Covid-19 is a virus that has been rapidly spreading throughout the entire world from the start of 2020 and continued even during 2021. In a little bit over a year Sweden had more than one million confirmed cases of Covid-19. This virus has caused companies to start working remotely, by distance, to minimize the spread of the virus, which has forced employees and managers to adapt to the new way of working. The quick change to working remotely, in virtual teams, can cause challenges that require managers to adapt or change their leadership to effectively handle the transition. In this study, the purpose is to examine leadership and how managers experience the way of managing by distance. This study will also seek an understanding of which challenges and changes in the leadership that are the main consequences and also how managers have changed their way of working with motivation, communication and monitoring during remote work. To conduct the study a qualitative research method has been applied where only one company has been studied to get a deeper understanding of this phenomenon and to collect data ten semi-structured interviews were conducted and six questionnaires were sent. The company in this study is anonymous, which means that when the company is mentioned it will be by a fictitious name. The findings showed that the leadership’s main challenges were the social distance, the lack of natural encounters, the sensitive conversations and to see employees’ well-being as well as their body language. Based on the empirical evidence, the focus of motivation was perceived to be more focused on maintaining relationships and to look after the employees' health and well-being. It seems that the communication has increased in view of regular meetings and reconciliations, but also to maintain the social contact. The reconciliations are used to create an overview, not to micromanage or exercise control but instead the managers rely on trust and competence. Their leadership also seems to have become more present and more engaged with the employees. Finally, this study concludes that some aspects that managers perceive as important in their leadership are reinforced when working remotely. These are for example communication, to be present and building relationships. Additionally, there are also aspects that are not as important (development) at the same time as new aspects (well-being) are highlighted more during leadership by distance. / Covid-19 är ett virus som har haft en snabb spridning över hela världen från början av 2020 och fortsättningsvis även under 2021. Inom lite mer än ett år hade Sverige mer än en miljon bekräftade fall av Covid-19. Viruset har gjort att företag behövt börja arbeta hemifrån för att minska smittspridning, vilket tvingat medarbetare och chefer att ställa om till det nya arbetssättet och virtuella team. Att arbeta på distans kan medföra några utmaningar som ställer krav på chefer att anpassa eller förändra sitt ledarskap för att effektivt hantera omställningen. I denna studie är syftet att undersöka ledarskap och hur chefer upplever att det är att leda på distans. Studien söker även efter en förståelse för vilka utmaningar och förändringar i ledarskapet som är de huvudsakliga konsekvenserna och även hur chefer förändrat sitt sätt att arbeta med motivation, kommunikation och översyn under distansarbetet. För att genomföra studien har en kvalitativ forskningsmetod applicerats där endast ett företag har undersökts för att få en djupare förståelse för fenomenet och för att samla in data har tio semistrukturerade intervjuer genomförts och sex frågeformulär skickats. Företaget i denna studie är anonymt, vilket betyder att när företaget nämns är det med ett fiktivt namn. Resultatet visade att ledarskapets främsta utmaningar var den sociala distansen, avsaknandet av naturliga möten, känsliga samtal och att se medarbetarnas välmående samt deras kroppsspråk. Utifrån respondenterna uppfattades motivationens fokus vara mer inriktat på att vårda relationer och även att se över medarbetarnas hälsa samt välmående. Det verkar som att kommunikationen har ökat med tanke på de regelbundna mötena och avstämningarna men också för att den sociala kontakten ska bibehållas. Avstämningarna används för att få en överblick, de använder sig inte av mikromanagement för att utöva kontroll utan istället förlitar sig cheferna på förtroende och medarbetares kompetens. Ledarskapet verkar ha blivit mer närvarande med ökad delaktighet med medarbetarna. Avslutningsvis drar denna studie slutsatsen att några aspekter som chefer upplever som viktiga i deras ledarskap förstärks under distansarbete. Dessa är exempelvis kommunikation, att vara närvarande samt bygga relationer. Vidare finns det även aspekter som inte är lika viktiga (utveckling) samtidigt som nya aspekter (välmående) lyfts mer vid ledarskap på distans.

Distansarbetet som nu bedrivits i över ett år på grund av Covid-19 och dess restriktioner har påverkat organisationer och företag världen över. Motivation och ledarskap har alltid varit viktiga frågor för organisationer och företagens framgång men blir vid distansarbete ännu mer betydelsefulla. Denna studie har haft till syfte att undersöka vilka möjligheter och utmaningar det finns i att leda samt motivera sina medarbetare i en distanskontext och hur ledarskapet påverkar motivationen. Metoden som använts i denna studie var kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer där totalt fem intervjuer genomfördes med ledare i fem olika företag som verkar inom den privata sektorn. Resultatet visar att de främsta möjligheterna i att leda på distans var att tekniken fungerar bra och att ledare har kontinuerlig kommunikation med medarbetarna. Den främsta utmaningen i att leda på distans var att ledarna inte kunnat träffa sina medarbetare som normalt och inte kunnat fånga upp signaler på eventuell ohälsa. Vilket också var den främsta utmaningen i att motivera på distans. Den största möjligheten i att motivera sina medarbetare i en distanskontext handlade om att ge feedback, konstruktiv som positiv. Ledarskapet har en stark påverkan på motivationen i en distanskontext då ledaren behöver anpassa sitt ledarskap efter situation samt efter individ. Det finns likheter i vilka möjligheter och utmaningar det finns i att leda och motivera på distans.

Studien undersöker hur lärare anpassar sina ledarstilar och arbetsmetoder för att främja motivation hos elever på högstadiet. Vi undersöker hur lärare anpassar sig till olika situationer där miljö, deras egen ledarstil och olika händelser i undervisningen påverkar lärarens anpassning. Vår frågeställning har varit: Vilka anpassningar gör idrottslärare i idrott och hälsa för att främja högstadieelevers motivation? Frågeställningen besvaras genom en kvalitativ studie där 5 lärare intervjuas och observeras där. Den tidigare forskningen fann vi genom databaserna Libsearch via EBSCO. Vår forskning har utgått från Mosstons teori och ledarstilarna auktoritär, demokratisk, låt-gå och situationsanpassad ledarstil för att förstå hur olika anpassningar görs baserat på om undervisningen är mer lärarstyrd eller elevcentrerad. Resultatet nådde fram till att lärare ständigt behöver anpassningar på grupp och individnivå för att främja elevers motivation utifrån olika situationer. Resultatet visade även att för att lärare ska kunna göra dessa anpassningar behöver de bygga relationella band med eleverna.

This work aims to give the reader a deeper understanding of the challenges that arise in the event of forced digital leadership at a distance, as well as what characterizes a good leader during change with an uncertain future where communication takes place at a distance. At the end of 2019, the world was shaken by the covid-19 virus, which was soon classified as a pandemic. To reduce the spread of infection, one of the consequences of the pandemic was that organizations were forced to work remotely. Major changes within organizations needed to take place and managers would now lead their employees digitally at a distance. In this study, six individuals who provide managerial positions / leading roles within different organizations participated in semi-structured interviews in order to answer the study's two research questions. The study has used a qualitative method with a research design in the form of a case study. The study draws on the following theories in leadership; Transformative leadership, Transactional leadership, Situational leadership, Virtual leadership and Leadership under stress. Based on the collected empirical material and the previously mentioned theoretical basis, the authors have created a picture of the challenges that exist in leading at a distance and what characterizes a good leader. The study concluded that one of the biggest challenges in digital leadership at a distance is the lack of body language, which in turn affects communication. There were also challenges socially as it was considered more difficult to hold more relaxed and informal conversations when communication takes place virtually. In the study, the authors also concluded that good leadership during change is characterized by trust and a focus on the leader to see each individual as one and to give that person the best conditions in order to perform.

The study shows that today's leaders find that generation Y is more adaptable and in need of more feedback unlike previous generations. We have also come to the conclusion that today's leaders need decentralized approaches to generation Y. The majority of leaders suggest that generation Y questions, advances and demands leadership, which also has a positive impact on the organization in the long run. Today's leaders find it challenging to handle all the different individuals and generations present in the labor market today. For example, there are differences in how much freedom employees want, the degree of maturity among employees varies and leaders have a fear that generation Y will leave the workplace if they fail to meet their needs. We can thus see a pattern of how today's leaders adapt coaching, leadership, communication, and also skills development across different individuals rather than generations. / Studien visar att dagens ledare upplever att generation Y är mer förändringsbenägna samt i behov av mer feedback till skillnad från tidigare generationer. Vi har även kommit fram till att dagens ledare behöver ha ett decentraliserat förhållningssätt gentemot generation Y. Majoriteten av ledarna antyder att generation Y ifrågasätter, går snabbt framåt samt ställer krav på ledarna vilket också har en positiv inverkan på organisationen på lång sikt. Dagens ledare upplever att det är en utmaning i att hantera alla olika individer och generationer som finns på arbetsmarknaden idag. Det framgår exempelvis skillnader i hur stor frihet medarbetarna vill ha, att graden av mognad bland medarbetare varierar och att ledarna har en rädsla för att generation Y ska lämna arbetsplatsen om de inte lyckas möta deras behov. Vi kan alltså se ett mönster i hur dagens ledare anpassar coaching, ledarskapet, kommunikationen och även kompetensutveckling utefter olika individer snarare än utefter generationer.

Sammanfattning Syfte – Syftet med studien är Att undersöka samband mellan ledarskap och god psykosocial arbetsmiljö hos medarbetare.För att svara på studiens syfte har syftet brutits ned till tre frågeställningar enligt nedan. 1. Vad ser ledare på företag med god psykosocial arbetsmiljö som ett gott ledarskap respektive mindre bra ledarskap? 2. Vad gör ledaren på ett företag med god psykosocial arbetsmiljö för att göra individen motiverad i sitt arbete? 3. Hur kännetecknas ledarskap på de olika förtagen med god psykosocial arbetsmiljö? Metod – Studien är en kvalitativ intervjustudie med en induktiv ansats där teori och empiri samlats in och jämförts analytiskt under arbetets gång. Teorin samlades in med hjälp av litteraturstudier. Den insamlade data sammanställdes utifrån fem olika intervjuer med fem olika ledare från varje utvalt företag. Intervjuerna transkriberades och därefter utfördes en kodningsprocess för att välja ut det mest relevanta till analysdelen. Resultat – Uppfattningen var att flera av ledarna hade utvecklats i sin roll och verkade ha gått från ett transaktionellt ledarskap mot ett transformativt, då det transformativa ofta bygger på ett transaktionellt ledarskap. Vad som kan tydas efter analysen är att det krävs motivationsfaktorer som till exempel uppmuntran/uppmärksamhet, relation till chef och kollegor, samt personlig utveckling i främsta led för att ha en god psykosocial arbetsmiljö. För att kunna ha fokus på motivationsfaktorerna är faktiskt hygienfaktorerna en viktig del för att kunna uppnå denna anda. Det transformativa ledarskapet var beskrivet hos alla företag, vissa med den bemärkelsen, andra med liknande men beskrivningen var densamma. Fokus ligger på medarbetarens behov och ledarskapet utgår därefter. Slutsatsen som dras i den här studien är att det transformativa ledarskapet kan verka som det självklara ledarskapet, men faktum är att det inte alltid passar i alla lägen. Ett situationsanpassat ledarskap varar längst och ger individerna möjlighet till att motiveras och utvecklas anpassat efter deras behov. Därav är ett flexibelt ledarskap det som borde eftersträvas. Implikationer – Studiens praktiska bidrag är hur ett flexibelt ledarskap bäst utvecklar motivationen bland medarbetare. Trots olika bakgrunder kan en gemensam bild av ett gott ledarskap uppnås med olika vägar dit. Det teoretiska bidraget är att studien har funnit en relation mellan transaktionellt, transformativt och situationsanpassat ledarskap, där det transformativa är det som övergripligt bör användas i ett ledarskap. Begränsningar– Studiens är begränsad till företag med mer än 600 medarbetare, samt enbart tillverkande företag. Inga medarbetare har blivit intervjuade i studien vilket begränsar studien till ledares perspektiv. Nyckelord– Transaktionellt ledarskap, tranformativt ledarskap, psykosocial arbetsmiljö, situationsanpassat ledarskap, motivation, arbetstillfredsställelse / Abstract Purpose – The purpose with the study is “To investigate the relationship between leadership and good psychosocial work environment with employees”. To answer the purpose with the study, the purpose has been broken down to three questions as below. 1. What do leaders in companies with good psychosocial work environment see as a good leadership and less good leadership? 2. What does the leader of a company with a good psychosocial work environment do to make the individual motivated in their work? 3. How is leadership characterized by the different companies with good psychosocial work environment? Method – The study is a qualitative interview study with an inductive approach where theory and empirical data are collected and compared analytically during the process. The theory was collected using literature studies. The collected data was compiled from five different interviews with five different leaders from selected companies. The interviews were transcribed, and a coding process was performed to select the most relevant parts for the analysis. Findings – The perception was that several of the leaders had developed in their role and seemed to have gone from a transactional leadership to a transformative, since the transformative is often based on the transactional. What can be explained after the analysis is that motivation factors such as encouragement/ attention, relationship with manager and colleagues are required, as well as personal development at the forefront of having a good psychosocial work environment, but in order to be able to focus on the motivational factors, the hygiene factors are actually an important part to be able to achieve this spirit. The transformative leadership was described by all companies, some by that sense, others by similar but the description was the same. The focus is on the employee's needs and the leadership is based on that. The conclusion drawn in this study is that the transformative leadership may seem like the obvious leadership, but the fact is that it does not always fit in all situations. Situational leadership lasts the longest and gives individuals the opportunity to be motivated and developed according to their needs. Hence, flexible leadership is what should be pursued. Implications – Practical contribution from the study is how flexible leadership best develops motivation among employees. Despite various backgrounds, a common image of good leadership can be achieved with different ways to do so. The theoretical contribution is that the study has found a relationship between transactional, transformational and situational leadership, where the transformative is what should be used broadly in a leadership. Limitations – The study is limited to companies with more than 600 employees, and only manufacturing companies. No employees have been interviewed in the study, which limits the study to the leaders' perspective. Keywords – Transactional Leadership, Transformational Leadership, Psychosocial Work Environment, Situational Leadership, Motivation, Job Satisfaction

<p>The aim of this thesis is to explore from a cultural diversity perspective, students 'views on teachers' leadership styles in the classroom and what style of management students prefer. The study uses a qualitative methodology to interviewed focus groups of students consisting of a total of twelve students at a secondary school in Botkyrka municipality. The corpus was divided into three different groups. Overall, results showed that students seem to prefer an intercultural situational leadership style. This is based on the students expressed need of wanting to be understood on the basis of their cultural background. That means that the teacher according to their background,  situation and knowledge should adapt leadership. Teachers should also be leaders who maintain balance, responsiveness and flexibility in teaching style in order to increase the motivation of students.</p>

During the recent years the interest in entrepreneurial education has increased both in terms of research being made in the subject, but also in the extent of entrepreneurial courses in Swedish secondary schools, where as the concept Junior Achievement (JA) is particularly being used. A common goal of the entrepreneurial education is apart from teaching the students how to start and run a business, to develop the students’ entrepreneurial skills and competences. The main purpose of the essay is to describe and illustrate the role of the teacher in the entrepreneurial pedagogy being used in courses with the JA concept and to investigate which entrepreneurial skills are being developed by the students participating in these courses. There is also the purpose of investigate what the characteristics are of this entrepreneurial pedagogy being used in the courses using the JA concept. The main theoretical foundation underpinning this study is the pedagogical philosophy formulated by John Dewey and the theory of situational leadership. My study took place in a secondary school in the area ofStockholm, where the JA concept was used in economical and project work courses. Two teachers teaching on these courses were interviewed and a questionnaire survey was conducted to obtain data from the teachers’ students. The main findings from this study are that the entrepreneurial pedagogy being used in the courses with the JA concept show high similarities with the philosophy of John Dewey. The role of the teacher is to be a tutor, guiding the students through the work process, by being more directional and instructive at start, and more supportive and encouraging in the end. However, the results show that it‘s unclear if the amount of help and support the students receive from the teacher is sufficient. The entrepreneurial skills, for example communication ability and creativity are being developed the most when they are connected to economical work assignments. Regarding the cooperation ability it is unclear if the ability is being developed due to the fact that the results show that students tend to cooperate with their friends and the work load being unequally shared in the JA business.

The aim of this thesis is to explore from a cultural diversity perspective, students 'views on teachers' leadership styles in the classroom and what style of management students prefer. The study uses a qualitative methodology to interviewed focus groups of students consisting of a total of twelve students at a secondary school in Botkyrka municipality. The corpus was divided into three different groups. Overall, results showed that students seem to prefer an intercultural situational leadership style. This is based on the students expressed need of wanting to be understood on the basis of their cultural background. That means that the teacher according to their background,  situation and knowledge should adapt leadership. Teachers should also be leaders who maintain balance, responsiveness and flexibility in teaching style in order to increase the motivation of students.

The purpose of this study has been to investigate the views of five teachers on their own leadership, and on the way they make it work in the classroom. The method was a qualitative investigation consisting of separate interviews with five elementary school teachers from three different schools in the southern part of Stockholm. The results showed that a good pedagogic leadership, successful with the pupils, can be characterised as at the same time democratic and "situation adjustable". This includes the ability to formulate the rules of conduct clearly, to take decisions and to create a good working atmosphere in the classroom, so that the pupils can feel secure, and be able to learn and develop. That however, cannot be accomplished if the teacher only maintains a negative communication, reminding the pupils of what is forbidden. A majority of the interviewed teachers emphasised the importance of positive feedback, and maintaining the work motivation of the pupils was seen as an important aspect of leadership in the classroom. A good leadership is furthermore characterised by the flexibility of the teacher in adapting to different situations and to the maturity of the pupil or group. Flexibility in adjusting the level of the lesson, and of the tasks given to the individual pupils or groups, is also an aspect of leadership. The results finally showed that the teacher should try to maintain a good personal relationship not just to the pupil but also with the parents. This makes it easier for the teacher to influence the pupils and engage them in a better performance in the classroom, scholastically as well as in terms of conduct.