It is important that children develop their communicating skills to be able to interact withother persons in different social contexts. Without the necessary skills, the child will struggleto understand others, as well as to be understood. My qualitative research takes place in a preschoolclass at a primary school in Stockholm, where I from a sociocultural perspective onteaching and learning aim to clarify how the students’ ability to develop their linguisticperformance and their communicative competence is stimulated within this primary preschool’seducational framework. Empirical data was collected both through observations ofthe daily activities in the pre-school class as well as through interviews of three employedteachers. My research indicates that the educational framework in this pre-school class is structured tocomply with the official Swedish Curriculum, Lpo. 94. The students’ linguistic performanceand their communicative competence were well stimulated through a diverse set of organizedactivities and their own unstructured play. My research also concludes that the educationalframework was built around a constant interaction and collaborative measures between theteachers and the students, as well as among the students themselves. I can from thesociocultural perspective hence conclude that the students are given all the tools needed todevelop their linguistic performance and their communicative competence.

This study centres on learning to read and methods for teaching reading skills. The aim is to provide a survey of the concept reading skills and the methods developed on the basis of different theories and the methods preferred when teaching children in primary school and why. The study is based on interviews with eight teachers who are working on a daily basis teaching Swedish in preschool class or lower primary school. The result of my study is that the majority of teachers do not use a specific method, but rather combine several different methods, thus adapting instruction to each individual pupil.

Denna studie behandlar lärares användning av IKT i olika ämnen av deras undervisning från förskoleklass till år tre. Genom intervjuer har data samlats in och sedan tematiskt analyserats. Studien fokuseras på i vilket syfte IKT används i undervisningen och vilka faktorer som anses påverka implementeringen av IKT i undervisningen. Vidare jämförs resultatet med tidigare forskning inom området. I studien framkommer att lärare generellt upplever en osäkerhet kring IKT. Det finns även ett behov av bättre struktur och stöd gällande fortbildning kring IKT. Vidare visar resultatet att ramarna för hur lärare arbetar i olika ämnen med IKT är relativt fasta, där många lärare använder IKT på liknande sätt inom specifika ämnen. Studien uppmärksammar också problem gällande likvärdigheten i utbildningen för eleverna med avseende på IKT. Avslutningsvis lyfts några förslag till hur en fortsatt forskning skulle kunna te sig gällande lärares användning av samt fortbildning kring IKT. / This study addresses teachers' use of ICT in different subjects of their teaching from pre-school class to year three. Through interviews, data has been collected and then thematically analyzed. The study focuses on the purpose of ICT in teaching and what factors are considered to affect the implementation of ICT in teaching. Furthermore, the result is compared to the results of previous research in the field. The study shows that teachers generally experience uncertainty concerning ICT. There is also a need for better structure and support for teachers’ continuing education on ICT. Furthermore, the results show that the framework for how teachers work in different subjects with ICT is relatively fixed, where many teachers use ICT in a similar manner in specific subjects. The study also addresses issues regarding the educational equity for students with regard to ICT. Lastly, some suggestions for further research concerning teachers’ further education and use of ICT are highlighted.

The purpose of this study is to examine whether pedagogues, in their daily work with children with intellectual disabilities, have perceptions based on earlier work experience with for instance children with average intelligence and also if the perceptions, norms and categorizations of society affect the school environment in which children with intellectual disabilities exist.The study, which focuses on the pedagogues work experience of childrens with intellectual disabilities, was carried out by interviewing four pedagogues in a qualitative manner. The study was analyzed through the theoretical framework of social constructivism. Terms used in the study are: intellectual disability, inclusion, exclusion, integration, perception, categorization, normality, anomaly, norm criticism, power, the competent child and expectation.The results show that the pedagogues has his or her own perceptions about children with intellectual disabilities. The pedagogues’ own use of language affects how perceptions, norms and categorizations are conveyed to the pupils. They also points to their insufficient knowledge of intellectual disabilities. This lack of knowledge also affects how the pedagogues view the institutional striving towards student inclusion in a “school for everyone.” The study also shows that a norm critical perspective is preferable as it allows for perceptions, norms and categorizations to be made visible. The study showed that, in order to avoid unfavorable categorizations and norms, a communicative environment is needed in order to create an understanding in regards to the individual differences that exist between students in the school environment. This essay illuminates the fact that pedagogues – working with children with intellectual disabilities – are affected by the perceptions, norms and categorizations of society.

My essay begins with a story of one day in pre-school class. It is about how I, as a preschool teacher, find it challenging to work with inclusion of children in need of special support. It is also about the feeling of inadequacy experienced by a teacher, single handedly covering a proportionally large group of children. I discuss the hard work of building relationships in a school intended for everyone, when operating in the periphery of a cost-effective budget policy, where efforts of achieving inclusion is no longer allowed to come at a cost.   The method used herein, is essay writing, and my objective is to deliver a qualitative, experienced-based essay that begins with a true story from my professional life. When working with the text, I am obliged to put an end to what is happening in particular, and problematic situations. This provides me with perspective, allows me to reflect around the situations, and I am given a chance to take a step back and discover and reflect on matters from a new angle, not previously considered or reflected upon.   My main questions are: How is the preschool teacher expected to work with inclusion of children in need of extra support, in preschool class? In what way is the possibility to create relationships with all pupils in preschool class affected by the school budget, or lack thereof? What does it mean for a child to succeed in pre-school? / Min essä inleds med en berättelse om en dag i förskoleklass. Den handlar om hur jag som förskollärare upplever det svårt att arbeta inkluderande med barn i behov av särskilt stöd, och om känslan av otillräcklighet som ensam lärare i en stor barngrupp. Jag skriver om det svåra i att bygga relationer i en skola ämnad för alla, i skuggan av en kostnadseffektiv skolbudget där inkludering inte längre får kosta.   Metoden för mitt examensarbete är essäskrivande och jag skriver en erfarenhetsbaserad essä som inleds med en berättelse från min yrkeserfarenhet. När jag skriver i essäform får jag sätta ord på vad som händer i en eller flera situationer som jag upplever som problematiska. Jag får syn på ett dilemma jag vill reflektera kring och med skrivandet får jag en chans att ta ett steg tillbaka och se det jag inte hunnit se, och tänka tankar jag inte hunnit tänka.   Mina huvudsakliga frågeställningar är:Hur förväntas förskolläraren arbeta med inkludering av barn i behov av särskilt stöd i förskoleklass? Hur påverkar skolans ekonomi chansen för mig som lärare att skapa relation till alla elever i förskoleklass? Vad innebär det för ett barn att lyckas i förskoleklass?

The aim of this study is two-fold, firstly to ascertain whether teachers consider that the Fonomix method (a Swedish phonological training programme with articulation) contributes to an improved pupil learning and, secondly, whether pupils who have been taught using the Fonomix method find decoding easier in their first year at school. The study’s methodology consists of qualitative interviews with teachers who have experience of the Fonomix method. The interviews were carried out at two different schools within the same municipality. The study shows that the teachers interviewed agreed that the Fonomix method benefits many of the pupils in a class. The teachers also considered that the pupils starting year one were advanced as regards their knowledge of letters and words thanks to the teaching they had received during their preschool class using the Fonomix method. This is due to the phonetic teaching being multi-sensory and varied which facilitates learning for a greater number of pupils. The Fonomix articulation method provides extensive teaching material which can easily be varied and adapted to suit the pupils and consolidate learning. / Fonomix-Munmetoden är en metod som kan användas när barn ska lära sig läsa. Metoden är multisensorisk och bygger på den fonologiska medvetenheten, det vill säga kopplingen mellan språkljud och bokstäver. Syftet med denna undersökning är att få mer kunskap om ifall lärare anser Fonomix- Munmetoden bidrar till ökat lärande hos fler elever samt om lärare anser att elever som undervisats med Fonomix i förskoleklassen knäcker avkodningen lättare i årskurs 1 än de elever som inte arbetat med Fonomix i förskoleklassen. Undersökningen är byggd på kvalitativa intervjuer med lärare som har erfarenhet av Fonomix-Munmetoden. Intervjuerna har utförts på två olika skolor i samma kommun. Undersökningen visar att de lärare som intervjuats är eniga om att Fonomix-Munmetoden är en metod som gynnar fler elever i en klass. Det visar sig även att när eleverna börjar årkurs 1 har de kommit långt i sin bokstavskunskap tack vare undervisningen med Fonomix-Munmetoden i förskoleklass. Det är tack vare att träningen med den fonetiska medvetenheten sker multisensoriskt och varierat som gör att fler elever kan tillgodogöra sig kunskaperna. Fonomix-Munmetoden har ett gediget material som lätt kan varieras och anpassas efter eleverna. Detta gör att de på olika sätt kan träna in samma bokstav och språkljud.

Thepurpose of my study is to investigate pedagogues experience of working methodsto promote linguistic phonological development in pre-school children whoselanguage development is weak. The aim is further tohighlight the obstacles and opportunities that the pedagogues in the studyconsider to aggravate and stimulate the work of language development inchildren with weak phonological awareness and how the organization's designaffects the teachers 'work in this area. Today's society places highdemands on reading and writing skills for citizens who, in turn, place highdemands and good knowledge of reading and writing lessons for all educators andteachers. Through qualitative semistructured interviews, I interviewed fiveeducator active pre-school class. The five teaching educators are from fivedifferent schools in four municipalities. The results of the study have shownthat all educators work conscious language development with language games,more or less systematically and organized. The Bornholm model is the screeningmaterial and exercises used most frequently. The biggest obstacles theeducators need to deal with is the absence of colleagues. Then the planningtime that everyone considers necessary to provide quality education is lost.Factors that promote linguistic work on phonological awareness are commoncompetence development and collaboration in the work team. In my limited study,I have gained insight into how language development works in the municipalities.I have also received good examples of language development, fun working method andmethods.

Huvudsyftet med denna studien var att granska hur kommuner informerar om modersmål i förskoleklassen på finska. Tio kommuner valdes för att studera detta, fem s.k. förvaltningskommuner för finska, fem som inte var det. Studien visar att det är vanligare att kommunerna informerar om modersmål och förskoleklass på finska om kommunen ingår i förvaltningsområdet för det finska språket. För att sprida information på finska använder kommunerna både finskspråkiga myndighetstexter och automatiska översättningsprogram. Kommunernas finskspråkiga texter visade sig vara vaga och mångtydiga. De automatiska översättningarna motsvarade inte det förväntade innehållet. Denna kvalitativa studie tar sin teoretiska utgångspunkt i nationell lagstiftning ur ett språk- och minoritetspolitiskt synsätt. Huvudmaterialet består av de valda kommunernas internetsidor som samlades in under oktober 2019 och analyserades med hjälp av kritisk diskursanalys. / The aim of this study was to examine how municipalities inform about mother tongue in the pre-school class in Finnish. Ten municipalities were chosen to study this, five so-called administrative areas for Finnish, five that were not. The study shows that it is more common for municipalities to provide information about mother tongue and pre-school class in Finnish if the municipality is included in the administrative area for Finnish language. To disseminate information in Finnish, the municipalities use both government texts in Finnish and automatic translation programs. The language texts of the municipalities in Finnish proved to be vague and ambiguous. The automatic translations did not match the expected content. This qualitative study takes its theoretical point of departure in national legislation from the perspective of a language and minority policy. The main material consists of ten municipalities' internet pages which were collected in October 2019 and analysed using critical discourse analysis.