This is about how pupils in years 4 to 6 of compulsory school and their teachers make meaning in teaching activities and texts. The aim of the study is to investigate the teaching and learning of writing and the pupils’ discursive texts. Another aim is to use linguistic theories and develop methods and analytical concepts for studying teaching practices. Sources for the material are the teaching practices in two classes, the teachers and the pupils. The field studies lasted for two years, consisting of observations and interviews. Twelve pupils’ texts and four writing projects are studied in depth. The theoretical framework is linked to systemic functional linguis­tics, critical discourse analysis, dialogical conception of language and new literacy studies. Analytical tools are also derived from rhetorical structure theory, relief theory and theory of text sequences. These tools have been adap­ted and are also applied in the analysis of the teaching practice. To analyse pupils’ meaning making in their texts, a theory of mobility in texts is used. The analyses show two different categories of texts and teaching practices. The hierarchically composed texts are characterized by hierarchies concerning the entire text. The sequentially coupled texts are charac­terized by many vague relations between text entities. One conclusion is that the students in the hierarchically composed texts develop knowledge during writing. They make meaning recursively when writing and they seem to grasp the text as a whole in a way they do not in the sequentially coupled ones. In the sequentially coupled texts, pupils seem to develop knowledge mostly before they write the text, rather than during the writing. In the hierarchically composed practice the pupils deepen their knowledge about text. The result can be interpreted as showing that pupils primarily need education about global text levels in order to develop text knowledge and subject knowledge. Teaching practice seems to promote all pupils’ meaning making if the practice is characterized by many interpersonal relations in the chains of spoken and written texts and if pupils learn to write texts that can structure their meaning making in a functional way.

Detektivromanen är en genre som på senare år blivit omåttligt populär. Idag kan man köpa en deckare i nästan varje kiosk och matbutik. På detta följer att omslagen i de flesta fall måste sticka ut ur mängden för att boken ska bli såld, vilket sålunda gör det intressant att undersöka vilka metoder man använder – och har använt – för att locka läsare.

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The purpose of this paper is that through a rhetorical reception analysis to find out how young women interpret a specific content downloaded from Instagram in the form of four collage containing a total of 24 different images. The collages are based on four hashtags: #home, #breakfast, #happiness and #lifestyle. In this study individual interviews were conducted with five female respondents aged 20 to 24 who are active users of Instagram.The women's own presentation and identity has also been studied to see if the image and the identity that they show on Instagram consistent with the image and identity as they have in the reality.With the help of rhetorical tools and a fund theories of gender, identity , habitus and capital so , this study concluded that the respondents both consciously and unconsciously interpret the material chosen differently depending on which of collages that they have analyzed And that respondents in different ways, choose which side of themselves that they want to display on Instagram where some of the respondents admit that the picture they show of themselves on Instagram match the image they have of themselves everyday. While some of the respondents admit that they are more daring, and become more personal on Instagram than they are in real life. / <p>Validerat; 20160607 (global_studentproject_submitter)</p>

On the 12:th of April 2011, the Swedish tabloid magazine Expressen publishes a story, claiming that Ola Lindholm, presenter of critically acclaimed TV-show “Wild Kids” has been suspected and apprehended on cocaine allegations. The serious allegation called for Ola Lindholm to defend himself against the allegations. His only public response was a blog-post where he claimed his innocence, albeit with some reservations.   The purpose of this paper is to analyze Lindholm’s rhetorical defense. By applying Benoit’s theory of image restoration, the stasis theory and the rhetorical situation my goal is to find what strategies Lindholm’s defense consists of.   The analyses showed that Lindholm used four different kinds of image restoration strategies. The most salient strategies consisted of bolstering and attacking the accuser. By applying a proposition analysis it was possible to find textual themes used to either undermine the tabloid Expressen's credibility or to mitigate his own actions.   The results also point out that ethos and image restoration strategies are closely intertwined.

In order to convince, one must know which arguments are most suitable for the specific situation. But even if you think you know how others will react to your arguments, you may be wrong. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to find out a way of examining to what extent informative text take account to the subjective views of their addressees. The theoretical framework is Blitzer's theory of the rhetorical situation, pragmatic theory of speech acts and their presuppositions, Burk´s theory of consubstantiality and phenomenographic theory of subjective perceptions. Methodologically, phenomenography has also been used as a guideline for selecting informants, collecting data and processing the interviews. The material analyzed consists interviews with four persons suffering from psoriasis, a brochure addressed to an unspecified audience with the same problem plus an interview with a spokesperson for the Swedish Psoriasis Association. The analysis reveals a clear difference in certain important respects between the subjective views of the intended reader and the implied addressees of the text, i.e. a lack of consubstantiality between sender and receiver. This points to a rhetorical problem when addressing an unknown audience without exploring their specific perceptions of concepts related to the transmitted information, a problem which may be grasped and perhaps to some extent even solved by applying a method similar to the one used in this study.

Crisis communication can make a crisis turn into a double crisis. The purpose of the thesis is to analyze by which rhetorical means a double crisis can occur. With the Swedish zoo Parken Zoo as a specific example, this essay examines the crisis communication during the crises that started with the tv-show Kalla fakta. The tv-show revealed that Parken Zoo killed and slaughtered endangered and sacred animals. When asked about the specific animals, the head of the zoo gave different answers – which contrasted with former employees testimony. The essay aim to find how the chosed strategies could affect the company’s ethos. The episode of Kalla fakta is studied. Also a press release from Parken Zoo and a letter posted on Facebook from the head of the Zoo is examined. To find which rhetorical strategies that are communicated the paper uses the theory of status, Benoits apologia theory and Bitzers theory about the rhetorical situation. The method used is rhetorical criticism. The results include the crisis communications accusations and answers. The conclusions of the thesis is that the contrast between evidence and Parken Zoo:s statements results in a loss of trust for the company. Parken Zoo also, in some cases, fortify the accusations with their answers. The local authorities owns the zoo, but they are absent in the crisis communication. This leads to a confusion regarding who is responsible.

TikTok är en sociala medier-plattform där användarna kan publicera korta videoklipp. Applikationen används idag av över 1 miljard människor. Plattformen erbjuder funktioner som främjar interaktion och kunskapsutbyte mellan användarna. Underhållning är sedan tidigare förknippat med TikTok men sedan 2020 har även ung aktivism börjat ta plats på plattformen. På TikTok kan användare uttrycka sociala värderingar och nätverka med varandra, det är även vanligt att hashtags används för att koppla videoklippen till ett specifikt ämne. Syftet med studien är att förstå hur TikTok-användarna upplever audiovisuell information som berör ämnet feminism. Videoklipp har valts ut från plattformen via sökordet feminism samt hashtaggen #feminism. Därefter genomfördes en innehållsanalys av klippen för att avgöra deras likheter och olikheter, för att på så sätt kunna välja ut fem klipp att använda i studiens nästa fas. De fem klippen presenterades i kvalitativa intervjuer där respondenterna svarade på frågor och uttryckte sina åsikter kring bland annat trovärdighet, funktioner och informationen i sig. Det insamlade materialet jämfördes och analyserades dels utifrån respondenternas olika upplevelser, dels ur ett teoretiskt perspektiv.  Respondenterna i studien visade störst intresse för två förklarande videoklipp som presenterade ny information genom att använda bilder, video och tal.  Information som presenterades med hjälp av bilder ansågs underlätta förståelsen för budskapet, göra videoklippet mer intressant och bidra till att öka respondenternas nyfikenhet. Ett annat klipp som uppskattades använde ett narrativ för att framföra utbildande underhållning som mottagarna kunde relatera till. Mottagarnas vilja att engagera sig kunde kopplas till deras positiva upplevelser av hur informationen presenterades i dessa klipp. Studien visade även att mottagarens upplevelser påverkas av individens tidigare kunskap, deras informationsbehov, motivation till att använda TikTok samt hur de bearbetar information. / TikTok is a social media platform where users produce short videos. Today TikTok is used by over 1 billion people. The application offers various features that promotes interaction and knowledge exchange among its users. Entertainment is strongly associated with TikTok, however since 2020 the use of the platform for youth activism has increased. On TikTok, users can express their social values and cooperate with each other. It is also common to use hashtags as a way of linking videos to a specific topic. The aim of this study is to understand how TikTok users experience audiovisual information regarding the topic of feminism. Videos were selected from the platform by using the search word feminism and the hashtag #feminism. This was followed by a content analysis to determine the videos differences and similarities, which enabled the final selection of five videos to be used in the next step of the study. The five videos were then presented during qualitative interviews where the respondents answered questions and expressed their opinions about for example trustworthiness, features and the information itself. The data was compared and analyzed both from a theoretical point of view and regarding different experiences expressed by the respondents. The respondents in this study showed the most interest in an explanatory video which presented them with new information by using pictures, video and speech.  The respondents showed greatest interest in two explanatory videos who presented new information by using pictures, video and speech. Information presented with pictures were considered to facilitate the understanding of the message, make it more interesting and arouse curiosity. Another video appreciated by the respondents used a narrative to convey entertaining education they could relate to. The recipients’ willingness to engage in the videos were linked to their positive experiences of how the information was presented. This study also shows that previous knowledge, information needs, motivation to use TikTok as well as different processing styles affected the respondents’ experiences.

The aim of the study is to conduct a qualitative rhetorical analysis of websites where Reggio Emilia-inspired preschools present their pedagogy to gain increased knowledge of the content that is written, focusing on the environment and materials. The environment is important in the Reggio Emilia pedagogy and they are convinced that the environment is of great importance for children's play, interaction, and upbringing into a democratic society. Rhetorical text analysis examines how the schools present their activities on their websites and how the environment and material the preschools use in their activities emerges in their presentations. With the help of three research questions, we find out how the pedagogical materials used in their pedagogical activities appear and how they describe the different environments at preschool. What material do they present and how it is presented, do they describe specifically what material they use, or do they only give a general description. Do they consider the recipient's experience and background in the presentation? We use rhetorical text analysis according to Lennart Hellspong and the Reggio Emilia pedagogy to find out how well they have phrased their presentations, we have used rhetorical analysis also to analyze the images that are included in the presentations. We investigate how the transmitter's ethos, character and personality, appear in the text. How the text affects the recipient's emotions and thoughts, pathos. We look at how the transmitter uses language and thinking, logos, as a compelling, persuasive, tool. We examine the child perspective that emerges, if the children are also assigned ethos and pathos through the text and how the educator's role and relationships appear in the text. The result shows that there are very few preschools that present their pedagogical activities at all on their website. Among the few who do, it varies a bit how they do it. Some use many images to supplement the descriptive text of the presentation of their material while others do not show any images at all. Some preschools specifically describe the different materials used, while others use collective names such as natural materials. The result shows that all the presentations we analyzed describe parts of the Reggio Emilia pedagogy but only about half of the preschools use concepts that are typical of pedagogy such as "the environment as the third pedagogue", "the competent child" and "the hundred languages". / Studiens syfte är att göra en kvalitativ retorisk analys av förskolors hemsidor som är inspirerade av Reggio Emilia för att få ökad kunskap om det innehåll som skrivs fram, med fokus på verksamhetens miljö och material. Miljön är viktig i Reggio Emiliapedagogiken och man är övertygad om att miljön har stor betydelse för barns lek, samspel, och fostran in i ett demokratiskt samhälle. Genom retorisk textanalys undersöks hur förskolorna presenterar sin verksamhet, på sina hemsidor, och hur miljön och materialet de använder i sin verksamhet träder fram i deras presentationer. Med hjälp av tre forskningsfrågor tar vi reda på hur det pedagogiska materialet man använder i sin pedagogiska verksamhet framträder och hur väl man beskriver de olika miljöerna på förskolan. Vilket material som presenteras och hur det presenteras, beskrivs det specifikt vilket material man använder eller ger man bara en generell beskrivning. Tar man hänsyn till mottagarens erfarenhet och bakgrund i sin beskrivning. Vi använder retorisk textanalys enligt Lennart Hellspong och Reggio Emiliapedagogiken för att ta reda på hur väl man formulerat sina presentationer, vi har använt retorisk analys även för att analysera de bilder som finns med i presentationerna. Vi undersöker hur sändarens ethos, karaktär och personlighet, framträder i texten. Hur texten påverkar mottagarens känslor och tankar, pathos. Vi tittar på hur sändaren utnyttjar språket och tänkandet, logos, som ett övertygande, persuasivt, redskap. Vi undersöker vilken barnsyn som framträder, om även barnen tilldelas ethos och pathos genom texten och hur pedagogens roll och relationer framträder i texten. Resultatet visar att det är väldigt få förskolor som presenterar sin pedagogiska verksamhet över huvud taget på sin hemsida. Bland de få som gör det varierar det en del hur man gör det. En del använder sig av många bilder för att komplettera den beskrivande texten i presentationen av sitt material medan andra inte visar några bilder alls. Vissa beskriver specifikt vilka olika material man använde medan andra använder sig av samlingsnamn som exempelvis naturmaterial. Resultatet visar att alla de presentationer vi analyserat beskriver delar av Reggio Emiliapedagogiken men bara ca hälften använder begrepp som är typiska för pedagogiken såsom ”miljön som den tredje pedagogen”, ”det kompetenta barnet” och ”de hundra språken”.

<p>En undersökning av vinnarbilderna i World Press Photo of the Year mellan 1999-2008. World Press Photo är världens största fototävling och är prestigefylld att vinna för pressfotografer. Syftet var att undersöka vad de senaste årens bildjournalistik förmedlar till sina betraktare genom nyhetsbilderna som vunnit World Press Photo of the Year under 2000-talet. Syftet har förgrenat sig i frågeställningarna:</p><p>Vilka teman har vinnarbilderna i World Press Photo of the Year mellan 1999-2008?</p><p>Vad förmedlar innehållet i bilderna?</p><p>Vad finns det för likheter och skillnader mellan bilderna?</p><p>Studien är en kvalitativ undersökning där vi gjort bildanalyser av vinnarbilderna i World Press Photo of the Year mellan 1999-2008. Vi har använt oss av semiotisk och retorisk bildanalys. Resultaten visar att vinnarbilderna som representerar det bästa inom bildjournalistiken visar ett begränsat antal teman, krig, sociala problem och fattigdom samt naturkatastrofer. De flesta bilderna är från Asien och framförallt Mellanöstern. Bilderna är negativt laddade och människorna på bilderna visar oftast sorg och lidande.</p>