The thesis deals with the impact of orofacial cleft (cleft lip and palate) on family psychosomatics within the psycho-social-ethical framework. It summarises the history, classification and treatment of cleft disorders, followed by an analysis of real-life problems occuring in the process of taking care of a baby with orofacial cleft, specifies terms frequently used when discussing orofacial cleft as a stigma: stigma and stigmatisation, norm and normality, beauty and ugliness.The phenomena of fear and pain, difficulty in communication with the child{\crq}s and the parents{\crq} immediate social surroundings and, the barriers between experts and the parents are dealt with in the thesis. The thesis focuses on orofacial cleft anomalies in connection with Christian ethics. It analyses the relation of abortion and orofacial disorders and the role of hope in the process of taking care and upbringing of a child suffering from this disorder.

The thesis looks into the relationship of the current Czech society towards the issue of the Decalogue. The first two chapters deal with the theological-anthropological reflection on man in relation to human freedom and corresponding norms. The third part enquires into the problems of the Decalogue as a codex of ethical norms with regard to the biblical rootage, and ethical and catechistic features. Further, the work outlines the level of value orientation and religiousness of the current Czech society with reference to the European context. Following the findings and results of a research carried out at a public secondary school in České Budějovice, the fifth part reflects the position of the Decalogue in the society

La situation sociolinguistique du Gabon est constituée des langues des Pygmées, des langues bantoues, du français et des langues des autres Étrangers. Le français, avec son statut de langue officielle, se décline en trois registres de langue : la variété acrolectale, la variété mésolectale et la variété basilectale. Dans un premier temps, les manifestations de norme endogène du français dans la presse écrite gabonaise du 1er août 2002 au 30 octobre 2002, résultent des phénomènes de l’urbanisation. Libreville, produit d’une disparité urbaine gabonaise, porte la dynamique factrice des processus sociohistoriques de l’implantation du français au Gabon. Ainsi, la capitale politique et administrative du Gabon, représente tantôt un facteur d’unification, de conflit et de coexistence linguistique ; tantôt Libreville porte le schéma de communication réunissant les émetteurs, les annonceurs, les producteurs des médias sous l’angle de la presse écrite plurielle ayant deux courants : la presse d’État et la presse d’opposition. Dans un deuxième temps, les particularités linguistiques du français de la presse écrite gabonaise sont traduites à travers un imaginaire linguistique. Ce dernier comporte trois types de normes : les Normes Systémiques, les Normes Statistiques et les Normes Subjectives. Les premières mettent en lumière le processus de formation des particularités linguistiques : l’influence des langues substrats, l’usage de tous les registres, le mélange code écrit/code oral. Les deuxièmes reflètent la hiérarchisation statistique des particularités linguistiques et les causalités liées à la dynamique de l’urbanisation des langues, aux causalités sociopolitiques, aux causalités logico discursives. Les dernières, les Normes Subjectives, retranscrivent les représentations linguistiques sur les écarts, suscitant ainsi le sentiment d’Insécurité Linguistique. Mais ce dernier est sous une double perspective : celle du co texte par la figure de Makaya et celle du contexte par le journaliste. Makaya, porteur de l’« incorrect » présente l’homme de la rue s’offusquant devant les travers de la société. Le journaliste est le porte-parole qui par son appartenance à un journal, participe à la construction de la norme endogène et à sa légitimité. / The sociolinguistic environment in Gabon comprises the languages of the Pigmies, the Bantou languages, French and the other languages spoken by foreigners. French, as the official language, has three speeh registers: the acrolectal, mesolectal and basilectal forms. At the start, the manifestations of the endogenous norm of French in the Gabonese written media are rooted in urbanisation. Libreville, as the concrete expression of Gabonese urban disparity, carries the dynamic at the heart of the socioliguistic process of French establishing itself in Gabon. Thus, the political and administrative capital of Gabon is either a factor of unification, conflict and linguistic coexistence; either Libreville gives the outline of communication involving the media broadcasters, advertisers and producers, as seen from the angles of two currents of a diverse press: the State and the opposition medias.Then, in a second stage, the linguistic characteristics of the French language are conveyed through a linguistic imaginative world. It includes three types of norms: systemic, statistical and subjective ones. The systemic norms throw light on the development of linguistic idiosyncratic forms, on the influence of substratum languages, on the use of all language registers and on the intermingling of written and oral codes. The statistical norms reflect the statistical hierarchy of linguistic features and causalities linked to the changes of the language in the process of urbanisation, to the sociopolitical context and to logical discursive causes. The last i.e. the subjective norms translate the differences in language representations generating a feeling of linguistic insecurity. This can be sensed under a double perspective, the one of the co-text as related to Makaya and the one of the context. Makaya, perceived as “improper”, presents the man/woman in the street taking offense at the failings of society. Journalists are spokepersons who through their working for a newspaper take part in the construction of the endogenous norm and its recognition.

L’objet de cette thèse est d’analyser ce que l’on entend par « contrat » et de préciser ce que recouvre cette notion, qui est noyée sous une montagne de doctrine. Après une exploration minutieuse de la notion, qui devra permettre de tracer ses frontières avec les institutions voisines et d’appréhender la diversité des figures contractuelles et leur typologie, il s’agira d’opérer une synthèse de ces observations. La diversification des contrats ne se traduisant pas fatalement par un émiettement de la notion, la synthèse proposée sera unitaire. Prenant appui sur les diverses acceptions de la notion de contrat retenues au fil du temps (conception volontariste, conception normativiste…), la présente thèse brossera un portrait de la notion de contrat en en proposant une analyse renouvelée, tant dans sa dimension volontariste que dans sa dimension normative. La notion de contrat apparaîtra alors, débarrassée de tout dogme idéologique, comme une combinaison complexe d’éléments subjectifs et d’éléments objectifs. / The purpose of this thesis is to analyse and clarify what is understood by the notion of “contract”, buried as it is under mountains of doctrinal writings. After a detailed exploration of the general concept, which should enable demarcation of its boundaries with related institutions and give an appreciation of the diversity of contracts and their typology, the aim is to achieve a synthesis of these observations. As the diversity of contracts should not necessarily result in fragmentation of the basic notion, the proposed synthesis will be unitary. Building on the diverse interpretations over the years of the concept of contract (autonomy of the will theory, normative theory...) this thesis, after outlining the concept of contract in both its “voluntarist” and normative aspects, will propose a renewed analysis thereof. The notion of contract will then appear as a complex combination of objective and subjective elements, free of ideological dogma.

Le travail présenté ici se situe dans le cadre général d’élaborer une méthodologie de traitement du sens lexical dans une dimension textuelle – textes arabes et énoncés (types et occurrences) plus courts – à la lumière de la sémantique interprétative de F. Rastier. Pour ce faire, cette étude cherche tout d’abord à déterminer le statut du texte en linguistique moderne et dans la pensée traditionnelle arabe. Il s’agit de revenir sur les facteurs-clés qui ont donné lieu à la prise en compte du palier textuel dans les études linguistiques modernes et dans la tradition grammaticale, rhétorique et exégétique arabe.S’inspirant des travaux en sémantique interprétative de F. Rastier, le présent travail entend rendre compte par le biais d’une application pratique (analyse des textes arabes) du rôle essentiel que jouent l’analyse sémique, l’isotopie sémantique, le contexte et la pratique sociale en cours, dans l’assignation du sens aux unités lexicales. Après avoir présenté les limites des modèles textuels issus de deux approches sémantiques formelles (véri-conditionnelle) et cognitives, l’objectif de cette recherche est de montrer la pertinence de l’application du modèle Rastérien – issu d’une approche sémantique structurale – à des textes arabes. / This work falls within the general framework of developing a working methodology for processing lexical meaning within a text. It seeks to apply François Rastier’s theory of interpretive semantics to Arabic texts and utterances. The thesis starts with a survey of the state of the text in both traditional Arabic thinking and modern linguistics. Such a survey reveals the key factors that have brought the textual level to the fore, in modern linguistics on the one hand, and Arabic traditional grammar, rhetoric and exegetics on the other hand. This study seeks to apply Rastier’s notion of interpretive semantics to texts and examples in Arabic. The overall objective of this close textual approach is to highlight the fundamental role of semantic analysis, semantic isotopy, context and the current social practices in assigning lexical meaning. The thesis attempts also to show the shortcomings of textual models offered by two semantic approaches, namely the formal (truth-conditional) and the cognitive approaches; in order to highlight the pertinence of Rastier’s model within a structural semantic approach to Arabic texts.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-04-18T14:36:39Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Odilon Peixoto de Morais Júnior - 2016.pdf: 4169553 bytes, checksum: 1841a99cece6656c30b62fbd8fda9da5 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-04-18T14:36:54Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Odilon Peixoto de Morais Júnior - 2016.pdf: 4169553 bytes, checksum: 1841a99cece6656c30b62fbd8fda9da5 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-18T14:36:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Odilon Peixoto de Morais Júnior - 2016.pdf: 4169553 bytes, checksum: 1841a99cece6656c30b62fbd8fda9da5 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-15 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Genetic gains for quantitative traits associated with the maintenance of genetic variability are important factors in recurrent selection programs. With advances in the area of statistical genomics, selection strategies potentially faster to achieve genetic gains are being developed, such as genomic selection. Using a subtropical population of irrigated rice (CNA12S), conducted during three cycles of recurrent selection, this study had as general objective to evaluate the potential of use of genomic recurrent selection (GRS) in a rice breeding program. Three specific studies were developed. In the first chapter, the efficiency of the genotypic recurrent selection (RS) used in the Embrapa’s rice breeding program was evaluated, in order to obtain genetic gains and maintain the population genetic variability. Ten yield trials of S1:3 progenies were used in the analyses. The evaluated traits were grain yield, plant height and days-to-flowering. Variance and covariance components were obtained using Bayesian approach. Using single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) markers, the population diversity and genetic structure also were estimated. Adjusted means of progenies in each cycle were computed and, genetic progress was estimated by generalized linear regression using frequentist approach. The magnitudes of effective population size and genetic variance indicated maintenance of genetic variability over selection cycles. The genetic progress achieved for grain yield was 760 kg ha-1 per cycle (1.95% per year), and for days-to-flowering, it was -6.3 days per cycle (-1.28% per year). It was concluded that the genetic progress already achieved and the genetic variability available in the population demonstrate the efficiency of RS in the improvement of rice populations. In the second chapter, in the context of genomic selection, the relative efficiency of GRS on RS was assessed, as well as the accuracy of different models of genomic prediction, in order to propose a GRS scheme for population breeding of self-pollinating species such as rice. In this study, the genetic material was the S1:3 progenies yield trial of the third selection cycle. From a group of 196 progenies that were phenotyped for eight traits with different heritabilities and genetic architectures, a group of 174 progenies was genotyped for SNP markers. Ten predictive models were fitted to the data set. The proposed GRS scheme, when compared to the RS method, showed higher efficiency, especially in genetic gain per unit of time. From the predictive models assessed, HBLUP (hybrid best linear unbiased prediction, using hybrid relationship matrix based in pedigree and SNP markers) and RForest (random forest) have greater potential for genomic prediction in irrigated rice, given the high accuracy of their predictions for a number of traits. The HBLUP model was notoriously superior for more complex traits, such as grain yield, while RForest stood out for less complex traits. The high extent of linkage disequilibrium in the population suggests that the marker density employed (approximately one SNP per 60 kb) is enough for the practice of genomic selection in populations with similar genetic structure. In the third chapter, the objective was to extend a class of HBLUP models based on reaction norm, in context of multi-environmental trials with genotype x environment interaction, for accommodation of hybrid genetic relationship and information of the assessed environments. The accuracy of alternative models for multi-environmental predictions was evaluated, as well as the relative importance of structures of additive and multiplicative components, using genetic relationship information and environmental covariates. This strategy allowed to evaluate the influence of different approaches to group the genetic-environmental information on the accuracy of models for prediction of breeding value of progenies for agronomic traits. The data consisted of the same ten trial of S1:3 progenies, carried out during three recurrent selection cycles. Six predictive HBLUP models of reaction norm were considered, using genetic and environmental covariates, as well as interactions between these effects. Genomic information was derived from SNP markers obtained for the 174 progenies of the third selection cycle. The 401 environmental covariates, the genetic information (hybrid genetic relationship) and the interactions among these effects explained an important portion of the phenotypic variance, allowing an increase in the predictive accuracy of models. The use of genetic information and environmental covariates only from the respective selection cycle is enough for accurate predictions of unphenotyped progenies, even in non-sampled environments. This is the first study to take into account simultaneously hybrid genetic relationship, stemming from pedigree information plus SNP markers, and environmental covariates in multi-environmental models based on reaction norm for breeding value prediction in target environments of a recurrent selection program. / A obtenção de ganhos genéticos para caracteres quantitativos associada à manutenção da variabilidade genética são fatores importantes em programas de seleção recorrente. Com os avanços no campo da estatística genômica, estratégias de seleção potencialmente mais rápidas para alcance de ganhos genéticos estão sendo desenvolvidas, como a seleção genômica. Partindo-se de uma população subtropical de arroz irrigado (CNA12S), conduzida durante três ciclos de seleção recorrente, este estudo teve como objetivo geral avaliar o potencial de emprego do esquema de seleção recorrente genômica (GRS) em programas de melhoramento genético de arroz. Três estudos específicos foram desenvolvidos. No primeiro deles, avaliou-se a eficiência do esquema de seleção recorrente genotípica (RS) utilizado no programa de melhoramento de arroz da Embrapa, na obtenção de ganhos genéticos e manutenção da variabilidade genética populacional. O material experimental utilizado constituiu-se de dez ensaios de rendimento de progênies S1:3 associadas a cada ciclo de seleção. Os caracteres avaliados foram produtividade de grãos, altura de planta e número de dias até o florescimento. Componentes de variância e covariância foram obtidos via abordagem Bayesiana e, com uso de marcadores SNP (single nucleotide polymorphisms) associados às progênies, também a diversidade e a estrutura genética populacional. Médias ajustadas de progênies em cada ciclo foram computadas e, por regressão linear generalizada, estimou-se o progresso genético, via abordagem frequentista. As magnitudes do tamanho efetivo populacional e da variância genética indicaram manutenção da variabilidade genética ao longo dos ciclos de seleção. O progresso genético alcançado para produtividade de grãos foi de 760 kg ha-1 por ciclo (1,95 % ao ano) e para dias para florescimento, -6,3 dias por ciclo (-1,28 % ao ano). Concluiu-se que, o progresso genético já alcançado e a variabilidade genética disponível na população demonstram a eficiência de RS no melhoramento de populações de arroz. Num segundo estudo, no contexto de seleção genômica, avaliou-se a eficiência relativa de GRS sobre o esquema de RS; além da acurácia de diferentes modelos de predição genômica, buscando-se propor um esquema de GRS para melhoramento populacional de espécies autógamas como o arroz. Nesse estudo, o material genético foi composto por um ensaio de rendimento de progênies S1:3 do terceiro ciclo de seleção. Do grupo de 196 progênies fenotipadas para oito caracteres, com herdabilidades e arquiteturas genéticas diferentes, um grupo de 174 progênies foi genotipado para marcadores SNP. Dez modelos preditivos foram ajustados ao conjunto de dados. O esquema de GRS, quando comparado ao de RS, apresentou maior eficiência, sobretudo em ganho genético por unidade de tempo. Dos modelos preditivos avaliados, HBLUP (hybrid best linear unbiased prediction, com uso de matriz híbrida de parentesco baseada em pedigree e marcadores SNP) e RForest (random forest) apresentaram maior potencial para predição genômica, haja vista a elevada acurácia de suas predições para maior número de caracteres. O modelo HBLUP foi notoriamente superior para caracteres mais complexos, como produtividade de grãos, enquanto RForest destacou-se para caracteres menos complexos. A alta extensão do desequilíbrio de ligação na população sugere que a densidade de marcadores empregada (aproximadamente um SNP por 60 kb) é suficiente para a prática de predição genômica em populações com estrutura genética similar. No terceiro estudo buscou-se estender uma classe de modelos preditivos HBLUP baseados em norma de reação (contexto de ensaios multiambientais com interação genótipos × ambientes), para acomodar informações de parentesco e de covariáveis associadas aos ambientes de avaliação. Assim, avaliouse a acurácia preditiva de modelos alternativos para predições multiambientais, bem como a importância relativa de estruturas de componentes aditivos e multiplicativos; além da influência de diferentes abordagens de agrupamento de informações genético-ambientais sobre a acurácia dos modelos. O material genético constituiu-se nos mesmos dez ensaios de rendimento de progênies S1:3, conduzidos durante três ciclos de seleção recorrente. Foi considerada uma sequência de seis modelos preditivos de norma de reação, do tipo HBLUP, com uso de covariáveis genéticas e ambientais, além de interações entre esses efeitos. A informação genômica foi proveniente de marcadores SNP obtidos por genotipagem de 173 progênies do terceiro ciclo de seleção. As covariáveis ambientais (num total de 401), informações genéticas (parentesco híbrido) e as interações entre esses efeitos explicaram importante porção da variância fenotípica, o que possibilitou aumento da acurácia preditiva dos modelos. O emprego de informações genéticas e de covariáveis ambientais apenas do respectivo ciclo de seleção mostrou-se suficiente para predições acuradas do desempenho de progênies não fenotipadas, mesmo em ambientes não amostrados. Este estudo é pioneiro em considerar conjuntamente parentesco híbrido, oriundo de informações de pedigree mais marcadores SNP, e covariáveis ambientais em modelos multiambientais baseados em norma de reação, para predição de valor genético em ambientes-alvo de programas de seleção recorrente.

Ämnet för denna vetenskapliga essän är simultan flerspråkighet, det vill säga individer som växer upp med två eller fler modersmål från födseln. Essän har sin utgångspunkt i en berättelse. Berättelsen gestaltar en svår situation från mitt arbete som fritidshemslärare där ett pedagogiskt dilemma uppstår. I del ett undersöker jag vad språkforskning säger om simultan flerspråkighet och språkutveckling. Del två handlar om flerspråkighet ur ett pedagogisk perspektiv. Där berörs hur känslor är sammanflätade med språk samt hur det påverkar fritidshemsläraren och lärarens roll och ansvar för flerspråkighet i en skola med enspråkig norm. I del tre undersöker jag flerspråkighet ur ett språkfilosofisk perspektiv och fördjupar min analys med hjälp av ett resonemang om erfarenhet, kunskap och språkbruk. Det framkommer att simultan flerspråkighet kan innebära en viss försening av språket under de första åren men sedan är till fördel för elevens språkutveckling. Barn kan vara mer känslomässigt förenade med ett av sina två språk i vissa situationer. Slutligen framgår det att i en skola där enspråkighet är en norm bär pedagoger ett stort ansvar i att välkomna flerspråkighet. / The subject for this scientific essay is simultaneous multilingualism. This is where an individual learns to speak two languages from birth. The essay has its beginning with a story. The story is based on experiences at my work as a Leisure time teacher where a pedagogical dilemma occurs. In part one I examine what linguistic research says about simultaneous multilingualism and language development. Part two is about multilingualism from an educational perspective, and how emotions are intertwined with language. This paper analyzes the leisure-time teacher and the teacher's role and responsibility for multilingualism in a school with a monolingual norm. In part three I examine multilingualism from a philosophical perspective and immersed myself in the view of experience, knowledge, and use of language. It appears that simultaneous multilingualism could mean a certain delay in language development for the first few years but in the end is beneficial to the pupils language development. Children may be more emotionally connected to one of the two languages in certain situations. Finally it appears that in a school where monolingualism is the norm the educators carry a great responsibility to welcome multilingualism.

La décision conditionnelle constitue un objet délaissé de la recherche en droit administratif français. Injustement perçue comme une affaire privée de spécialistes du droit des actes administratifs unilatéraux, elle n’occupe les écrits des publicistes que dans la mesure où la réalisation de la condition porte atteinte à la garantie des droits acquis. Cette réserve explique pour partie la faible contribution de la doctrine à la construction d’une définition de la décision conditionnelle, autonome du droit civil des obligations, et les difficultés corrélatives à déterminer les contours de cette notion mal identifiée. Pourtant, les orientations prises par le juge administratif et, dernièrement, par le codificateur, rendent nécessaire la recherche d’une définition clarifiée de la décision conditionnelle en droit administratif français. Depuis longtemps, le juge administratif range la décision conditionnelle dans la catégorie des actes administratifs unilatéraux et met en œuvre les principes qui les gouvernent. Or, de son côté, la doctrine ne parvient pas à l’intégrer pleinement dans la catégorie de l’acte unilatéral ou du contrat.Le visage inhabituel qu’elle présente, aux yeux des juristes, force la réévaluation des classifications traditionnelles.La doctrine malmène ses catégories binaires, dans le but de souligner la particularité de cette décision unilatérale qui ressemble à s’y méprendre au contrat. Il en résulte une contradiction inévitable entre la présentation doctrinale de la décision conditionnelle et les données du droit positif. Pour la dénouer, il apparaît nécessaire de renouveler l’appareil théorique jusqu’alors mobilisé. En prenant appui sur les données pertinentes du droit positif, il a été possible de définir la condition comme une norme juridique à part entière, à la fois dépendante et distincte des autres dispositions de la décision, et dont la fonction se limite à moduler les effets dans le temps de la norme principale qu’elle prend pour objet. À travers ces éléments de définition, transparaît un régime juridique cohérent et unifié / Conditional decisions remain much overlooked in the legal scholarship on French administrative law. Wrongfully considered as the exclusive province of the specialist on unilateral administrative acts, conditional decisions have received the attention of public lawyers only in so far as they come to present a risk for the protection of aquired rights. This goes some way to explaining both the scarcity of doctrinal contributions to a definition of the concept of a conditional decision – autonomous from the paradigm of the obligations in French civil law –, and the difficulties encountered in trying to bring some clarity to the subject by attempting to determine precisely the boundaries of the notion. Nevertheless, recent turns taken by the administrative courts, and more recently by codifiers, do call for a clear and consistent definition. The case law has for long considered these legal acts as unilateral acts, thus subjecting conditional decisions to the corresponding legal principles. Despite this, the legal scholarship on the question has never managed to fully integrate conditional decisions in either branch of the main binary subdivision – contracts and unilateral acts –, ill-using both in order to stress the highly unusual character of the notion (for instance underlining the peculiar relevance of an analysis of this unilateral decision in contractual terms). This unusual object therefore forces us to reevaluate our traditional classifications, which otherwise systematically result in a severe inconsistency between substantive law and its doctrinal exposition. In order to do so, the theoretical tools and approaches used up to now must be renewed. This doctoral dissertation aims to reconcile the positive law and its doctrinal exposition, thus proposing a clear definition of the condition itself as a legal norm in its own right – both dependant on, and distinct from, the other provisions of the decision it is attached to – the function of which is to modulate the effects over time of the main decision. These proposed elements of definition come to reveal a unified and coherent legal status of the conditional decision in administrative law.

Soient K un corps de nombres d'anneau des entiers O_K et G un groupe fini. Grâce à un résultat de E. Noether, l'anneau des entiers d'une extension galoisienne de K modérément ramifiée, de groupe de Galois G, est un O_K[G]-module localement libre de rang 1. Donc, à chaque extension galoisienne L/K modérément ramifiée, de groupe de Galois G, on peut associer une classe [O_L] dans le groupe des classes des modules localement libres Cl(O_K[G]). L'ensemble des classes de Cl(O_K[G]) qui peuvent être obtenues de cette façon est appelé ensemble des classes réalisables et on le note R(O_K[G]).Dans cette thèse, on étudie différents problèmes liés à R(O_K[G]). Dans la première partie, nous nous focalisons sur la question suivante: R(O_K[G]) est-il un sous-groupe de Cl(O_K[G])? Si G est abélien, L. McCulloh a prouvé que R(O_K[G]) coïncide avec le soi-disant sous-groupe de Stickelberger St(O_K[G]) dans Cl(O_K[G]). Dans le Chapitre 2, nous donnons une présentation détaillée d'un travail non publié de L. McCulloh qui étend la définition de St(O_K[G]) au cas non-abélien et montre que R(O_K[G]) est inclus dans St(O_K[G]) (l'inclusion opposée n'est pas encore connue dans le cas non-abélien). Puis, en utilisant sa définition et le Théorème de Stickelberger classique, nous montrons dans le Chapitre 3 que St(O_K[G]) est trivial si K=Q et G est soit un groupe cyclique d'ordre p soit un groupe diédral d'ordre 2p, avec p premier impair. Ceci, lié aux résultats de McCulloh, nous donne une nouvelle preuve de la trivialité de R(O_K[G]) dans les cas considérés.Les résultats originaux les plus importants sont contenus dans la deuxième partie de cette thèse. Dans le Chapitre 4 nous montrons la fonctorialité de St(O_K[G]) par rapport au changement du corps de base. Ceci implique que si N/L est une extension galoisienne modérément ramifiée, de groupe de Galois G, et St(O_K[G]) est connu être trivial pour un certain sous-corps K de L, alors O_N est un O_K[G]-module stablement libre.Dans le dernier chapitre, nous montrons un résultat concernant la distribution des classes réalisables parmi les extensions galoisiennes de K modérément ramifiées, de groupe de Galois G, dans lesquelles un idéal premier de K donné est totalement décomposé. / Let K be a number field with ring of integers O_K and let G be a finite group.By a result of E. Noether, the ring of integers of a tame Galois extension of K with Galois group G is a locally free O_K[G]-module of rank 1.Thus, to any tame Galois extension L/K with Galois group G we can associate a class [O_L] in the locally free class group Cl(O_K[G]). The set of all classes in Cl(O_K[G]) which can be obtained in this way is called the set of realizable classes and is denoted by R(O_K[G]).In this dissertation we study different problems related to R(O_K[G]).The first part focuses on the following question: is R(O_K[G]) a subgroup of Cl(O_K[G])? When the group G is abelian, L. McCulloh proved that R(O_K[G]) coincides with the so-called Stickelberger subgroup St(O_K[G]) of Cl(O_K[G]). In Chapter 2, we give a detailed presentation of unpublished work by L. McCulloh that extends the definition of St(O_K[G]) to the non-abelian case and shows that R(O_K[G]) is contained in St(O_K[G]) (the opposite inclusion is still not known in the non-abelian case).Then, just using its definition and Stickelberger's classical theorem, we prove in Chapter 3 that St(O_K[G]) is trivial if K=Q and G is either cyclic of order p or dihedral of order 2p, where p is an odd prime number. This, together with McCulloh's results, allows us to have a new proof of the triviality of R(O_K[G]) in the cases just considered.The main original results are contained in the second part of this thesis. In Chapter 4, we prove that St(O_K[G]) has good functorial behavior under restriction of the base field. This has the interesting consequence that, if N/L is a tame Galois extension with Galois group G, and St(O_K[G]) is known to be trivial for some subfield K of L, then O_N is stably free as an O_K[G]-module.In the last chapter, we prove an equidistribution result for Galois module classes amongst tame Galois extensions of K with Galois group G in which a given prime p of K is totally split.

Expression d’un mal législatif contemporain, les lois symboliques ne sont pas seulement des dispositions incantatoires sur le modèle des lois non normatives ou « mémorielles ». Elles peuvent aussi être des dispositions techniques, comme en comporte le droit de la propriété littéraire et artistique. Pour le comprendre, il convient, dans un premier temps, d’identifier les lois symboliques. Caractérisées par la disharmonie de leur discours et de leurs qualités normatives, ces lois donnent à voir un phénomène d’ineffectivité entendu en un sens large. Imprécises, irréalistes, menteuses, mais dotées d’un message vertueux, les lois symboliques sont le résultat d’un exercice instrumentalisé de l’action législative, davantage préoccupé par l’expression de valeurs que par la considération des effets concrets du texte. Dans un second temps, il importe de déterminer la manière dont les lois symboliques doivent être traitées. Signe d’une mutation de la production législative et du droit de la propriété littéraire et artistique, ces lois sont la figure d’un désordre : elles marquent le retrait du vrai symbolique et sa vaine compensation par un faux symbolique voyant. Cet enseignement commande une remise en ordre appelant au respect de règles de légistique et à la conscience morale des diseurs de normes animés par l’amour des lois. Alors que les réformes se multiplient en droit d’auteur et que la matière est attaquée par des revendications consuméristes et sociales, cette étude invite à une réflexion sur l’avenir de la discipline et à envisager des remèdes pour lutter contre l’apparition des lois symboliques. / Symbolic laws are a recent manifestation of a contemporary legislative evil. They are not only incantatory declarations on the model of non-normative or "memorial" laws, since they can also be technical rulings, as intellectual property law is. To grasp this phenomenon, we must first identify what symbolic laws are. Characterized by the disharmony between their discourse and their normative qualities, these laws show a phenomenon of ineffective implementation. Unclear, unrealistic, sometimes lying, but endowed with a virtuous message, symbolic laws are the result of the instrumentalization of legislative action, an exercise where expressing values is more a concern than the concrete effects of the text. Secondly, it is important to determine how symbolic laws should be dealt with. As a sign of a change in legislative production and in intellectual property law, these laws are the figure of disorder: they mark the withdrawal of the true symbolism and its vain compensation by a false and flashy symbolism. This discovery calls for a restoration of order and the respect of legistic rules, where those who write the norms should be animated by the love of laws and guided by moral conscience. As intellectual property law is under attack by commercial and social demands, this study invites to think about its future and see how we could prevent the appearance of symbolic laws.