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[pt] O circuito que esta dissertação desenha começa pelas mulheres presas e encarceradas por crimes considerados políticos, entre 1968 e 1979, em duas construções específicas, o Instituto Penal Talavera Bruce, no estado do Rio de Janeiro, e o Presídio Tiradentes, no estado de São Paulo, terminando nestas instituições carcerárias onde foram enclausuradas. Uma grande gama de elementos, contudo, entremeia tal percurso: o projeto político dessas mulheres e das organizações de esquerda revolucionária às quais se filiaram, a sociedade em que elas viviam e que gestava papéis de gênero extremamente específicos, e até a forma como o campo da História das Mulheres fornece lentes pelas quais a história delas é desenvolvida. Logo, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar o encarceramento de presas políticas, abordando o momento de sua entrada no mundo das organizações revolucionárias de esquerda, e a sua passagem pelos órgãos da repressão como capítulos de sua vida. Dentro dos presídios, identifico as questões que envolvem gênero e aprisionamento num regime de exceção, de forma que possam ser compreendidas as diferenças de tratamento das mulheres encarceradas por crimes políticos em relação a um universo masculino que engloba, numa configuração mais imediata, o próprio espaço prisional e, depois, as relações simbólicas estabelecidas dentro da prisão. Insere-se aqui a adaptação da mulher a tais espaços elaborados para o gênero masculino, que não possuíam estrutura física para lidar com questões como a gravidez. Ao mesmo tempo, são perpassadas as diferenças de experiências - físicas e psicológicas - específicas ao aprisionamento feminino, traçando também paralelos com as presas comuns enclausuradas nos dois presídios. / [en] This master s thesis examines women who were arrested and imprisoned for crimes regarded as political between 1968 and 1979. These events took place in two specific venues: Talavera Bruce Penal Institute, in the state of Rio de Janeiro, and Tiradentes Penitentiary, in the state of São Paulo. A wide range of elements intertwine between their detention and their imprisonment in those two institutions. These events include their political projects and the different revolutionary left-wing organizations they joined, the society in which they lived that created extremely specific gender roles, and even the way in which the Women s History field provides the lenses through which this history is developed. Therefore, this dissertation aims to analyze the incarceration of these female political prisoners in these two prisons. I consider the moment they entered the world of revolutionary left-wing organizations and their passage through the organs of repression as chapters of their lives. Inside these prisons, I identify issues that relate gender and imprisonment in an exception regime, analyzing differences in the treatment of imprisoned women in relation to their male counterparts. Such differentiation includes the prison space itself and then the symbolic relations established in it. Here we can insert women s adaptation to an architectonic space projected for the male gender, which did not have a physical structure capable of encompassing typically female issues, such as pregnancy. Thereby, this work investigates the differences of experience – physical and psychological – related to female imprisonment. I also draw parallels between political and common female prisoners that were locked up in these two prisons.

[pt] Ao se observar o espaço público brasileiro nas últimas décadas, é possível se identificar uma elevação constante do número de representantes religiosos, seja apenas como participantes nos debates sobre políticas públicas e direitos fundamentais, seja assumindo cargos políticos. Dentre eles destacam-se, principalmente, católicos e evangélicos. Com a iminência de se tornarem maioria no Congresso Nacional, torna-se necessário discutir sobre como, e, se seria sequer possível conciliar religião, democracia e laicidade, quando o uso fiel da razão pública democrática exige uma autocontenção para a utilização de argumentos baseados na razoabilidade e, contraditoriamente, parte dos participantes do debate público defendem verdades absolutas e dogmas inegociáveis. Na prática o que se tem observado é uma completa ausência de efetivo debate, o antagonismo entre as partes se exacerba, ocorrendo apenas destilações irracionais de ódio entre si. Os grupos minoritários e vulneráveis são os mais prejudicados aqui, pois veem suas demandas estagnadas ou rejeitadas. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho buscará expor essa problemática, discutindo-a de forma direcionada às questões de gênero nessas circunstâncias, com foco nos direitos reprodutivos da mulher e um exame crítico e reflexivo apontado para a presença religiosa no espaço público, mais especificamente por meio de análise teórica e empírica sobre o uso de argumentos religiosos nas audiências públicas do Supremo Tribunal Federal nas ADPFs 54 e 442 que trataram, respectivamente, da descriminalização da antecipação terapêutica do parto no caso de fetos anencefálicos e da descriminalização da interrupção voluntária da gravidez até a 12ª semana de gestação. / [en] When observing the Brazilian public space in recent decades, it is possible to identify a constant increase in the number of religious representatives, whether as participants in debates on public policies and fundamental rights, or assuming political positions. Among them, Catholics and Evangelicals are the ones that stand out. With the imminence of becoming a majority in the National Congress, it becomes necessary to discuss how, and if it would even be possible to reconcile religion, democracy and secularism, when the faithful use of democratic public reason requires self-restraint in the use of arguments based on reasonableness and, contradictorily, at the same time, part of the participants in the public debate defend absolute truths and non-negotiable dogmas. In practice, what we have observed is a complete lack of effective debate, the antagonism between the parties is exacerbated, occurring only irrational distillations of hatred between them. Minority and vulnerable groups are the most affected here, as they see their demands stagnant or rejected. In this sense, the present work will seek to expose this problem, discussing it in a way directed to gender issues in these circumstances, focusing on women s reproductive rights and a critical and reflective exam aimed at the religious presence in the public space, more specifically through theoretical and empirical analysis on the use of religious arguments in public hearings in the Federal Supreme Court in ADPFs 54 and 442, which dealt, respectively, with the decriminalization of therapeutic anticipation of childbirth in the case of anencephalic fetuses and the decriminalization of voluntary interruption of pregnancy up to the 12th week of pregnancy.

[pt] O presente estudo tem como objeto de investigação a produção escrita contemporânea de mulheres negras e sua inserção no mercado editorial brasileiro. Partindo do pressuposto de que, desde o século XIX, com o surgimento da primeira romancista brasileira Maria Firmina dos Reis, e da poeta Auta de Souza, e ao longo século XX, com o surgimento de novas autoras, cujas obras lançadas sofreram processos de apagamento, descontinuidade e errante intermitência, deixando enorme lacuna sobre suas produções, o meio literário brasileiro continua seletivo e excludente. Estudos acadêmicos e análises empíricas apontam questões de desigualdades socioeconômica, raça, gênero e sexualidade como entraves para a visibilidade das obras de mulheres afrodescendentes, logo a investigação dos processos que inviabilizam o reconhecimento desse grupo deve partir de uma perspectiva crítica, interseccional e decolonial, em consonância com a ressignificação de elementos culturais afro-brasileiros presentes em grande parte dessas obras. O século XXI configura-se como um momento de afirmação para a produção feminina afrodescendente, vivemos o despertar de uma memória ancestral coletiva, uma Primavera Literária Afro-brasileira de forte tons femininos. O estudo irá analisar algumas obras em prosa e verso lançadas nas duas últimas décadas, observado os processos, progressos e desafios ocorridos neste período, bem como a relação entre o surgimento de novas autoras afrodescendentes e a emergência de significativo número de editoras independentes, que tem levado a um aquecimento do meio editorial, bem como a uma autocrítica sobre a incipiente presença de autoras afrodescendentes em catálogos de grandes editoras. / [en] The presente study has as its object of investigation the contemporary written production of black women and their insertion in the brazilian publishing market. Based on the assumption that, since the 19th century, with the emergence of first brazilian novelist Firmina dos Reis, and the poet Auta de Souza, and throughout the 20th century, with new authors s emergence, whose published works have undergone erasure processes, discontinuity and errant intermittence, leaving huge gap in their productions, the brazilian literary space remains selective and excluding. Academic studies and empirical analyzes point out issues of socioeconomic inequalities, race, gender and sexuality as obstacles to the visibility of afrodescendant women s works, therefore, the analysis of the processes that make the recognition of this group unfeasible, must start from a critical, intersectional and decolonial perspective, in line with the reframing of afro-brazilian cultural elements present in most of these works. The 21th century is configured as a moment of affirmation for afro-descendant female production, we live an awakening of a collective ancestral memory, an Afro-brazilian Literary Spring with strong feminine tones. The study will analyze some works in prose and verse relesead in the last two decades, observing the processes, progress and challenges that ocurred in this period, as well as the relationship between the appearance of new afro-descendant authors and the emergence of significant number of independent publishers, wich has led to a warming of the editorial environment, as well as a self-criticism about the incipient presence of afro-descendant authors in catalogs of major publishers.

This thesis explores the development of a series of posters created by Howard Chandler Christy during the World War I era. During this time, Christy was a Department of Pictorial Publicity (DPP) committee artist commissioned by the committee chair, Charles Dana Gibson. The DPP was part of the Committee on Public Information (CPI) developed by the Woodrow Wilson administration to generate the propaganda necessary to gain the support of the American people to enter World War I. The CPI was headed up by George Creel, a journalist and politician, who used advertising techniques to create the first full-scale propaganda effort in United States history. American poster images of women during World War I represent an era when propaganda posters came of age. These iconographic interpretations depicted in political propaganda helped shape the history of the twentieth century. While exploring these portrayals of women, the observer looks through a historical lens to contemplate the role of propaganda in the American war effort, while considering the disparity between images of women and the reality of their experiences in the patriarchal society in which they lived. Howard Chandler Christy's war-related posters represented the gendered rhetoric of a social order that functioned under the well-established assumption that men and women both had their place in society based on gender-specific stereotypic characteristics. Women were central to propaganda posters from this era; their images were widely used in posters encouraging Americans to support the war effort. With few exceptions, these representations perpetuated traditional concepts of appropriate gender roles. Posters often used women as icons characterizing the nation in time of war. For example, a beautiful woman, with a backdrop of the United States flag or sometimes even dressed in Old Glory, suggested why the nation was fighting. Some posters explicitly used beautiful women to signify that America's honor was at stake and we needed fighting men to protect it. The poster art form spread rapidly during the early twentieth century, putting a woman in her place rather than challenging the historical circumstances that created the complex, problematic issues related to the visual representation. Reading these posters as cultural texts, it is apparent that women's images are central to gaining an understanding of the social norms and cultural expectations.

[pt] A presente dissertação tem por objetivo analisar o caso de Margarida Hirschmann, acusada de traição à pátria e aliciamento de militares em função de sua atuação na Auri-verde, uma rádio de conteúdo pró-Eixo durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial. Hirschmann atuou como locutora dessa rádio e, segundo a justiça militar brasileira, foi responsável por pronunciamentos em português destinados aos pracinhas da FEB, que tinham como objetivo abalar o moral das tropas e convencê-los à deserção, apelando para mentiras e terror psicológico diante da conjuntura de conflito bélico. Ao ser capturada, Hirschmann é trazida ao Brasil, processada e julgada. Durante esse período, é notado grande interesse da mídia de massa brasileira por seu caso e, principalmente, por sua aparência em conjunto com os crimes que cometera. A bela espiã, apelido cunhado pelos próprios jornais e revistas da época, é condenada a 20 anos de reclusão. Enquanto esteve presa, deu uma série de entrevistas onde negava reiteradamente o caráter político de seu caso e engendra o que convém chamar de construção imaterial da diferença, destacando sua própria situação em relação às demais mulheres em situação de cárcere na recém-construída Penitenciária Feminina da Capital Federal. Essa construção imaterial da diferença tem como base uma série de estereótipos de gênero em diálogo com o contexto socio-histórico em que o caso aconteceu e, principalmente, em diálogo com uma determinada moral sexual e ideal de feminilidade presentes na construção da mulher moderna. Serão utilizados como fonte jornais e revistas da época, o processo-crime de Hirschmann diante da justiça militar brasileira e a bibliografia que trata da historiografia das mulheres e problemas de gênero. / [en] This dissertation analyzes the case of Margarida Hirschmann, accused of treason and military persuasion due to her performance on Auri-verde, a pro-Axis content radio during World War II. Hirschmann acted as the announcer of this radio and, according to the Brazilian justice, was responsible for pronouncements in portuguese destined to the Brazilian military force (FEB), that had as objective to shake the morale of the troops and to convince them to desertion, appealing to lies and psychological terror during war. When captured, Hirschmann is brought to Brazil and judged by the Military Justice. During this period, the Brazilian mass media shows great interest for her case and, especially, for her appearance along with the crimes she allegedly committed. The beautiful spy, nicknamed given by the newspapers and magazines of the period, is condemned to 20 years of imprisonment. While in prison, she gives a series of interviews where she repeatedly denies the political motivation behind the case and engenders an immaterial construction of the difference, highlighting her own situation in relation to the other women in jail in the newly built Feminine Penitentiary of the Federal Capital in Rio de Janeiro. This immaterial construction of the difference is based on a series of gender stereotypes in dialogue with the socio-historical context in which the case takes place and, mainly, in dialogue with a certain sexual morality and ideal of femininity present in the construction of the modern woman. Newspapers and magazines will be used as the main sources for this dissertation, along with the text of the process of Hirschmann before the Brazilian military justice and the bibliography that discusses the historiography of women and gender problems.

NOTE FROM THE LIBRARY: PLEASE CONTACT THE AUTHOR AT indisunflower@yahoo.com OR CONSULT THE LIBRARY FOR THE FULL TEXT OF THIS THESIS.... This thesis investigates the trajectory traced from Sarah Baartman, a Khoisan woman exploited in Europe during the nineteenth century, to a contemporary writing workshop with circumcised, immigrant West African women in Harlem New York by way of a selection of African women's memoirs. The selected African women's texts used in this work create a new testimony of speech, fragmenting a historically dominant Euro-American gaze on African women's bodies. The excerpts form a discursive space for reclaiming self and as well as a defiant challenge to Western porno-erotic voyeurism. The central premise of this thesis is that while investigating Eurocentric (a)historical narratives of Baartman, one finds an implicitly racist and sexist development of European language employed not solely with Baartman, but contemporaneously upon the bodies of Black women of Africa and its Diaspora, focusing predominantly on the "anomaly of their hypersexual" genitals. This particular language applied to the bodies of Black women extends into the discourse of Western feminist movements against African female circumcision in the 21st century. Nawal el Saadawi, Egyptian writer and activist and Aman, a Somali exile, write autobiographical texts which implode a western "silent/uninformed circumcised African woman" stereotype. It is through their documented life stories that these African women claim their bodies and articulate nationalist and cultural solidarity. This work shows that Western perceptions of Female Circumcision and African women will be juxtaposed with African women's perceptions of themselves. Ultimately, with the Nitiandika Writers Workshop in Harlem New York, the politicized outcome of the women who not only write their memoirs but claim a vibrant sexual (not mutilated or deficient) identity in partnership with their husbands, ask why Westerners are more interested in their genitals than how they are able to provide food, shelter and education for the their families, as immigrants to New York. The works of Saadawi, Aman and the Nitandika writers disrupt and ultimately destroy this trajectory of dehumanization through a direct movement from an assumed silence (about their bodies, their circumcisions and their status as women in Africa) to a directed, historically and culturally grounded "alter" speech of celebration and liberation. / English Studies / D. Litt. et Phil.(English)

Frauenliteratur ist ein gattungs- und epochenübergreifend verwendeter Sammelbegriff für die Literatur von/für/über Frauen. Die Definition erfolgt im Gegensatz zur unmarkierten ("Männer"-)Literatur über das Geschlecht der Autor_innen, Leser_innen und Protagonist_innen. Feministische Literaturwissenschaftler_innen haben der Homogenisierung und Marginalisierung der Literatur von oder für Frauen Strategien wie Sichtbarmachung (Frauenliteraturlexika/-geschichten) und Resignifikation ("Neue Frauenliteratur") entgegengesetzt.

Feministische Filmtheorien erforschen Kino als kulturelle Institution und untersuchen vor allem seine geschlechtsspezifischen Repräsentationsstrategien, seine Subjektivitätskonzepte und seine geschlechterdifferenten Produktions- und Rezeptionsbedingungen. Ihre Anfänge nahmen sie während der zweiten Frauenbewegung der 1960er Jahre. Gesucht werden u. a. Gegenentwürfe zur männlichen Perspektive populärer Filme, in denen Frauen als passive Objekte fungieren.

Gender Mainstreaming ist eine gleichstellungspolitische Strategie, die daraufhin ausgerichtet ist, sämtliche Entscheidungen in einer Organisation kritisch auf ihre Auswirkungen auf die von geschlechterbezogenen Ungleichheiten unterschiedlich geprägte Lebensrealität von Frauen und Männern zu überprüfen und diesbezüglich bestehende Differenzen abzubauen. Kritik wird u. a. aufgrund der voraussetzungsreichen Umsetzung und der Gefahr, stereotype Geschlechterbilder zu verfestigen, geübt.