The aim of this study is to examine preschool teachers’ ideas of children’s right to bodily integrity and the preschools’ work on this. Furthermore, by using theories of power and resistance, the study aims to discuss how these ideas can affect children’s ability to discover and express their own integrity boundaries, to have them respected and to discover and respect the boundaries of others. The empirical material is based on interviews with six preschool teachers. The results show that the teachers’ ideas can lead to both limiting and productive exercise of power, which can affect the children's opportunities to express their own, and to discover the integrity boundaries of others. In order to protect the bodily integrity of the children, rules are formulated that can limit the children's ability to discover their own and others' boundaries and also can lead to control of the children. Rather than using rules, the teachers guide children's actions according to prevailing behavioural norms through what is interpreted as hidden, or friendly exercise of power. The teachers describe how they support and interpret children's actions and, provided that the teachers interpret the children correctly, this can create opportunities for the children to both express their boundaries and to discover those of others in order to respect them. The teachers show awareness of children’s different ways of expressing resistance and intend to help children to pay attention to subtle kinds of these actions. In that way, even children who express their integrity boundaries in a more implicit way can be respected by the others. However, the analysis shows that certain forms of acts of resistance increase opportunities for respect. These acts of resistance are explicit and consist of a clearly expressed "Stop!” or by using the ”Stop hand”. The empirical material also shows that the teachers work towards a culture of consent in the preschool by using themselves as role models and by encouraging children to ask each other for permission when, for example, they want to give someone a hug.

Palmolja sägs vara världens mest resurseffektiva oljegröda och återfinns i bland annatlivsmedel, oleokemikalier och biobränsle. Mer än varannan produkt i dagligvaruhandlarinnehåller palmolja. Den höga efterfrågan har gjort palmoljeindustrin attraktiv att investera i och att många aktörer är involverade. En lång aktörskedja gör industrin svår att kontrollera, ansvarstagandet brister och en komplex hållbarhetsproblematik uppstår. För uppnå hållbarhet krävs samspel mellan ekologi, samhälle och ekonomi. Idag överutnyttjas naturens resurser vilket leder till att samspel mellan dimensionerna inte nås. För att få bättre förståelse och inblick i den komplexa hållbarhetsproblematiken tog vi del av experters och aktörers olika perspektiv. För studien valdes en kvalitativ intervjumetod som kartlägger miljökonsekvenser som ansågs störst. Sedan återges lösningsmöjligheter att skapa en mer hållbar palmoljeindustri. Resultatet visade att möjliga lösningstågärder bör baseras på ett tydligt definierat och ökat ansvarstagande för problem och konsekvenser som uppstår på grund av palmoljeindustrin. / Palm oil is known for being an efficient and productive crop and can be found in for example food, chemicals and biofuel. Up to every second product in grocery stores contains palm oil. Today's high demand of palm oil makes the industry attractive for investments while involvement from several actors makes the industry hard to control and lack of responsibility occurs. Those factors are of major menace for a sustainable palm oil industry. To achieve sustainability an interaction between ecology, society and economy needs to arise. Nature's resources are today over-exploited which leads to a non-interaction within the earlier mentioned dimensions. This study maps what we consider the greatest environmental issues and possible measures are to create a more sustainable industry. The result shows that increased and clearly defined responsibility for all actors involved in the industry needs to appear and improve to create sustainability.

The revival of citizenship deprivation raises numerous normative, legal and practical concerns. Although citizenship deprivation is not new, it has become crucial to further discuss this with regards to recent law amendments and practices on citizenship deprivation by many democratic states. Sweden is still one of few countries where citizenship is an absolute right protected by constitutional law. Nonetheless, politicians in Sweden have, over the last years, discussed the possibilities to enact the constitution to legalise denationalisation based on national security grounds. Several motions have been submitted to investigate these possibilities, but no amendments have yet been proposed.  The thesis aims, therefore, to examine whether there are legal obstacles that limit the possibilities to introduce a new provision on citizenship deprivation in Sweden. The main research question is: Are there legal obstacles to tackle terrorism through denationalisation in Sweden? To answer this question, the legal dogmatic methodology is used. The study analyses legislative sources, case law and doctrinal literature. It also reviews national regulations on citizenship deprivation in five European countries that have reformed their Citizenship Acts.  The study concludes that there are several legal obstacles in both international and EU law that limit the possibilities to denationalise citizens. However, it is not entirely illegal to deprive individuals of their citizenship. To introduce the possibility of citizenship deprivation in Sweden, the provision should fulfil the following criteria: a) denationalisation should not render a person stateless, b) the provision should not be discriminatory and apply to all citizens with dual citizenship, regardless of how they became citizen, c) prior to making the decision on denationalisation, a proportionality assessment between the individual's interest and the state's interest should be applied, d) denationalisation should have a legitimate purpose and it should be the least burdensome procedure to achieve this purpose, e) Swedish law should identify the crimes that can lead to denaturalisation, f) the decision on denaturalisation should be made at the same trial as the person in question is convicted, g) the individual should have the possibility to appeal the decision and his right to a fair trial is granted.  To conclude, the thesis emphasises that the collective development in national laws and practices on citizenship deprivation will potentially lead to a new interpretation of both EU and international law on human rights.

No description available.

Bakgrund: Enligt barnkonventionen har barn som vistas inom hälso- och sjukvården rätt till delaktighet i sin vård genom anpassad information samt att få att uttrycka sina åsikter i alla frågor som rör dem. Insättning av perifer venkateter och blodprovstagning är smärtsamma procedurer som barn utsätts för inom barnsjukvården. Inför dessa procedurer är det viktigt att barn får goda förberedelser. Syfte: Studiens syfte var att undersöka och beskriva barns erfarenheter av delaktighet inför och under insättning av perifer venkateter och blodprovstagning. Metod: Studien genomfördes som en kvantitativ enkätstudie. Enkäterna besvarades av 47 barn i åldrarna åtta till arton år, som hade genomgått insättning av perifer venkateter alternativt lämnat venösa eller kapillära blodprov på Falu lasarett eller Akademiska barnsjukhuset i Uppsala. Resultat: Tjugoen procent av barnen fick inte lokalbedövning och 20% blev aldrig tillfrågade om önskemål i samband med smärtsamma procedurer. De barn som uppgav att personalen inte hade berättat hur de smärtsamma procedurerna skulle gå till hade lägre ålder i median jämfört med de barn som personalen berättade för (9 år versus 14 år, p=0,006). Ju högre barnen skattade att de förstått informationen de fått på en tiogradig skala desto högre skattade de att de kunde säga stopp om något var för påfrestande eller gjorde för ont i samband med smärtsamma procedurer (r=,430, p=0,004). Slutsats: Alla barn ska tillfrågas om önskemål och erbjudas lokalbedövning inför smärtsamma procedurer. Sjukvårdspersonal ska ge barn anpassad information oavsett ålder vilket främjar barns möjlighet att säga stopp om de upplever proceduren som för påfrestande. Sjukvårdspersonal måste visa extra lyhördhet gentemot barn med lägre ålder. / Background: According to the Convention on the Rights of the Child, children receiving healthcare have the right to personalized information and to have their opinions expressed on all issues that concern them. Peripheral intravenous cannulation and blood sampling are painful procedures that children are subjected to in pediatric care, and prior to these procedures it is important that children receive good preparation. Objective: The aim of the study was to investigate and describe children’s experiences of participation before and during peripheral intravenous cannulation and blood sampling. Method: The study was a quantitative survey. The questionnaires were answered by 47 children aged eight to eighteen years, who had experienced peripheral intravenous cannulation or venous/capillary blood test at the hospital in Falun or at the Children’s Hospital in Uppsala. Results: Twenty-one percent of the children did not receive local anesthesia and 20% were never asked for their preferences in connection with painful procedures. The children who stated that they were not informed by the healthcare professionals regarding the painful procedures were of younger age compared to the children that were informed (9 years versus 14 years, p=0,006). The higher the children rated on a 10-degree scale that they understood the information, the higher they also rated that they could tell the healthcare professionals to stop if the painful procedures was too demanding or too painful (r=,430, p=0,004). Conclusion: All children should be asked for their preferences and be offered local anesthesia for painful procedures. Healthcare professionals should provide the children with appropriate information regardless of the age of the child, which promotes the child’s ability to tell the healthcare professionals to stop if they experience the procedures as too demanding. Healthcare professionals should be more aware when caring for younger children.

I grundskolan är svenska som andraspråk ett behovsprövat ämne där rektorn avgör vilka elever som ska läsa svenska som andraspråk. På gymnasiet skiftar ansvaret från rektorerna till eleverna då det är upp till eleverna själva att välja svenskämne, det vill säga att välja mellan att läsa svenska eller svenska som andraspråk. Vår uppsats har som syfte att lyfta fram vilken information som finns tillgänglig, för berörda elever på gymnasiet, inför detta val. Vi har även som syfte att undersöka hur eleverna upplever valet av svenskämne och hur deras upplevelse samspelar med de rättigheter som tillskrivs eleverna i Läroplanen för gymnasieskolan (Gy11) och i Gymnasieförordningen. Våra resultat visar att en stor andel av de elever som deltagit i vår undersökning har bristande kunskaper gällande valet mellan svenska och svenska som andraspråk på gymnasiet. Elever uttrycker även att de inte vet vad det är för skillnader mellan svenskämnena, att de inte fått någon information gällande valet av svenskämne och i vissa fall visar våra resultat att berörda elever är ovetande om att de har rätten att välja svenskämne på gymnasiet.

The aim of this study was to understand which factors that lay the foundation for social workers’ custody investigations and the judges’ decisions in custody disputes. Additionally, it was to examine the social workers’ and the judges’ views on children’s’ rights in this process. The study was based on qualitative research where six semi-structured interviews were conducted. Four social workers and two judges working with custody- investigations, and disputes were interviewed. The analysis consists of two key concepts: the concept of discretion and child sociology. The result shows that judges and social workers experience difficulties with interpreting the best interest of the child, that there are different perceptions about when lone and joint custody should be considered and how to best design the rights of access. A common consensus among the interviewees with regards to the best interest of the child, is that each situation requires an individual interpretation while considering necessary safety aspects. Social workers’ statements tend to dominate how the best interests of a child is defined in a judge’s decision. Both professions find ways to accommodate the best interests of the child, even though it does not always turn out ideal. There is a strong believe that the child’s voice is governing the decision, even though our study shows that it is not always considered in the custody investigations nor in court.

In the beginning of the 20th century, villa easements were formed to regulate land use in residential areas. Villa easements were created as a prohibition for the property owners to use their own property in a certain way. Because of the societal develop- ment, villa easements no longer have the same function as they used to. Villa easements cause problems for surveyors regarding increased investigative work, decreased reliability of the land register and a lot of questions from the property owners. All these factors result in increased costs for interested parties. To solve the problems with villa easements they should be eliminated. This report presents vari- ous approaches to get rid of villa easements. To collect information to the report, a questionnaire was sent to experienced survey- ors.  Furthermore, interviews were conducted to find out how villa easements are managed today by surveyors. The outcome of the investigation indicates that the best approach for managing the problem is property regulation. By using property regulation both rights and registra- tions are removed. The analysis contains a general discussion on the information obtained during the investigation. Pros and cons of options for repeal of villa easements and how to clean the Land Registry are discussed. The options are compared and our recom- mendation is that the most effective course of action for repeal of villa easements is property regulation. / I början av 1900-talet bildades villaservitut för att reglera markanvändningen i bo- stadsområden. De upprättades som ett förbud för fastighetsägare att använda sin egen fastighet på ett visst sätt. På grund av samhällsutvecklingen fyller villaservituten inte längre samma funktion som då de bildades. Villaservitut orsakar problem för lantmätare genom ökat utredningsarbete, brist på tillförlitlighet till fastighetsregistret samt många frågor från fastighetsägare. Alla dessa faktorer leder till ökade kostnader för sakägare. För att lösa problemen med villa- servitut krävs att de rensas bort. I denna rapport presenteras olika metoder för rens- ning av villaservitut. För att samla in information skickades en enkät ut till erfarna lantmätare. Dessutom genomfördes intervjuer för att ta reda på hur villaservitut hanteras av lantmätare idag. Resultatet av undersökningen visar att den bästa metoden för att hantera problemen med villaservitut är att upphäva dem genom fastighetsreglering. Genom att tillämpa fastighetsreglering försvinner såväl rättigheter som inskrivningar. I analysen förs ett generellt resonemang kring information som framkommit under undersökningen. Därefter diskuteras för- och nackdelar med alternativen för upphä- vande av villaservitut och rensning av fastighetsregistret. Alternativen jämförs med varandra och fastighetsreglering presenteras som vår rekommendation av det mest effektiva tillvägagångssättet för upphävande av villaservitut.

Uppsatsens syfte är att utreda hur den kantianska rätten till liv förhåller sig till Europakonventionens. Frågorna som använts för att uppnå syftet är hur både kantianismen och Europakonventionen förhåller sig till abort, dödsstraff, eutanasi och suicid. Metoden som har använts för att jämför kantianismen med Europakonventionen är en komparativ metod och för att tolka Kants texter används hermeneutik. Hur förhåller sig kantianismen till Europakonventionen gällande rätten till liv, utifrån abort, dödsstraff, eutanasi och suicid? Kantianismen har en långt mycket striktare syn på vad som är rätt och vad som är fel. Och de mänskliga rättigheterna härleds inte från en politisk konsensus. Det går att räkna ut vad som är en rättighet och vad som inte är det. Vad som är en plikt och vad som inte är det. Vilket självfallet skiljer sig från Europakonventionen som är ett så kallat levande instrument. Den är föränderlig och kantianismen är rigorös. Frågan om legaliteten bakom eutanasi tillhör konventionsstaterna. Likaså frågan om selektiv abort och när ett foster anses börja livet. Konventionen tillåter självmord och terapeutiska aborter och förbjuder dödsstraff kategoriskt. I jämförelse tillåter kantianismen dödsstraff för att straffa mördare och den tillåter även att göra en terapeutisk abort. Kantianismen förbjuder däremot självmord och eutanasi. Selektiv abort kan vara tillåtet beroende på hur samhället och omgivningen behandlar en havande eller någon med barn. Dock är ett foster likväl en människa och förtjänar en rätt till att leva. / The purpose of the thesis is to investigate how the Kantian right to life relates to the European Convention on Human Rights. The questions used to achieve the purpose are how both Kantianism and the European Convention relate to abortion, the death penalty, euthanasia, and suicide. The method that has been used to compare Kantianism with the European Convention is a comparative method and hermeneutics is used to interpret Kant's texts. How does Kantianism relate to the European Convention on the Right to Life, based on abortion, the death penalty, euthanasia and suicide? Kantianism has a much stricter view of what is right and what is wrong. And human rights are not derived from a political consensus. It is possible to calculate what is a human right and what is not. What is a duty and what is not. Which of course differs from the European Convention, which is a so-called living instrument. It is changeable and Kantianism is rigorous. The question of the legality of euthanasia belongs to the States Parties. Likewise, the question of selective abortion and when a fetus is considered to begin life. The convention allows suicide and therapeutic abortions and categorically prohibits the death penalty. In comparison, Kantianism allows the death penalty to punish murderers and it also allows for a therapeutic abortion. Kantianism, on the other hand, forbids suicide and euthanasia. Selective abortion may be allowed depending on how society and the environment treats a pregnant woman or someone with children. However, a fetus is nevertheless a human being and deserves a right to live.

Indirect discrimination is one form of discrimination according to the Swedish diskrimineringslag (2008:567). This type of discrimination is a more abstract form than direct discrimination. The direct discrimination-form is the one where one person is intending to discriminate another person because of that person belonging to a group protected against discrimination by the law. Indirect discrimination on the other hand is when one person is discriminated because of a policy or a rule that is not intending to be discriminating. This makes this form of discrimination much harder to see and make visible, that is because the intention is not needed. In this thesis the focus is indirect discrimination and how the state have a responsibility to prevent that indirect discrimination occur. To make it easier to see the indirect discrimination and who is being subject for it, this thesis is using a structural discrimination theory to provide what is missing in the law. By using this theory, this thesis argue that the state is taking less responsibility and puts the responsibility on the single managers of institutions instead. The duty of the state is thereby hard to show and makes the law difficult to use from a structural discrimination perspective.