冷戰結束後，以往來自敵國或他國以軍事、政治和外交等面向，對國家安全（national security）及人類生存構成影響的「傳統安全」（Traditional Security）威脅因素，已隨著全球化帶來的效應產生轉變，全球面臨非傳統安全（Non-Traditional Security）的挑戰，包括經濟安全、金融安全、環境安全、能源安全、文化安全等威脅均大幅上升，其中能源是工業建設、經濟活動與國家發展不可或缺的戰略資源，是國家發展環節中最要要的關鍵，而石油即將耗竭也是全球將面臨的嚴重課題，近百年來因爭奪石油引發多次的區域衝突，並擴散成為全球的能源危機，石油已成為影響國家安全的最直接戰略威脅。 1970年代的能源危機使美國警覺石油的重要戰略地位，長期以來透過其國際強權的地位，積極對全球主要的石油生產區採取戰略佈局；1970年代後期起，中國的改革獲得耀眼的成效，經濟的成長帶動能源的龐大需求，1993年中國更成為石油淨進口國。中國逐漸正視到石油將是關係未來經濟持續成長的關鍵，於是挾以經濟、外交、政治等手段向中東、中亞、拉丁美洲乃至於非洲積極佈局展開油源開發觸角，引發西方國家對「中國能源威脅論」之隱憂。 石油已經成為維繫國家穩定發展的重要因素，石油安全既是經濟問題，更是政治問題、國家安全的核心。因此，爭奪石油成為地區衝突的導火線，隨著中國經濟崛起後政經力量的茁壯，中國透過各種手段在主要產油國甚至美國國內相關企業著力日深，已對美國的利益產生嚴重威脅，中、美都在極力的爭取石油主導權，希望透過石油的控制力量，從而獲得對全球經濟的操控能力。 石油安全往往牽動國際政治問題，愈發凸顯石油在國家安全戰略地位的重要性。長期仰賴石油進口，對我國國家安全容易受國際局勢影響，中美雙方在各種國際活動中，因石油產生的競合關係，恐令我國隨中美的互動關係產生轉變，因此對中美在石油安全競合的過程中，其雙方的發展與效應及對我國國家安全的影響，值得我們加以觀察與探討。

Agroterrorism is the deliberate introduction of a plant or animal disease with thegoal of causing fear, economic instability, illness, or death. After the 2002 terroristattacks on the World Trade Center, the security of the food supply is of increasingconcern to the United States. A major incidence of agroterrorism or food tampering would have far reaching impacts on the economy and public health. The first objective of this project was to determine knowledge and concern of agroterrorism in meat processing facilities in Kentucky, and to determine knowledge and concern of food tampering and food defense in food service establishments in Warren County, Kentucky. The second objective was to determine security strategies that were being implemented by these facilities. Two separate surveys, one for meat processors and the other for food service establishments, were designed to meet these objectives. An observational study was conducted for meat processing facilities. It was found that these facilities were generally unconcerned with agroterrorism, although a reasonable amount of security implementations were in place at these facilities. A statistical comparison between restaurants and non-restaurant food service establishments, such as schools, hospitals, and hotels, was performed. Both types of food service establishments expressed little concern about a food tampering event. Non- restaurant food service establishments were slightly more concerned than restaurants about both food tampering and food defense.

自1970年代開始，美國國防部為了因應長期軍事規劃不足之處，而發展出一套名為「淨評估」(Net Assessment)的分析技術，最初是針對當時的蘇聯以及華沙公約組織，以進行軍事能力的評估分析，然而，隨著歷史的演變，軍事作為主要保障國家安全的要素固然不變，但有更多的領域逐漸受到人們的重視，所以淨評估觀念發展至今，已大為擴張，舉凡科技、政治、經濟、社會、意識形態，甚至疾病等足以影響到整個國家興衰的因素，都應是淨評估分析的目標。1990年之後國際能源短缺問題甚為嚴重，許多衝突雖未以爭奪能源為名，但究其根本，仍是為了各國日益短缺的生存命脈，因此能源的競逐似乎已成未來國與國間最為激烈的導火線，而就台灣來說，對外能源的依賴度達到98%以上，在亞太局勢愈趨險峻、台海衝突一觸及發的當下，如何擬定一套能源戰略，實為迫在眉睫，本文便以淨評估的角度，對台灣能源戰略環境進行全面性的診斷與機會探索，試圖回答以下的問題：(一)目前台灣在能源戰略環境中所面臨之態勢；(二)在如是能源戰略環境下的演變趨勢與預測。 / Since the 1970s, in order to cope with the defective plan of military for a long time, US DOD develops one set of analytical technology － Net Assessment. At first, it used to the Former Soviet Union and WTO assessment analysis of carrying on military ability. Doubtless, an essential factor of the military affairs is the guarantee national security. However, more fields are paid attention to by people gradually. The concept of the Net Assessment, therefore, is society, ideology, even the diseases are enough to influence the rise and fall of the nation, there are all targets that the Net Assessment should analyze. The international energy shortage is a very serious problem after the 1990s. Although many conflicts between the countries are not fighting for the energy, to get bottom of an affair, for lifeblood in short day by day in each country. Therefore the energy competition seems to be the direct cause of the fight/ conflict between countries in future. As to Taiwan, Dependence on imported energy is up to 98%. At the moment the relationship in the Asia Pacific is more and more tense. Besides, the conflict of the Taiwan Straits can be happened any time. How to draft a set of energy strategy is an extremely urgent mission. The author used the Net Assessment point to write this article. Focus on comprehensive diagnosis and chance to explore to Taiwan energy's strategic environment; moreover, try to find out the following questions. First, the posture Taiwan faces in the energy strategy environment at present. Second, the trend of evolvement and prediction is under the energy strategy environment.

由於蘇聯解體所導致的核擴散，這個世界比起過去更加危險。新的安全威脅源自於俄羅斯核物質、武器與科學家的擴散。另一方面，俄羅斯軍事力量的下降導致俄羅斯提高了核武器在未來戰爭中的作用。俄羅斯國家安全構想與軍事學說的轉變可能升高核戰爭的可能性。在本文中，筆者將探討由俄羅斯所引起的核擴散風險。 / Because of the nuclear proliferation caused by the collapse of USSR, the world is more insecurity than before. The new security threat comes from the spread of Russian nuclear materials, weapons and scientists. On the other hand, the decline of Russian military leads Russia to pay much attention on the use of nuclear weapon in the future warfare. The change of the Russian national security concept and military doctrine may raise the possibility of nuclear war. In the paper, author will study the risk of nuclear proliferation caused by Russia.

Also issued in paper format. / Title from title screen (viewed Nov. 28, 2003). "07 April 2003"--P. iii. Includes bibliographical references (p. 23-26).

During the 19th century the European states experienced a new kind of threat to their existence. The military threats from other countries were now accompanied by civilian threats that inspired mass protest, terrorism and other menaces to the established order. In Sweden, these threats were mainly seen as connected to the rising labor movement and to a growing number of foreign citizens. The aim of the dissertation is to examine surveillance for national security carried out by the Stockholm Criminal Investigation Department and its Police Bureau between 1885 and 1922. Apart from examining what specific surveillance methods that were used, the dissertation gives an answer to the question why the surveillance was carried out, and why it was carried out the way it was. It also discusses how differences and similarities between the surveillance in Sweden and other countries can be explained and how the surveillance between 1885 and 1922 relates to the corresponding activities during the latter part of the 20th century. The main conclusions are that there was a lack of formal rules regulating the surveillance, and that it therefore was based on the following of routines. The bureaucratization process that characterized the period influenced the surveillance, which came to be performed as a bureaucratic machine, characterized by a tendency of expansion. This meant that the surveillance activities were constantly expanded and became more and more extensive. The expansion is connected to the surveillance phenomenon, which could be said to have an unlimited scope. Furthermore, it is suggested that this specific historic legacy has affected the development of Swedish security police activity during the second half of the 20th century.

Canadian border security policies are largely shaped by the asymmetrical relationship that exists between Canada and the United States. American markets are the primary destination for over eighty percent of Canadian exports, creating an economic dependence highlighted in the days following 9/11. As wait times at the American border extended to sixteen hours the importance of the shared border came sharply into focus. To ensure Canada‟s economic security the Canadian government needed to develop policies that would satisfy the American need for physical security and the Canadian need for economic security. This thesis applies John Kingdon‟s policy streams model to demonstrate and explain the subsequent development of Canadian border security policies. It also examines the institutional context for border security policies and examines two case studies: the Container Security Initiative and NEXUS. / vii, 133 leaves ; 29 cm

本論文研究的主題是泰國為維護其邊界安全作出的國家安全政策。泰國位在印度支那半島的中心點，當周邊國家發生動亂時，泰國就成為政治難民逃難的目的地，而且入侵的人數非常多。先後進入泰國的政治難民有泰北孤軍、馬來亞共產黨及柬埔寨難民。本文探討他們進入泰國的原因、在泰國的行為、及泰國政府處置政治難民的政策及最後的歸屬。當時泰國國內也深受共產主義的迫害，使得泰國政府除了要消除來自國外的威脅，還要利用這些難民來協助阻止泰共的活動，或者利用這些難民團體構建其邊疆的防衛圈，成為防衛泰國邊界的前沿軍隊。最後泰國政府以其維護邊境安全有功的理由給予泰北孤軍和馬來亞共產黨人泰國籍，對柬埔寨難民則採取遣返回國或送至第三國安置的辦法。總之，泰國政府以包容性的政策，容納週鄰政治難民，藉以防衛其邊境並開發其邊疆荒蕪之地，是乃泰國邊境安全政策成功之道。 / This paper focuses on Thailand’s national security policy for its boundary issue. Due to the central position in Indo-Chinese Peninsular, when there happened the political turmoil of the surrounding countries, territory of Thailand has been used as a shelter for a large number of political refugees. Those political refugee groups include the Chinese Nationalist troops (KMT), Communist Party of Malaya (CPM), and Cambodian refugees. The reasons of political refugees entering into Thailand, activities and Thai government policy towards them, would be discussed in this paper. Since the 1950s, Thailand suffered from rebel activities of the Communist Party of Thailand, so Thai government took advantage of combating experience of political refugees to fight against those Thai Communists in bordering area. Thai government even gave them the land and agricultural instruments to cultivate in bordering area and encouraged them stay by giving Thailand nationality to KMT troops and members of CPM, but repatriated those Cambodia refugees to back to Cambodia or to resettle in the third country. Thai government adopted an accommodate policy towards those political refugee groups, by using them to defence its border area and develop the economy, successfully to maitain its border security.

由美國911事件作為分水嶺，重新界定了日本對於現代情報戰爭的認知，當今21世紀的國際社會儼然成為情報戰場，換言之，情報研究科學早已隨社會需要，發展成跨越學科範疇之複合性知識。日本二戰後在國際上先以強大的情報力穩扎經濟領域，然其后陷入失落的二十年，國際影響力亦隨之萎靡，致使日本政府遂行原有情報組織體制之調整，及相關情報政策實務之運行，皆成為安倍政權引領日本必經的荊棘之道。 本文研究重點界分四面向：其一、戰後日本國家安全機制的發展與轉變，記錄其所歷經重大事態時之因應模式，介紹其安保政策結構化之過程；其二、從內外環境分析日本成立國家安全會議之意涵，先交代「南北韓仇日遺緒」、「中國崛起論」等當今亞太局勢，分析日本國家安全保障會議何以在歷史遺題中為安保政策解套；其三、解構日本國家安全保障會議制度，分析日本政治結構與社會，研究日本國家安全保障會議在創立後，其行政職權上如何調整日本情報組織之運作；其四、以特定秘密保護法分析日本國家安全保障會議之角色，闡述安倍政權必然以情報需求達到社會控制之強化，進而實踐其安保戰略。 日本情報組織隨國際環境變化而沿革，歷經1990至2000年的轉型期後，其於2000年迄今已表現出擴張之型態。在安倍內閣的戰略藍圖中是要以首相官邸為核心，使其成為統籌國家安全保障政策之司令塔，而日本國家安全保障會議與國家安全保障局之設立，即是其鞏固中央集權，並使首相意志能主導日本復興的戰略。 / The September 11 terrorist attacks marked a watershed moment for the recognition and dispose of intelligence, in other words, the research of intelligence has become an interdisciplinary knowledge. After the Second World War, Japan has consolidated its economic power by sound espionage system. But Japan has later on lost its international impact after gone through 20-Year-Recession. This made an intractable way for Shinzo Abe to readjust and innovate the espionage system. The thesis includes four dimensions: First, focusing on the transformation of national security mechanism in Japan after the Second World War, and the structuralization of Security Policy. Second, analyzing the implication of the found of Japan’s National Security Council(NSC) from domestic and international factors. Third, destructuring the NSC , try to analyze the social and political structure in Japan. Forth, analyzing the role of NSC from the perspective of Secret Protection Law, which for Abe is a way to further control the society and carry out the security strategy. The intelligence organization in Japan proceeds as the international situation changed. Till now it has strengthened its power and influence after going through a period of transforming from 1990 to 2000. Among Abe’s strategic viewpoints, making Prime Minister’s Office as a core to unify national security is the top priority. The found of NSC and National Security Agency(NSA) is also a way for Abe to centralize the authority and to carry out his will, which can eventually lead to the revival of Japan.

本論文的時間斷限為1945至1987年，研究的重心主要集中在台灣傳播學界的新聞自由論述，並希望透過比較的方式，與當時英美各國的新聞自由論述相對照，以瞭解台灣新聞自由發展的特殊、扭曲與不足之處。本論文除緒論、結論外，共有六章，就內容而言，可分為三大區塊。第一區塊為第一、二章，主要探討國際社會對新聞自由的見解。第二區塊為第三章，主要探討戒嚴時期台灣的憲法學如何界定新聞自由。第三區塊為第四至六章，亦是本論文的主軸，主要探討戒嚴時期傳播學界所建構的新聞自由。 整體來看，歐美社會，尤其是美國新聞自由的最新進展，包括：1956年美國新聞界要求政府公開資訊、減少新聞封鎖、同年美國國內所發生，記者赴中國採訪權的爭議，以及1971年美國報紙刊載「越戰報告書」所引發新聞自由與國家安全的爭議等，大都能即時的傳入台灣社會。然而，關己則亂。戒嚴時期傳播學界面對台灣新聞自由受到種種限制的實況，基本上採取相對消極，甚至是迴避的態度。傳播學界一方面忽視政府對新聞自由的限制，一方面則將火力集中於媒體「責任」。 從「社會責任論」在台灣的發展觀之，引介人謝然之、胡傳厚與國民黨皆有深厚關係。而後續台灣自律組織的建立、相關會議所提出的社會新聞改進之道，亦與國民黨脫不了干係。對政府的態度，為自由主義與社會責任論者之間最重要的差異。然而，從相關的著作可看出，西方社會責任論的主催者，對於政府能否涉入，能介入多深仍存有許多疑慮。從自由主義到社會責任論，要求政府不要插足新聞事業的聲音一直存在。1950年的「歐洲人權公約」更特別明言「不受公部門干預」的表現自由。然而，在戒嚴時期台灣的傳播學界，拒絕政府干涉的聲音卻十分微弱。甚至在反共復國的重責大任下，新聞自由被降級到「法律保障」的層級，連僅存的社會新聞報導空間，亦與「國家利益」牽扯在一起。新聞事業被賦予超出歐美報人所謂的社會責任，進而需要「犧牲本身的自由和權利，以貢獻於國家民族」。 就結果來看，由國民黨主導的自律組織，以及社會新聞改進之路，在新聞界聘任與其立場相近的評議委員，與消極的不作為下，並沒有發揮國民黨所期待的效用。透過一些文章，我們可以發現，戒嚴時期台灣的傳播學界對其所屬的環境、新聞自由所受的限制是有一定的認識的。但在反共復國的大旗下，大都只能點到為止，或轉而要求新聞界必須瞭解國家正處於生死存亡之間。這樣的氣氛一直要到1980年代才有比較明顯的轉變。