Local research regarding women's contribution to municipal policy is very small. The majority ofresearch focuses on welfare expansion during the early 20th century and only mentions the role ofwomen in some subchapters in their research. Other researchers have mentioned that there is relativelylittle local research that puts women in focus regarding municipal work and that women need to bemapped more clearly. This essay decided to focus on the early 1950's as its starting point and lookdeeper into the women in the city council. With the help of municipal archive materials such as Lists ofMembers and Documents in the City Council, does this thesis aim to investigate what the representationof men and women looked like before and after the election in 1950 in Karlstad municipality? Whattypes of committees did the female city council members participate in? And what issues did the womenin the city council raise in their motions? This was also interesting to contrast with the gender contract. What this case study came to was that the women were very underrepresented in the city council andthey usually behaved in various assignments which meant that they did not break the gender contract.However, some of the women had broken away from the traditional patterns. It turned out, however, thatthe women in the various committees were usually very few, it was usually only a single woman whohad a place in each committee, which indicates that the women were side-by-side in differentcommittees. The motions that the women in the City Council highlighted also pointed out that a genderdistribution, where the women usually worked with only women regarding issues that were expected tobe women's issues.

The romantic western, heterosexual couple´s love is a social and cultural construction, which has altered in significance and terms between different time periods, places and social or economic groups. The new, modernized ideal of “romantic love” has in earlier research been exclusively linked to the European bourgeois class during the 19th century and their economic and social progress. The modernizing processes in the Western society during this period has also been said to both form and be affected by the romantic ideal of love during the 19th century. Two of the most important processes of modernization in the western society at the time was the secularization and individualization of structures and lives. In this study I explore these modern values and their expressions through and within the romantic love concept typical for the 19th century, within a social and economic group that has not yet been explored in this context; the working class.       Through a collection of love letters written by two workers in Sweden during the 1890s I investigate expressions which contain a secular or individualized understanding of love and if and how these expressions differed from the modernity expressed in love letters within the upper-class pairs of the time. My purpose is thus to contribute with a more nuanced and representative account of the origin and practice of the modernized understanding of love, than earlier research has done. In my study I show that the working-class couple in fact seemed to inhabit a more modernized view of love then the contemporary couples from higher parts of society. This was expressed through a lack of Godly love and the absence of religious guilt or conflict related to the worldly love for another person in the letters. The working-class couple also expressed a more modernized understanding of love through a more intense and active need for reflexivity, reciprocity, and confirmation in the building of their relationship. Accept from the fact that this couple still placed God in charge of their future material happiness, the expressions of love within the working-class relationship which I have identified thereby shows a new standpoint to present research; modernization and the romantic love concept during the 19th century do in fact not seem to have been exclusively linked to the upper classes and their material wealth, family structure or gender roles.

No description available.

I denna kandidatuppsats gör jag en närläsning av några utvalda psalmer ur Den svenskapsalmboken och Psalmer i 2000-talet. I min närläsning vill jag se hur bildspråket i psalmernaförmedlar det kristna eskatologiska hoppet om bildspråket och symbolerna har förändrats ochi så fall på vilket sätt? Textanalysen utgår från forskningsfrågorna: Vilka bilder och symbolermålar upp det kristna eskatologiska hoppet i psalmerna 190, 249, 297, 904, 905 och 906?Har beskrivningarna av det kristna eskatologiska hoppet förändrats och i så fall på vilketsätt? Tolkningsramar till min närläsning och till analysen kommer från Jürgen Moltmann, entysk teolog som skrivit den omtalade teorin om hoppet. Som teologisk samtalspartner har jag valt Antje Jackelén , Sveriges Ärkebiskop mellan 2014 till 2022. Närläsningen av de utvalda psalmerna har resulterat i följande slutsatser. Jag fann trettioenord i sex psalmer som på något sätt förmedlade det kristna eskatologiska hoppet. Vissa ordvar återkommande i psalmerna men det fanns även symbolord som var enstaka. En avpsalmerna utmärkte sig i att det inte fanns symbolord som tillhör det “kristna” språket utanegentligen var vilka symbolord som helst. Bildspråket om det kristna eskatologiska hoppethar i fem av sex fall fortfarande ett traditionellt kristet symbolspråk för att beskriva detkristna eskatologiska hoppet.

The present dissertation deals with the factors influencing the professional careers of mer-chants and craftsmen working in the Swedish town of Sundsvall between 1850 and 1900. The most important hypotheses are: To what degree did social origins influence an entre-preneur's opportunities for running his business? How many of the children of these busi-nessmen assumed and maintained their parents' social status upon attaining adulthood? What significance did the entrepreneur's spouse have for his business activities? To what degree were his economic activities influenced by joining local voluntary associations? By combining data culled from the parish registers of the Swedish Lutheran Church, the poll tax registers and the primary source material for national trade statistics, the author has been able to identify the individuals who worked as entrepreneurs in Sundsvall during the period under investigation, what they paid in business income tax each year, the profes-sional titles they possessed and the places in which they and their relatives resided during their lifetimes. The results show that the majority of the most successful younger entrepreneurs active in the town before the introduction of freedom of trade in Sweden in the year 1864 were mostly immigrants from other parts of the country, who had furthermore come from rela-tively modest backgrounds. However, the social and geographic origins of these entrepre-neur's wives has proven to be of central significance to the success of the business, in in-stances where she had been raised in a business family from Sundsvall. The professional skill of the entrepreneur together with his wife's familiarity with the town, in all likelihood also combined with her inherited cultural capital, contributed to creating a demand from the local populace for the goods or services sold by the company / <p>Distrubution: Institutionen för idé- och samhällsstudier, Umeå universitet,, 901 87 Umeå, 090-786 50 00</p>

Oil is central to our lives and is the source of many of the conveniences that we take for granted. It can bring wealth and prosperity to individuals and to nations, but is also a source of political conflict and the consequences of its impact on the environment are only now beginning to be fully recognised. The oil companies have been leaders in the development of marketing and branding and this thesis traces the history of the oil industry and analyses the different forms of print advertisements that its major companies have produced over a period of some hundred years, from the industry’s infancy until 2012. It takes a cultural semiotic perspective to investigate and reveal the ways in which the companies have adapted their advertising messages to the prevailing socio-political conditions to reflect current attitudes and to guide both public opinion and national policy. The analyses demonstrate how the companies have responded to different crises and to increasing globalisation and how they have engineered a shift from product to presence and from oil to energy to communicate a more environment-friendly image. A close reading of the advertisements produced by the companies shows how they have cast themselves in the mythical role of the indefatigable hero whose mission is the common good. Moreover, it uncovers the different heroic personalities that they have acquired and adopted over time to differentiate their products and services. / Olja är en central faktor i våra liv och en källa till många av de bekvämligheter som vi tar för givna. Den kan bringa nationer och individer rikedom och välstånd men den kan också ge upphov till politiska konflikter – och dess miljökonsekvenser börjar först nu bli helt klarlagda. Oljebolagen har varit ledande inom marknadsföring och branding. Denna avhandling följer oljeindustrins historia och analyserar de tryckta annonser som de stora oljebolagen har producerat under en period av drygt hundra år, från oljeindustrins barndom till och med 2012. Utifrån ett kultursemiotiskt perspektiv undersöks och klarläggs hur bolagen har anpassat sina reklambudskap till rådande sociopolitiska förhållanden och på så sätt sökt både spegla gängse attityder och styra opinionsbildning och politik. Analyserna visar hur bolagen, som svar på olika kriser och en ökande globalisering, har förändrat sina budskap. Dels har ett fokus på produkten ersatts av ett fokus på närvaro, dels har olja ersatts av energi, allt för att kommunicera en mer miljövänlig image. En närläsning av bolagens annonser visar hur de konstant har framställt sig själva som den oförtröttlige hjälten vars mål är det allmänna bästa samt vilka olika hjälteskepnader de har iklätt sig över tid. / <p>Images removed due to copyright.</p><p>For a complete copy contact ep@ep.liu.se or pamela.vang@liu.se</p>

The purpose of this study was to examine how a few travellers described animal agency in travelogues from the 17th century, printed in Swedish language. Because the aim of this paper was to study animal agency, the posthumanist perspective was chosen to analyse how the travellers both objectified animals and described certain animals to be able to express free agency. Furthermore, the study also examines how the travellers interpreted the animal’s free agency. First, the results show that animals were objectified in situations where animals functioned as economic resources, which also has been shown in previous research. Animals were objectified as tools, food, means of transportation and commodities. Second, the study shows that larger predators, the chameleon, the elephant and larger apes, were described to be able to express free agency. The larger predators exercised agency outside human living quarters and was interpreted negatively because of the danger they posed. This has also been shown in previous research. Third, and most important, the results indicate that humans didn’t view all animals the same. The travellers seem to have thought that certain animal individuals in certain situations could express free agency. For example, specific crocodiles were described to be able to choose whether to attack humans or not. They could also play with each other, which indicates that the author thought that the specific crocodile had emotions. Moreover, the elephant was described to be able to make its own decisions and only lacked the human ability to speak. In addition, the larger apes were deemed to be able to comprehend abstract concepts and act on conscious intention, like the elephant. Also, although the apes didn’t speak, they were believed to be able to. This shows that the travellers thought that specific animals could express free agency in given situations and had many so-called human abilities.

<p>Jakten på El Dorado rasade som värst i Sydamerikas vildmark under1500-talet. Ett fyrtiotal expeditioner i spanska kronans regi sökte efterdet mytomspunna riket. Expeditionsdeltagarna kom från Europas allahörn. Uppsatsen syftar till att visa vad som föranledde jakten på El Dorado.</p><p>Uppsatsen är litteraturbaserad. Jag har endast använt svensk- och engelskspråkigakällor.</p><p>Eurocentriska projiceringar, exploateringsstrategi och stabiliseringspolitiskahänsyn samverkade i ett mångfacetterat skeende. Medeltidsmänniskanhade ingen klar bild av fjärran regioner. Spanien var krigshärjat,isolerat och eftersatt. Statsmakten ville till varje pris stärka landets ekonomi.De mest explosiva ur befolkningen sökte rikedom i den Nya Världen.Efter plundringstågen under erövringsfasen blev de ett samhällsproblem.Detta kunde avhjälpas med en expedition mot El Dorado.Företag i vildmarken hade uppemot hundraprocentig dödlighet.</p><p>Jakten på El Dorado sammanföll med den geografiska upptäckten avSydamerika. Vid 1530-talets början var kontinentens inland en vit fläckpå kartan. Jakten på El Dorado klingade av i takt med att allt mer avnorra Sydamerikas vildmark blev utforskad av européer.</p><p> </p>

<p>Uppsatsen beskriver tiden kring 50-talet för att genom detta visa den ungdomskultur som då uppstod. När filmen Ung rebell hade premiär 1955 var den en föregångare inom filmbranchen genom att gestalta ungdomskulturen på ett nytt sätt. Uppstasen analyserar denna film, Sista natten med gänget (1973), samt Grease (1978) för att visa vilka verktyg som används för att visa ungdomskulturen under denna tid. En del av analysen är att påvisa bilens roll i ungdomskulturen i film gesaltad under och strax efter 50-talet.</p>

<p>Denna uppsats analyserar de psalmer som användes i Svenska kyrkan under 1920-talet. Utgångspunkten tas i 1921 års psalmbokstillägg. Psalmtexterna analyseras utifrån den sammhälleliga kontexten. Framförallt 4 kategorier diskuteras: gemenskap, protest, mål och mening och till sist frihet.</p><p>Musik har haft betydelse för människor på många olika sätt och har det fortfarande. En viktig uppgift har kompositörerna till musiken och författarena till texterna. Vad musiken och texten sedan betyder är upp till var och en att bedöma, dock kan man alltid undersöka och analysera texternas betydelse och innehåll från olika angreppssätt och ett av dem är så som jag gått till väga och hoppas att det med tiden kommer att utvecklas.</p><p>En önskan är att fler människor intresserar sig för detta område och försöker se det ur olika vinklar och angriper det från olika håll. En annan önskan är att någon tar vid där detta arbete slutar och går vidare, fördjupar och utvecklar det jag påbörjat. Jag hoppas att man kan ägnar mer tid och forskning åt det här området, ty jag är övertygad om att det kommer att ha betydelse i framtiden på så sätt att det skulle kunna förklara Svenska kyrkans inflytande på människor genom musik och text.</p>