Harold Garfinkel untersuchte in seiner ethnomethodologischen Studie über Agnes, die er 1967 im Prozess der Geschlechtsumwandlung begleitete, die Praktiken der alltäglichen, interaktiven Produktion des Geschlechts. Das hieraus entstandene Konzept des Doing Gender erkennt Geschlecht nicht als natürlichen Zustand, sondern als in sozialer Interaktion hervorgebrachtes Personenmerkmal.

La transsexualité et son image représentent pour plusieurs une subversion ou une transgression de la binarité du genre. L’image de la transsexualité est souvent considérée en termes de représentation. Afin de questionner cette image transsexuelle, sa subversivité, sa transgressivité et même sa représentabilité, on tentera de la regarder autrement. Ce mémoire propose d'étudier l'image audiovisuelle de la transsexualité comme figure. Pour définir la figure, on la distinguera d'un autre concept esthétique : la représentation. Par l'analyse d'un film, Transamerica (2005), réalisé par Duncan Tucker, on verra comment certaines modalités donnent à voir la figure trans. Suite à cette analyse de la figure au cinéma, on rendra compte de la manière avec laquelle on a poursuivi, au moyen de la vidéo, la recherche qui concerne la question de la figure trans. / Transsexuality and its depiction represent for many a subversion or transgression of gender binarity. Transsexuality’s depiction is oftenly regarded as representation. In order to question this transsexuality's depiction, its subversivity, its transgressivity, and even its representability, we will attempt to look at it otherwise. This thesis discusses transsexual audiovisual image as figure. To define what figure is, a distinction will be made between this term and another concept of aesthetics: representation. By means of a filmic analysis of Transamerica, directed by Duncan Tucker, we shall see how some modalities allow trans figure to appear. After this cinematic figure's study, we will give an account of the manner by which we pursued in a video production the research concerning the question about trans figure.

La transsexualité et son image représentent pour plusieurs une subversion ou une transgression de la binarité du genre. L’image de la transsexualité est souvent considérée en termes de représentation. Afin de questionner cette image transsexuelle, sa subversivité, sa transgressivité et même sa représentabilité, on tentera de la regarder autrement. Ce mémoire propose d'étudier l'image audiovisuelle de la transsexualité comme figure. Pour définir la figure, on la distinguera d'un autre concept esthétique : la représentation. Par l'analyse d'un film, Transamerica (2005), réalisé par Duncan Tucker, on verra comment certaines modalités donnent à voir la figure trans. Suite à cette analyse de la figure au cinéma, on rendra compte de la manière avec laquelle on a poursuivi, au moyen de la vidéo, la recherche qui concerne la question de la figure trans. / Transsexuality and its depiction represent for many a subversion or transgression of gender binarity. Transsexuality’s depiction is oftenly regarded as representation. In order to question this transsexuality's depiction, its subversivity, its transgressivity, and even its representability, we will attempt to look at it otherwise. This thesis discusses transsexual audiovisual image as figure. To define what figure is, a distinction will be made between this term and another concept of aesthetics: representation. By means of a filmic analysis of Transamerica, directed by Duncan Tucker, we shall see how some modalities allow trans figure to appear. After this cinematic figure's study, we will give an account of the manner by which we pursued in a video production the research concerning the question about trans figure.

Made available in DSpace on 2011-05-04T12:42:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010 / Estudo sobre a transexualidade, um fenômeno complexo que diz respeito à transição que uma pessoa faz de um sexo para o outro, através do processo transexualizador, denominação dada pelo Ministério da Saúde ao conjunto de procedimentos médicos realizados para a redesignação sexual da pessoa transexual. O objetivo principal da tese é de monstrar que o processo transexualizador atual é bioeticamente inadequado, em virtude dos problemas que dele decorrem para a pessoa transexual, especialmente no que tange a sua vida em sociedade. O trabalho é de natureza teórica e foi realizado através de pesquisa bibliográfica, que levantou publicações, nacionais e internacionais, inclusive na imprensa, sobre os temas tratados na tese, a saber: sexualidade, sexo, gênero, heterossexualidade. O levantamento bibliográfico compreendeu, preferencialmente, obras sobre filosofia, ética, bioética, medicina e direito, que permitiram a análise das questões teóricas envolvidas diretamente no estudo. O exame da bibliografia jurídica foi dirigido à jurisprudência existentenos tribunais brasileiros de segunda instância sobre a transexualidade, e teve o propósito de investigar o posicionamento dos referidos tribunais em face dos pedidos de mudança de nome e/ou de sexo por parte de pessoas transexuais, submetidas ao processo transexualizador. A transexualidade foi estudada no campo definido pela interface entre a sexualidade, a bioética,e o direito. Na análise bioética, a transexualidade é considerada não tanto como fenômeno , algo que se percebe, mas como objeto de práticas de agentes e pacientes morais, dispositivos,políticas e biopolíticas, como concebidos por Michel Foucault. Embora o processo transexualizador possa produzir bons resultados sob o ponto de vista médico, no que concerne à transformação física de um corpo masculino em feminino e vice-versa, os efeitos sociais dessa mudança podem ser perversos para o transexual. Isto acontece quando o transexual não obtém sua requalificação civil junto ao poder judiciário, o que agrava sua discriminação e exclusão sociais, além de haver restrições a vários de seus direitos. O transexual em tal caso pode ser identificado como um homo sacer, figura do antigo direito romano apresentada por Giorgio Agamben, que era a pessoa condenada a viver uma vida nua , isto é, uma vida forado seu contexto, no espaço do não direito . Esta situação quando vivida pelo transexual é moralmente inaceitável, especialmente na denominada era dos direitos humanos, e justifica, aliada a outros argumentos apresentados ao longo da tese, a proposta central do trabalho. Sustenta-se que o processo transexualizador é bioeticamente inadequado, enquanto: não se respeitar a autonomia do transexual, no que se refere à realização (ou não) da cirurgia de transgenitalização; forem cerceados direitos das pessoas, pelo fato de serem transexuais; e não for assegurada a requalificação civil dos transexuais. / A study of transsexuality, a complex phenomenon that deals with the transition of a person from one sex to the other one. This process is called trans-sexualizing by the Brazilian Ministry of Health and it concerns the set of medical procedures aiming the sexual redesign of the transsexual person. The main target of this thesis is to demonstrate that, due to the raising issues regarding the transsexual person, the current trans-sexualizing process is bioethically inadequate, especially in terms of his/her life in society. This is a theoretical study, and it has been done throughout bibliographical research. Foreign and Brazilian literature have been examined on the subjects of sexuality, sex, gender, heterosexuality, even in the media. The fields of Philosophy, Ethics, Bioethics, Medicine, and Law have contributed with an in-depth analysis of the theoretical issues brought up by the thesis. Specifically, the analysis of Law bibliography focused the jurisprudence of Brazilian courts of appeal regarding transsexuality, mainly on name and sex change petitions by transsexual persons whom have undergone transsexualizing process. Transsexuality itself has been examined in a field that has been defined by the interface among Sexuality, Bioethics, and Law. The Bioethics analysis of transsexuality does not consider it as a “phenomenon”, as something that might be perceived, but as an object resulting from the practices of moral agents and patients, dispositifs, politics and biopolitics, as it is conceived by Michel Foucault. Though the trans-sexualizing process may well produce good results through a medical perspective – regarding the transformation of a male body into a female one, and vice-versa – the social effects of this very same transformation might be quite perverse to the transsexual persons. Because transsexual persons are not automatically granted the change of their name and sex on their birth certificates, they have to petition to the Judiciary. Notwithstanding, such right of petition does not ensure them to reverse their civil status. Being deprived of that right of adjusting sex and name on their birth certificates worsens their discrimination and social exclusion, besides restricting some other rights to that population. In such cases, the transsexual person may well be identified as a homo sacer, as Giorgio Agamben names the ancient Roman Law figure that was condemned to live a “bare life”, that is, a life out of its context, in the space of “no-Law”. It is morally unacceptable to have transsexual persons living in such patterns, especially in an age that is also called as “the age of human rights”. With the help of other arguments demonstrated along this thesis, that same non-acceptance is justified by the core of this proposal. We hereby sustain that the trans-sexualizing process is bioethically inadequate for the transsexual person when his/her autonomy to undergo (or not) the transgenitalization surgery is not being respected; when the fruition of their rights is being restricted for the very fact that they are transsexuals, and when no sex and/or name change in their birth certificates are granted.

Ce travail de recherche s’inscrit dans le cadre de la psychosociologie, de la microsociologie et de l’anthropologie sociale. Nous envisageons l’étude des liens sociaux développés au sein du collectif des prostituées transgenre migrantes d’Amérique du Sud dans la ville de Paris. Pour ce faire, nous devrons penser l’organisation sociale dans leurs pays d’origine ainsi que leurs trajectoires de migration. La subjectivité des personnes transgenre migrantes sera étudiée à différents niveaux : individuel, groupal et communautaire. Nous nous sommes ainsi servis de plusieurs catégories d’analyse comme la classe, la migration, la race, l’ethnie, etc. Nous considérons que l’adoption d’une identité de genre qui ne coïncide pas avec le genre attribué à la naissance mène les personnes transgenre à une place de stigmatisation sociale. En France, nous étudierons le passage du milieu de la prostitution au travail associatif. Nous cherchons à comprendre comment, à partir d’une proposition biopolitique précise de la part des pouvoirs publics (VIH), les acteurs sociaux vont négocier au niveau local une existence sociale possible, en-dehors du statut de « malade ». Cela nous conduira à des réflexions sur le changement du rôle de l’État et des acteurs sociaux à partir de la subjectivité moderne et contemporaine. / This research follows the principles of psychosociology, microsociology and social anthropology. It studies social bonds in communities of migrant transgender prostitutes from South America in Paris. In order to do that, we will start analyzing their social organization in their country of origins, and their migration trajectories. We will think three-level analysis for transgender migrant subjectivity : individual, groupal and community. We will also consider different categories such as class, migration, race, ethnicity, etc. We consider that assuming a gender identity different from the one assigned on birth implies for people a stigmatised social existence. In France, we are going to analyse the transition between two professional identities : from prostitution to self-help organizations. We are looking forward to understand how, following a biopolitical proposition from french government related to HIV, subjects try to negotiate in a local level, different identities beyond the « sick » labelling. This analysis will teach us the historical transitions between State and individual roles in modern and contemporary subjectivity.

En transsexuell person upplever sig vara född i fel kön och vill oftast genomgå en könsbekräftande behandling så att kroppen överensstämmer med det kön som personen identifierar sig med. Att gå emot den heteronorm som råder i samhället är förknippat med stigmatisering, kränkande särbehandling och diskriminering. Kunskapen om transsexualitet på den svenska arbetsmarknaden är mycket bristfällig och leder till att många transsexuella riskerar att uppleva intolerans och utanförskap.Syftet med den här studien är att få en ökad kunskap om transsexuellas upplevelser av bemötande på arbetsplatser. Studien har en kvalitativ forskningsansats och bygger på fem semistrukturerade intervjuer. Resultatet analyserades med hjälp av tidigare forskning.Resultatet visar att respondenterna upplever en större acceptans på arbetsplatserna desto längre de har kommit i sin könsbekräftande behandling. Samtliga respondenter har upplevt svårigheter på arbetsplatsen på något sätt och anser att arbetsgivarna har för lite kunskap kring transsexualitet. Respondenterna menar att det bidrar till att fokus hamnar på deras könsidentitet och inte på dem som kompetenta medarbetare. / A transsexual person feels that he or she was born in the wrong gender and usually wants to undergo gender-confirming treatment so that the body corresponds to the gender with which the person identifies. Going against the heteronomy that prevails in society is associated with stigma and abusive discrimination. Knowledge about transsexuality in the Swedish labor market is very deficient and leads to many transsexuals at risk of experiencing intolerance and exclusion.The purpose of this study is to gain an increased knowledge of transsexuals' experiences of treatment in the workplace. The study has a qualitative research approach and is based on five semi-structured interviews. The results were analyzed using previous research.The result show that the respondents experience a greater acceptance in the workplace the further they have come in their gender-confirming treatment. All respondents have experienced difficulties in the workplace in some way and believe that employers have too little knowledge about transsexuality. The respondents believe that it contributes to the focus being on their gender identity and not on them as competent employees.One conclusion that can be drawn from the result is that employers need more education and knowledge in transsexuality and norm criticism.

I denna studie är syftet att undersöka hur personal från behandlingshem för missbruk samtalar kring kön och sexualitet. Studien utgår från behandlingshem med inriktning på enbart kvinnor eller enbart män. I Sverige har homo-, bi- och transsexuella personer sämre psykisk hälsa än heterosexuella personer. Psykisk ohälsa ökar risken för missbruk och hbtq-personer har en ökad risk för missbruk jämfört med den generella befolkningen, varför det har varit av relevans att undersöka normer gällande kön och sexualitet på behandlingshem för missbruk. Det empiriska materialet, som har analyserats genom en kritisk diskursanalytisk ansats, har samlats in genom tio semistrukturerade intervjuer med personal inom behandlingshem för missbruk. I resultatet framgår att diskurserna kring kön och sexualitet till stor del fortfarande är heteronormativa, bland annat genom att utgångspunkten är att brukarnas relationer är heterosexuella samt i diskurser kring att visa sin nakna kropp vid övervakade urinprov. Resultatet lyfter att det kan finnas en osäkerhet kring bemötande av transsexuella personer utifrån vilket pronomen som ska användas samt på vilket behandlingshem en transperson ska placeras. Slutsatsen pekar på att det kan finnas ett behov av kunskap om det heteronormativa privilegiet för att det ska bli möjligt med förändring av ojämlika maktstrukturer kring kön och sexualitet. / The aim of this study is to explore how professionals, from health and rehabilitation clinics for addiction, talk about sex and sexuality. The study includes health and rehabilitation clinics for only women or only men. In Sweden, mental illness is more prevalent among the lesbian, gay, bisexual and transsexual population than for the heterosexual population. Mental illness increases the risk for alcohol and drug addiction and people within the LGBT community have an increased risk of addiction than the rest of the population, thus it is of relevance to explore norms regarding gender and sexuality in rehabilitation clinics. The empirical material has been collected via ten semi-structured interviews with professionals of health and rehabilitation clinics for addiction. The result indicates that the discourses regarding sex and sexuality still in many ways are heteronormative and it shows among others by the assumptions that the relationships of the clients are heterosexual. It also shows when it is assumed that the clients are cis in the discourse regarding showing the naked body when leaving monitored urine samples. The result illustrates that there could be an insecurity among the professionals when it comes to use the correct pronoun when talking about transsexual people and in which health and rehabilitation clinic a transsexual person can be accepted for treatment. The conclusion indicates that knowledge about the heteronormative privilege could be necessary to enable change of unequal power structures regarding sex and sexuality.

Harold Garfinkel untersuchte in seiner ethnomethodologischen Studie über Agnes, die er 1967 im Prozess der Geschlechtsumwandlung begleitete, die Praktiken der alltäglichen, interaktiven Produktion des Geschlechts. Das hieraus entstandene Konzept des Doing Gender erkennt Geschlecht nicht als natürlichen Zustand, sondern als in sozialer Interaktion hervorgebrachtes Personenmerkmal.

Sexarbeit ist nach wie vor ein politisch stark umkämpftes Feld. Der Begriff bezeichnet eine konsensuelle sexuelle oder sexualisierte Dienstleistung zwischen volljährigen Geschäftspartner_innen gegen Entgelt oder andere materielle Güter und wird auf verschiedene Weisen verwendet. Im weiteren Sinne handelt es sich um einen Oberbegriff für sämtliche Formen sexueller und erotischer Arbeit. Im Kontext sex-positiver feministischer Politiken wird der Begriff Sexarbeit auch synonym für Prostitution verwendet, um die Anerkennung von Sexarbeit als Lohnarbeit zu verdeutlichen.

I takt med digitaliseringen skapas fler digitala nyhetssidor och därmed blir konkurrensen högre mellan nyhetskanaler. Eftersom nyhetsartiklar blir mer lättillgängliga är det intressant att se huruvida de inkluderar människor med alla olika könsidentiteter eller ej. Hbtq-personer har en högre risk för att känna psykisk ohälsa och i Sverige är det även fler transsexuella som övervägt att begå självmord under de senaste åren (Folkhälsomyndigheten, 2019). Studien undersöker därför om svenska nyhetsmedier väljer att upprätthålla samhällets diskurser om transpersoners utanförskap i samhället. Anledningen till att studien fokuserar på Sverige är för att landet anses vara ett inkluderande samhälle (Svenska Institutet, 2019). Därför studeras nyhetsmedia i form av Expressens nyhetsartiklar kring två valda fall.  Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur olika könsidentiteter blir representerade i nyhetsmedia och hur nyhetsurval sker. Detta görs med en kritisk diskursanalys och med hjälp av teoretiska utgångspunkter såsom nyhetsvärdering, det idealiska offret och genus och normer. Det empiriska material som behandlas är fyra artiklar om mordet på Emilia Lundberg och fyra artiklar från mordet på Wilma Andersson. Artiklarna väljs ut genom ett strategiskt urval och en tidslinje med fyra olika moment. Studien visar att transpersoner inte ses som lika nyhetsmässiga som cispersoner, transpersoner får mindre uppmärksamhet och ses som mindre idealiska offer. Transpersoner får varken samma uppmärksamhet, empati och representeras inte heller på ett likvärdigt sätt som cispersoner i nyhetsmedia. / In line with the digitalisation, the Internet's webpages increase and so does the competition between news media channels. Since it is getting easier to access news articles, it is interesting whether they include people with different gender identities or not. Hbtq people have a higher risk of feeling mental health issues and there are also more transsexuals in Sweden who intend to commit suicide in recent years (Folkhälsomyndigheten, 2019). The study therefore examines whether Swedish news media choose to erect society's discourses about transgender people's exclusion in society. Another reason why the study examines Sweden is because they are considered an inclusive society (Svenska Institutet, 2019). For those reasons, it will be interesting to examine Sweden's news media and Expressen's articles on two selected cases.  The purpose of the study is to investigate how different gender identities are represented in the news media and how news selection takes place. This will be done through a critical discourse analysis and theoretical starting points such as news evaluation, the ideal victim and gender and norms. The empirical material that is negotiated in the study is four articles about the murder case of Emilia Lundberg and four articles from the murder case of Wilma Andersson. The articles are chosen after four moments in terms of a timeline. The study shows that transgender people are not seen as newsworthy as cis people, transsexuals get less attention in the news, and they are seen as non-ideal victims. Transsexuals do not receive the same attention, empathy or get represented in an equivalent way as cispersons in the news.