus to the three most commonly studied FLs – French, German and Spanish. The theoretical framework of the thesis draws on sociocognitive theory (Bandura 1997; Linnenbrink & Pintrich 2002). Several informants refer to motivation in terms that could be related to intrinsic motivation. They have chosen to continue studying their particular target language due to an emotional state which could be related to enjoyment, pleasure and curiosity (Deci & Ryan 1985). Another salient feature is the frequent reference to mastery goals. Many of the informants express a motivation directed towards mastery and growth, or a main goal to be fluent or communicatively competent in their target language. Several informants also underline the motivational importance of experiencing competence, success and development. They become motivated by experiencing self-efficacy (Bandura 1997). This self-efficacy is rooted in experience of success, but also in being encouraged by significant others or role models, i.e. family members and friends. Despite a frequent awareness of the weakening general interest for FL, most students have a supportive network. Likewise, family and friends play a crucial role for many informants while choosing their target language initially. This key factor interacts with other important factors, such as the experiences of visiting countries or settings where the target language is used. In this context, target language attitudes tend to be important when choosing language and pursuing studies.

The aim of the present study is, firstly, to investigate the amount of Swedish and French that is produced by teachers and students in the foreign language classroom and, secondly, to examine in which situations the interlocutors code-switch and for what purposes the two languages are used. The study is based on empirical data consisting of audio recordings of interactions taking place in two different classrooms in Sweden. The study is carried out within an interactionist perspective on language teaching and learning, stressing that learning is situated in learners’ social and interactional practices. The empirical material has been categorized into five different groups according to the participation structure of each interaction and then analysed in two different parts, one quantitative and one qualitative. The quantitative analysis of the corpus established that the Swedish language is present in each of the categories. The results of the count of every turn and word pronounced in each language in the corpus show that many turns expressed by both teachers and students consist of a mixture of Swedish and French. This switching between different codes is the main object of the qualitative analysis of the corpus. The results of the qualitative analysis indicate that the participation structure and the choice of activity types and how these are organised in the classroom are decisive for teachers’ and students’ code-switching. Furthermore, the teachers’ actions concerning the choice of language for the interaction as well as their strategies to deal with the presence of both languages are conclusive for the students’ oral production of French in class. The analysis also reveals that the more the teachers use the target language in a consistent way, the more the students try to express themselves in French even if they often code-switch. The study points out the complexity of speaking French in a classroom context, where the teachers have to deal with the fact that the Swedish language is almost always present and used by the learners for different purposes. / IPACLE

<p>Resumen:</p><p>La Agencia Nacional de Educación sueca y la didáctica de lenguas plantean que el estudio de idiomas extranjeros, no sólo implica el aprendizaje de una lengua sino también la comprensión de la/s cultura/s donde se habla la lengua estudiada. Con esto, se busca romper con el estilo tradicional de enseñanza de lenguas extranjeras que se limita a entregar datos sobre el o los países cuya lengua oficial es el idioma estudiado. Por esto, la visión del profesor sobre el término <em>cultura</em> es clave para promover el desarrollo de <em>competencias interculturales</em> en los alumnos. El presente estudio describe la significación de<em> cultura </em>e<em> interculturalidad </em>que tienen seis profesores de E/LE, en relación a lo establecido por la Agencia Nacional de Educación y el campo de la didáctica de lenguas al respecto<em>. </em></p><p>Se concluye, entre otras cosas, que las significaciones de <em>cultura </em>e<em> interculturalidad</em> no siempre conllevan a la comprensión de otras <em>culturas</em> y al desarrollo de <em>competencias interculturales</em> y que no hay un total conocimiento de los objetivos sobre cultura planteados en los Planes de estudio nacionales y Planes de curso de la asignatura Lenguas Modernas.</p> / <p>Sammanfattning:</p><p>Skolverkets och språkdidaktikens syn på att läsa ett främmande språk innebär inte bara inlärningen av ett språk, utan också att lära sig att förstå kulturen/kulturerna där språket används. Detta strider mot den traditionella undervisningsstilen i främmande språk som bara ger fakta om landet eller länderna vars officiella språk är det språket eleverna har valt att läsa. Därför är lärarens synsätt på begreppet <em>kultur</em> viktigt för att främja elevernas utveckling av <em>interkulturella kompetenser.</em> Denna uppsats beskriver sex spansklärares uppfattningar av <em>kultur </em>och<em> interkulturalitet</em>, i förhållande till Skolverkets och språkdidaktikens syn på det.</p><p>Slutsatserna är, bland annat, att lärarnas uppfattningar av<em> kultur </em>och<em> interkulturalitet </em>inte alltid främjar förståelsen av andra kulturer och utvecklingen av <em>interkulturella kompetenser</em> och att lärarna inte har fullständig kännedom om kulturrelaterade mål som uttrycks i den Nationella läroplanen och Kursplanen i Moderna språk<em>.</em></p>

El objetivo de esta tesina es investigar qué lenguas se usan en la enseñanza de español como lengua extranjera en unos institutos en Suecia, basándonos en la teoría de translanguaging. Teniendo en cuenta el gran número de alumnos con otras lenguas maternas distintas del sueco, pretendemos averiguar qué lenguas son usadas en la clase de ELE, qué conocimientos tienen los profesores sobre las competencias lingüísticas de sus alumnos y cuáles son las opiniones sobre el uso de diferentes lenguas en la enseñanza, según los profesores. Con la finalidad de obtener una mejor comprensión de lo investigado hacemos una triangulación con una encuesta con 28 participantes, entrevistas con tres profesoras y además observamos una clase de cada profesora antes de realizar las entrevistas. Los hallazgos principales son: que el sueco es la lengua más usada después del español, que muchas veces los profesores están inseguros de los conocimientos lingüísticos de sus alumnos y que raramente los recursos lingüísticos son usados en el aprendizaje. Por último, se ha demostrado que la mayoría de los participantes están de acuerdo con que el uso de otras lenguas en la enseñanza de ELE resulta beneficioso para el aprendizaje. No obstante, las lenguas señaladas por las profesoras entrevistadas en la definición de otras lenguas fueron el sueco y el inglés, por lo quellegamos a la conclusión de que el sueco y el inglés pueden ser la norma en relación con los recursos lingüísticos y de que el contraste lingüístico entre el sueco o el inglés parece ser injusto para todos los alumnos que no tienen el sueco como lengua materna.

This thesis presents an investigation of the interpretation and application of the concept "communicative competence" in a lower secondary school in the south of Sweden. The reason for this investigation is that the author is in the teacher training programme and seeks to learn more about this important feature of language teaching. The aim is to investigate how the teachers interpret and apply, i.e. teach this oral and written competence, and what exercises the teachers estimate help the development of the communicative competence. The primary material and method of this case study consist of interviews with four teachers of modern languages.The results reveal that the teachers are well acquainted with the concept of communicative competence and that the methods applied help the students develop their oral and written competence. However, the teachers do not use the target language sufficiently, which has also been confirmed in previous research in the field. The results further reveal that the teachers find it somewhat difficult to interpret the course syllabus, especially concerning the teaching of grammar. The conclusion of this study is hence that there is a need for clearer instructions in the course syllabus, as well as more team-work between colleagues in interpreting it. Furthermore, the teachers need to use the target language more efficiently and better adapted to the students’ linguistic level in order for the students to be able to develop their ability to understand the spoken language. The results and the conclusions of this study may be of significance and interest for other teachers and education researchers.

By the means of a questionnaire the present work examines the attitudes among pupils between the 5th and 9th grade towards choosing French, Spanish or German as their third language. The main question to be answered is "What needs to be improved to raise the interest in choosing specifically German as their preferred third language?". The other questions posed are for example "Do they want to study a language at all?", "Which language do they want to study and why?" or "What motivates them to keep studying generally?". The results show a high motivation and that the most pupils have already decided for a specific language at the middle of the 5th grade. Family and friends play a crucial role in choosing their language in combination with other factors such as the experiences of visiting countries or settings where the target language is used. To raise the popularity of German as the chosen language is not a short time project. More variation in teaching and real contact with German people, for instance language trips, needs to be done or improved. Nearly all of the pupils want to use modern techniques like chat or video conversations instead of just reading a text book.