<p>Sweden. 1980. The term ‘video violence’ becomes public through the debates show <em>Studio S</em>. The show urges and obligates politicians to stop, regulate and ban video films with violent content from the market. 29 years later, the debates show <em>Debatt </em>raises concerns regarding a similar topic, ‘video game violence’. Both shows were produced and aired by the Public Service channels of Sveriges Television in Sweden.</p><p>The purpose of this thesis was to study and examine if the media encourages and nourishes moral panics to the general public through debates shows. How does the host/journalist interact to steer the debate to the media agenda and how has the power structure changed in the debate genre over the years? Do the media nurture the root of moral panics?</p><p>We based the study on a qualitative content analysis. We analyzed one episode from each of the two debate shows <em>Studio S</em> and <em>Debatt</em>. The method of analysis we used was discourse analysis with emphasis on relations and power structures. We also analyzed the episodes by using Goode and Ben-Yehudas five criteria’s for creating moral panic.</p><p>The study shows that both debates shows fail to mention the problem in a larger societal context. They tend to only portray a scapegoat. Furthermore, they often show one-sided and violent sequences from the cultural phenomena. They use discourses to maintain the firm power in the debates to fulfill their pre-constructed bias agenda. We’ve also observed that it has become much more difficult for a moral panic to gain momentum compared with 1980, because of the medias decentralization.</p>

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This essay studies the Swedish museum debate during 2016–2017, regarding the display of history. The sources analysed here that represent the debate are the Swedish Govenment’s Proposition on Cultural Heritage Politics (Regeringens proposition 2016/17:116), the Museum Investigation (Ny Museipolitik 2015) and articles from Swedish daily newspapers. The essay uses Laurajane Smith’s work (Uses of Heritage 2006) on Authorized and Subaltern Heritage Discourses, as well as methods for argument analysis and construction of the Heritage node. The essay concludes that the Government’s Proposition is more closely tied to a Subaltern Heritage Discourse, while the Investigation lies somewhere in between both discourses, and the newspaper articles adhere to an Authorized Heritage Discourse. The Proposition construct the Heritage node in an open, multiculturalistic way that also focus on relevancy for today’s society and stresses the importance of the experience of the visit. The Investigation focus on the special role of the museum professionals, and also believes in a balance between traditional knowledge-based exhibitions and experience-based ones. The authors of the articles see the heritage as under threat from Government Politics, where knowledge and tradition is being replaced by norm criticism and multiculturalism.

In this study I wanted to find out what is said about the preschool in a media debate that took place on a discussion forum of a Swedish newspaper’s web site in 2016. Through critical discourse analysis I have tried to find out what is said and reflect upon what it says about the preschool. Critical discourse analysis focuses on the text, the interaction and the context to find out how different discourses are being drawn upon within the interaction to reproduce or modify the given context. My results show that the studied media debate takes place within a modernistic order of discourse where the preschool as a producer of results and as a business company is at stake. This is the preschool as an institution, where the child needs to develop certain abilities, and as a producer, offering a service to the consumer; the parent. Half of the participants of the debate are questioning the preschool and claim that the institutionalization of children has gone too far. The preschool isn’t able to deliver when it comes to care and security for the little child, according to the critics. The other half of the participants defend the preschool as an institution and see it as a necessary part of the childhood, both as a practical solution for the modern society and for what it can give the child when it comes to learning and preparing for the future. The critics and the defenders can be understood as acting within different historical discourses of the preschool. The critics use arguments from the discourse of the child-crib, a socially determined childcare from the 19th century. The defenders use arguments from the discourse of the kindergarten, a pedagogically determined nursery school with its roots at the turn of the last century. The debate takes place within a certain understanding of the preschool which therefore is being reproduced, even though there are tendencies towards a more postmodern understanding in some of the written arguments. The preschool in the debate show signs of colonization by the systems of money and power, through what Fairclough calls marketization of discourse, discourse of bureaucracy and discourse of counseling. The preschool under debate is a preschool within the global market of free trade, where changing power relations lead to feelings of insecurity and the need for control. Throughout the debate one power relation is taken for granted, that is the relation between the debater and the debated, between the adult and the child.

Uppsatsen behandlar demokratibegreppets konstruktion i ett urval artiklar ur Dagens Nyheters EU-debatt. Med ett diskursanalytiskt angreppssätt studeras hur de olika begreppen demokrati, EU och Europa tillskrivs innebörder i artiklarna och hur de relateras till varandra. Utgångspunkten är socialkonstruktivistisk och poststrukturalistisk och pekar på samband mellan framställningarna av de olika begreppen och förståelserna av de fenomen de beskriver. I analysen presenteras ett antal diskurser som urskiljts som styrande våra föreställningar om de olika begreppen. Dessa handlar om hur EU och Europa framstår som utbytbara och som utgörande en sorts självklar gemenskap, om demokrati och andra värdens önskvärdhet samt om EU som en hjälte med ansvar för demokratin och för Europa. Här problematiseras framställningen och föreställningen av och om demokrati, EU och Europa som självklart åtråvärda begrepp, vars önskvärdhet – och sammanhörighet – inte går att ifrågasätta. Inte minst demokratin förklaras som en social representation eller doxa, som vilken den framstår som nästintill helig.

The Swedish debate surrounding the Swedish and European welcoming of refugees has during the last couple of years engaged actors from all spheres of society. One of the prominent actors in this debate has been archbishop Antje Jackelén who has contributed with articles on the issue together with members of the church board as well as the other bishops in the Church of Sweden. These articles have been published on the debate pages of four major newspapers; Dagens Nyheter, Svenska Dagbladet, Expressen and Aftonbladet. The aim of this research is to study the way leaders in the Church of Sweden frame the welcoming of refugees and asylum seekers in these newspapers between 2014-2016. By using a qualitative frame analysis inspired by a theory of framing used in social movement research (Benford &amp; Snow, 2000) the study will focus primarily on motivational framing, i.e. the way in which authors set out to inspire their audience to take action in a certain issue. In three of the articles collective action frames are identified, in which collective identities are constructed and where the writers stress the importance for people to come together and act towards a more humane way of handling the refugee situation. Another aim of the essay is to study the way in which the Church of Sweden is presented as an actor within the frames used in the articles. The analysis shows how the church is presented as an experienced organisation, driven by the Christian faith to take action in the face of suffering. Finally, the result is analysed through the mediatisation of religion theory, using the concept of three media functions; conduit, environment and language (Hjarvard, 2016). The analysis shows how the newspapers, by publishing the articles, can be interpreted to function as both conduits and environments for the religious information and messages present in the texts. Concerning the third function, media as language, the debate articles are interpreted as living up to the criteria of news value despite the use of religious imagery and language. However, the method and empirical material of this study did not allow for any conclusions regarding how the logic of debate articles have been affecting the way in which leaders in the Church of Sweden debate the welcoming of refugees.

Abstract Essay in political science, C-level, by Julia Leonsson, spring semester 2007 Tutor: Susan Marton Freedom – The political philosophy of our time? An analysis of the ideas of the international debate about Chávez socialistic politic Since more than 2000 years there has been an ongoing discussion about whether state interference is a good thing or not. Most international organisations on the international political arena are today founded on neoliberal values, and it has developed in to the hegemonic ideology of the world. The socialistic politics of the Venezuelan president, Hugo Chávez is thereby a somewhat unusual strategy. The purpose of this essay is to examine to what extent the international debate about Chávez socialistic politic can be understood through a neoliberal perspective. My main research question is: Is the international discussion about Chávez socialistic politic imprinted by neoliberal values? The methodological approach is a qualitative text analysis and by using an analyse chart, bases on three dimensions, it is possible to analyse the material. The dimensions, which also was the basis of my specified research questions is: the state, the individual and the economy. The theoretical foundation of the essay is the neoliberal ideology and my material consists of newspaper articles from six different newspapers. I discovered that the topic and dimension most discussed in the articles was the economy. Based on my study the conclusion is that the international debate about Chávez socialistic politic to a large extent can be understood through a neoliberal perspective.

Det senaste Riksdagsvalet blev ett segertåg för det främlingsfientliga, populistiska partiet, Sverigedemokraterna. Riksdagsspärren på fyra procent klarade dock inte partiet och procentuellt sätt kunde partiet tillskriva sig knappt tre procent av svenska folkets röster. Att jag i inledningen av sammanfattningen kallade valet för ett segertåg för partiet omfattas av andra faktorer än enbart nästan representation i Riksdagen. I efterskalvet av partiets valframgångar dök det upp frågor hos mig framför allt det minst sagt förvirrade förhållandet som samhället uppvisar gentemot Sverigedemokraterna. Det framkom tämligen snabbt hur komplext och snårigt det var för framför allt politiker, debattörer och media att debattera med partiet. Under den tidsperiod som uppsatsens empiriska material omfattas av återfinns en rad argument som både innehåller motsägelser och argument som är dåligt underbygga.      Intentionen med uppsatsen blev således att dels genomföra en beskrivande idéanalys samt en argumentationsanalys av centrala argument som varit de mest framträdande i hur en effektiv debatt med partiet kan gå tillväga. För att kunna genomföra uppsatsen utkristalliserades tre frågeställningar.    – vilken typ av pro och contra- argument lyfts fram i debatten kring Sverigedemokraterna?   – vilka är huvudaktörerna till framförda argument och utkristalliseras det några skillnader utifrån det empiriska materialet?   – vad säger den befintliga forskningen inom ämnesområdet om de argument som framförs?   Uppsatsens resultat tar fasta på två sammanfattande punkter. Dels påvisar uppsatsens sammanställning hur komplext och komplicerat förhållandet till Sverigedemokraterna faktiskt är och hur svårt det har varit för samhället att finna en effektiv strategi i bemötandet av partiet. Oeffektiva strategier såsom strutsteknik och moraliska argument som egentligen enbart spela Sverigedemokraterna i händerna och således lett till ett ökat intresse för partiet har varit den ledande strategin. Andra punkten omfattar uppsatsens unikhet i det faktum att uppsatsen är den första sammanfattningen och sammanställning av argument i debatten. Min förhoppning är att uppsatsen kan vara ett hjälpmedel och förhoppningsvis leda debatten framåt.

This paper focuses on facework used by the invited guests in a broadcasted debate. The purpose of this analysis is to investigate how the invited guests use facework and how the guest relate to their functional role within the debate. The aim is also to investigate how the phases of the debate regulate the facework used by the guests. The analysis is based on transcrition and videomaterial from one of Sweden’s most viewed debates, Opinion Live. Conversation analysis (CA) is part of the theoretical framework used to analyse support, interruption and conversation turns. To analyze facework this paper relies on Goffman’s theory of face and Muntigl &amp; Turnbull’s four types of disagreement acts in facework and arguing. Brown &amp; Levinson’s politeness theory has also been used to investigate facework and strategies. In addition, Svensson’s definition of the debate’s specific roles within the format has also been used. The results show that facework has two purposes. The first is that it is used to defend the guest’s own face. The other purpose is to attack other guest’s faces which implies that their functional roles in the debate are being challenged. The results also points towards that the structure of the conversation in the debate itself influence the types of facework used by the guests.

This thesis aims to investigate how the meaning of the concept of authenticity has been used in arguments about the reconstruction of Nationalmuseum in Stockholm, Sweden. The museum, which opened for the first time in 1866, was closed for restoration, renovation and other engagements during 2013-2018. After the reopening, a debate took place in the Swedish newspaper Svenska Dagbladet. In the debate there were people who argued that the reconstruction had erased the museum’s history and replaced it with modern design. Other people argued that the reconstruction had made the building more true to its history as older reconstructions had distorted the original building. The main source material for the present study consists of a final report of the project made by the National Property Board, selected debate articles from the debate on the reconstruction in Svenska Dagbladet, and an interview and two mail conversations that have been made with persons involved in the project. Through argumentation analysis, arguments from the final report, the debate in Svenska Dagbladet, the interview and the mail conversations have been analyzed. The arguments selected from the source material are arguments that either indicate that the authenticity has been preserved or that the authenticity has not been preserved. The thesis does not intend to determine whether the reconstruction of Nationalmuseum has preserved the authenticity or not, it is the argumentation about this issue that is to be investigated. The reason is that the perception differs between different people, different contexts and different views. The analysis shows that the arguments claiming that the authenticity has not been preserved above all relate to the building's younger reconstructions with its additions that were removed during the current reconstruction. Some debaters argue that the building's younger history also has a value that should be protected. In the end it comes down to what kind of authenticity one intends to preserve. In the project, the experience values have been prioritized before the material values, which indicates that the authenticity from a material perspective may have decreased while the functional authenticity of the building has increased. The arguments that favour that the authenticity has been preserved are primarily based on the view that great emphasis has been placed on the preservation of the building's cultural-historical value. During the project one has also been inspired by the building's original drawings made by the building's architect Friedrich August Stüler, which indicates that the authenticity of the original building has been strengthened. The thesis ends with a final discussion where the result of the analysis is presented in relation to the theoretical framework of the thesis. This is done in order to answer the research questions. The main research question for the thesis has been; "How has the meaning of authenticity been presented in the final report, in the debate and by people who have worked with the reconstruction of Nationalmuseum?”.