自1994年開始推動的「社區總體營造」，可謂台灣近十年來最具朝野共識的政策方案之ㄧ。研究者在長達十餘年的實際參與執行過程中，觀察到有兩項未曾間斷且持續操作的社區營造重點工作，其一為社造人才的培育，其二為社區環境空間的改造。而這兩項工作其實就是社區總體營造在台灣推動這十年來，亟欲達成的階段性目標，也對於往後社區營造的永續發展有著關鍵性的影響。 本研究嘗試從參與主體互動關係的角度切入，探討在「社區培力」的觀點下，在民眾參與社區環境空間改造時，所產生的政府、非政府組織與社區民眾，三個參與主體所扮演的角色、定位、功能與任務，以及各參與主體在人才培育的工作中，如何在學習成長的過程中，運用培力的方式以達成有效益的成果累積。 研究者採用行動研究的方法，以苗栗縣為研究場域，並透過對於社區營造、社區培力、民眾參與、社區環境改造與國內外多個案例等的課題分析歸納，並結合苗栗縣推動社區總體營造與社區規畫師等計畫的執行過程中，探究各參與主題的互動關係變化，進而影響其各自的角色、定位、功能與任務的網絡結構，以及有效的社區培力機制。 在經過2001-2005五年間的行動研究歷程，研究者發現三個參與主體間的關係應是由最初的「上下互賴關係」，轉變為「水平互動關係」，方有可能達成「三角互補關係」的理想社區總體營造網絡結構。而在不同的階段中，三參與主體的也應動態的變換不同的角色與相對應的功能與任務，以因時、因地制宜的推動社造工作。尤其非政府組織除了必須具備有「中介、潤滑與形塑」的功能外，還要能「提升社區民眾公共參與層級」的能力。因為，民眾對於公共事務的決策能力並非由其他主體移轉而來，而是在有效的學習成長過程中，創發出來的。而透過本研究引入「契約學習」的學習方式，更確認有效的學習過程應提供「提問式的教育環境」，教學者與學習者在一定的知識基礎上，於動態的互動過程中調整所扮演的角色，進而將所習得的知識內化為生活的一部份，再透過行為外顯呈現。 本研究在苗栗縣的特定情境脈絡下，探討民眾參與社區環境改造此類與生活密切關聯，但又需要專業知識與技能的社區營造面向，如何藉由參與主體間的關係轉變與互動過程，以及學習成長的社區培力機制的運作，應可提供相關研究人員參考，並作為政府、非政府組織與社區民眾彼此互動的依據，進而共同攜手打造社區願景。 關鍵詞：社區總體營造、民眾參與、社區培力、契約學習、社區規畫師、行動研究 / Community building can be seen as one of the most common understanding policies in Taiwan since 1994. Author of this research has been participating in the practical operation for over ten years, and observing two key points. One is talent cultivation; the other one is community space transformation. These two achievements are de facto the staged goals of Taiwan community building through these years. Most importantly, they have potentially influenced the sustainable development of community building. With the angle of interaction of participants, this research tries to discuss that under the view of community empowerment, government, NGOs and community residents become the three main participants when the public takes part in the community space transformation. The roles, position, function and mission of the three participants will be examined here. Besides, for talents cultivation, how do they exert empowerment to accumulate the efficient achievement in the learning process? Action research method is used in this research. MiaoLi County is the research area. Through analyzing the subjects of community building, community empowerment, public participation, community space transformation and overseas cases, and combining the executing process of the community building and community planner plans promoted by MiaoLi County, this research is to study the interacting changes of the above subjects. Furthermore, these subjects are to influence their own roles, position, function, mission network and effective community empowerment mechanism. After five-year action research from 2001 to 2005, this research found that the relation of the above three main participants has changed from “Top-Bottom Dependent Relationship” into “Balanced interaction Relationship”, and been finally moving to “Triangle Inter-complementary Relationship ”, an ideal net structure of community building. In the different stages, the three main participants should also shift different roles, related function and mission to promote community building timely and properly. Especially, except intermediary, lubricating and molding, NGOs should have the capability to promote the level of the public community participation. For the public’s decision ability toward public affairs is not transferred from other objects, but created from the effective learning process. This research introduced “contract learning” to confirm that an adequate learning process should provide an “asking- question education environment ”. Based on certain knowledge basis, teachers and learners have to adjust their roles during interacting, internalize the new knowledge into part of their lives, and behave properly. Under some special situations in Miao-li County, this research talks about the close relation between daily life, professional knowledge and skill of community building while the public participates community environment building. It also examines how these main participants transfer their relation and interacting process, and how to learn the operation of a growing community empowerment mechanism. These related findings and conclusions could provide some positive reference for other researchers. More importantly, it is hoped that government, NGOs and communities to cooperate to accomplish a concrete community vision in accordance with this research in the future. Key words：community building, public participation, community empowerment, contract learning, community planner, action research

人類文明發展的演進歷程中，工業革命與石油世紀將大量生產、大量消費與大量廢棄的傳統成長模式推展到極致。人類社會雖然因此獲得經濟上的快速發展，卻對自然環境造成不可回復的嚴重侵害。年年加劇的自然反撲現象，使人類在一方面藉由簽署國際公約與章程來發揮約束力的同時，也思索兼容社會經濟發展與環境保育的新社會型態—循環型社會的推動。本研究以2005日本愛知萬國博覽會為研究個案，財團法人2005年日本國際博覽會協會為研究標的，探討人類活動的永續化經營作為。 由於愛知萬博會為自九○年代數個萬博計劃中止或失敗以來，創下第一個參訪人數大幅超過預定人數紀錄的世界博覽會。並且，愛知萬博會乃以環境共生為主題，強調市民力量的參與，成為結合在地能耐與國家文化來呈現二十一世紀型的創新「自然博」，因此具備研究代表性。此外，從愛知縣爭取主辦權到實際舉辦的十五年間，博覽會計畫歷經數度修正，震盪漣漪從民間擴及到中央政府，到國際。儼然是一場「人定勝天」與「自然睿智」的攻防戰，而過程中的種種現象也象徵著多項新時代意義。 本研究以發展自司徒達賢CORPS模式（1999）的「文化活動之永續化經營模式」為研究架構，分別從「市民參加的影響力展現」、「主題滲透度與服務對象之行為改變」、「主題意識的擴散與深化」、「硬體設施的撤除與價值再創造」及「資於的再生利用」等五構面進行分析討論。研究發現，市民參與的層次已從過去被動的吸收資訊進展為主動的參與決策以及經營管理；一次性博覽會活動難以促成或誘發參觀受眾的行為改變，但能強化新觀念與行為改變間的正向連結；落實永續理念的博覽會活動，在策劃設計上需融入經濟、社會與文化因素的考量將有助於推動進行；博覽會活動在空間利用與撤除整備策劃設計上，應盡量活用既有地形與建材，且使用空間的再利用設計上應具有多元功能；運用巧思，讓事業廢棄物成為創意紀念品不僅為主辦單位帶來經濟收入，也是保存活動記憶與承續活動主題意識的最佳媒介；任何事業廢棄物都有其可利用價值，資源的使用乃是循環型的迴圈。 最後，得出以下四項結論：一、循環型社會是社會發展演進的趨勢。二、市民力量已成為人類活動中不可小覷的一股影響力。三、舉辦博覽會具有經濟發展與理念傳達兩方面的效益。四、永續化經營包含無形與有形兩個層面，有形係指在經營管理與作業流程中融入永續理念，無形則為永續理念的擴散、滲透，及誘發行為的改變。 / Thanks to rapid technological development bring by industrial revolution, people enjoy the outcome of industrial growth and economic development in the 20th Century which was characterized by mass-production, mass-consumption, and mass-discarding. At the same time, this has placed a tremendous burden on the natural environment, exceeding its capacity for self-recovery. Also, these trends resulted in various global environment issues such as global warming, unusual climates, species extinction, desertification, and the shortage of natural resources. As these issues cannot be resolved by one nation alone, there were several international rules be made to deal with environmental crisis. But human efforts still cannot catch up with the speed of global ecosystem damage. Thus, a brand-new, eco-compatible business model is needed which balanced society niches, biological diversity, and economic efficiency. The 2005 world exposition, Aichi, Japan, as the first world exposition in 21st century offered a great platform let countries to work together in the pursuit of a sustainable and harmonious coexistence for all life on Earth. Furthermore, form the setting of Expo themes to the planning, designing, and operating of the 2005 world exposition, Aichi, Japan these have symbolized the change of the managing philosophy in holding a big cultural activity. Considering the concept of circular orientated society and 3R policies (reduce, reuse, and recycle), this research focuses on the timeline after the duration of Expo, trying to figure out the eco-compatible conducts of Japan Association for the 2005 World Exposition in sustainable way. ‘The sustainable management model of cultural activity’ is adopted in this research to analyze the case. Besides, there are five variables in this model which as following: ‘the influence of citizen participation after Expo’, ‘the understanding of Expo theme and the behaviors induced by changes of visitors after Expo’, ‘the diffusion and internalization of Expo theme to visitors after Expo’, ‘the remove and value creation activities of hardware in Expo site after Expo’, and ‘the processing and reusing of resources in Expo site after Expo’. In addition, first hand material (the interview of the chief producer of Japan Association for the 2005 World Exposition, Shohei Fukui) and second hand material are used in the studying and analyzing process. According to the background above, the following questions would be answered by this research: 1. What influence did ‘citizen participation’ affect the recovery and the new plan of Expo sites after the 2005 world exposition, Aichi, Japan? 2. What levels did the visitors reach on the understanding of the Expo themes? And what behaviors of visitors have been induced due to the attending of Expo? 3. How did Japan Association for the 2005 World Exposition cope with its operational activities, remove activities of facilities and pavilions, and the value creation activities of Expo sites based on Expo theme which man and nature can co-exist in harmony, after the 2005 world exposition, Aichi, Japan? 4. How did Japan Association for the 2005 World Exposition diffuse and internalize the Expo themes into public through specific activities, carriers and organization after the 2005 world exposition, Aichi, Japan? 5. How did Expo theme which man and nature can co-exist in harmony affect Japan Association for the 2005 World Exposition on the way of resources processing and reusing after the 2005 world exposition, Aichi, Japan? Combining 12 research findings were brought up from this research, there are 4 conclusions of this research can be summarized as below: 1. Circular orientated society is the next trend of human society apparently. People have to aim to benefit from nature without harming it, and develop ways of maintaining a mutually dependent and beneficial relationship with nature. 2. The power of citizen participation cannot be ignore in holding of human cultural activities. Without the concern and involvement of citizen, cultural activities will lost of uniqueness and won’t be last in local areas. So that the objective of incubating local competitive ability will not come true. 3. There are two advantages from holding an Expo, which are economic development and the diffusion of new concept, new technology and new social system. 4. The concept of ‘the sustainable management model of cultural activity’ includes two meanings: In tangible aspect, fulfill the vision of a sustainable and harmonious coexistence into management conducts and operational process in daily life. In intangible aspect, diffuse and internalize the eco-compatible theme or environmental concept into public, induce behaviors changed of public unconsciously.

古今中外，河川的多重樣貌皆忠實地記錄都市發展變遷，爰此，河川發展與都市規劃密不可分，而結合都市河川整治的水岸發展是一個都市過度成長之再生途徑，而水岸發展之成敗繫於河川保育之良窳。以往圍堵河川之水泥思維，不僅切斷河川生物棲息地，更埋下自然反撲之遠因；然而缺乏當地民意考量之重大公共工程建設，往往侷限於單一目標之達成，忽略當地河川生態紋理與民眾需求等整體考量方向。近年來，都市居民對於生活品質要求提高，民眾參與理念成為落實都市空間改造的重點，以地方性非政府組織形式加入參與式規劃，係屬未來進行干擾自然、人文環境等重大公共工程建設計畫進行時需考量之必然趨勢。 爰此，本研究為建立民眾參與河川保育決策模式，推動自然水岸之都市規劃方向。於重大公共建設危害地方生態與生活之際，以「台北都會區環河快速道路台北縣側建設計畫」永和段之居民抗爭為研究個案，探討民眾透過組織參與、影響決策模式之目的，分別以文獻回顧法、案例比較法及深度訪談法等研究方法進行分析、歸納與整理，進而提出以地方性非政府組織參與公共事務決策之模式運作，作為政府採納民意於計畫之際可採用途徑之參考，並提供相關建議作為法令與配套之修正與努力方向。 基於上述，藉由檢視民眾參與抗爭公共政策事件中之背景脈絡與行動策略，本研究所得出之結果為： 1. 地方性非政府組織得以突破集體行動邏輯困境之原因，係以人數稀少的組織成員與攸關切身利益之房價漲跌等誘因，共同克服因公共財而生搭便車之河川保育及重大計畫決策的參與經驗。 2. 由於考慮自然生態保育及其維護係屬十分長遠的尺度，故現今公共決策的衡量過程中仍未能兼顧「開發」與「保育」，而河川生態保育仍為政策考量上之相對弱勢。 3. 基於參與理論提出之參與主體、時機與策略三個要素，影響地方民眾團體參與決策模式及其成效之重要因素包括組織中的菁英核心領導、公部門回應態度積極、理性策略運作、非政府組織主導及操作媒體。 / Throughout the history of urban development, various images of rivers honestly depict its transition. As a result, river development and urban planning are closely related. Waterfront development combining urban planning with river straightening is a way to regenerate an urban environment. Besides, the key to successful waterfront development is river conservation. In the past, urban construction not only destroys aquatic habitats, but also sacrifices the amenity of inhabitants along the riverbank. However, huge public engineering construction without considering local inhabitants’ opinions usually focuses on one single objective and neglect ecological resources of the river and inhabitants’ demand for living by the riverbank. Nowadays, urban inhabitants have become highly aware of the demand for quality of life. To improve urban environment, the concept of public participation has become a crucial and imperative measure In other words, urban planning with public participation is an inevitable element when it comes to public engineering construction plan. Therefore, this thesis focuses on the participation of the residents of Yongho area. Yongho area is a part of Taipei metropolis, where the government originally planned to build a riverside viaduct along Hsintein River. The reason why Yongho residents oppose to this decision is that this riverside viaduct is nine stories high, which could gravely destroy the skyline of the riverbank area. This may lead to a series of undesirable results that impact on the living quality of Yongho residents. Therefore, they set up a local NGO to protest against this decision. In view of this opposition, this thesis tried to set up a feasible mechanism of public participation for river conservation policy and to build a natural waterfront city model. The study incorporates discussions of the interactive relations between Yongho residents and local authorities as well as the residents’ strategies to participate the policy decision-making. Consequently, by examining the social context and game plans within a series of public protest events, this thesis has obtained the following conclusions. 1. Local NGO overcame the dilemma of free-rider in the logic of collective action with small group and a windfall in real estate prices. 2. Public policy-makers still cannot consider development and conservation simultaneously when making policy decision. 3. Three elements, participative subject, timing and strategies, highly affect the efficiency of public participation. These elements include brilliant leadership, active response in the public sector, rational strategies, domination of Non-Governmental Organization, and media manipulation.

本研究的主要目的，在探討學校因素對於大學生政治態度與行為的影響，兼採「社會化觀點」與「分配觀點」，並比較兩者解釋力的大小。 社會化觀點認為學生在學校當中所學習到的各種知識與價值影響其政治態度與行為，本研究以學生的學習經驗作為測量變項，包含「討論公共事務」、「學校民主模式」、「學校功效意識」、「參與校園活動」與「修習政治課程」這五個面向。分配觀點則認為學校在外部社會系絡中的評價與地位引導了學生的政治態度與行為，本研究即以隱含社會定義的大學類型作為測量變項，包含「公立/私立、「研究型/非研究型」、「地理區域」與「創校年代」這四種類型。研究變項包含「民主價值取向」、「政治功效意識」與「政治參與」。 本研究所運用的資料為陳義彥教授主持的「我國大學生政治社會化之研究─二十五年來政治價值與態度的變遷」國科會研究計畫。資料分析包含兩個部分，首先運用相關分析、t檢定與變異數分析，探討學校因素以及諸項政治態度與行為兩兩之間的關聯性，其次建立迴歸模型，比較兩項學校因素對於大學生政治態度與行為的相對影響力。主要發現如下： 1、在學習經驗方面，大學生平均修習近五個學分的政治相關課程，然而討論公共事務的頻率偏低、學校民主模式偏低、學校功效意識偏低、參與校園活動亦偏低。 2、在政治態度與行為方面，大學生的民主價值取向偏高，且較為一致，而政治功效意識偏低，政治參與亦是偏低。 3、相關分析的結果顯示，除了學校功效意識與政治參與呈現反向相關之外，大學生五項學習經驗與其三項政治態度與行為兩兩之間具有正向的相關。 4、t檢定與變異數分析顯示，就讀於不同類型大學的學生在多項學習經驗以及政治態度與行為上呈現出差異。其中大學創校年代的不同，在所有項目上呈現出差異。 5、在迴歸模型當中，多項的學習經驗構成民主價值取向、政治功效意識、政治參與的重要影響因素，然而只有「創校年代早於一九四九年」構成民主價值取向的重要影響因素。因此有關學校因素對大學生政治態度與行為的影響，社會化觀點為主要的解釋，而分配觀點只提供有限的解釋。 6、t檢定與迴歸模型均顯示，大學類型對學習經驗的影響較多，而大學類型對政治態度與行為的影響較少，且學習經驗以及政治態度與行為兩兩之間多數具有顯著相關，因此推論大學類型對於政治態度與行為具有較多間接的影響。亦即大學類型先影響到大學生部份的學習經驗，學習經驗再影響到學生的政治態度與行為。換言之，學校本身的招牌提供一個框架，框架引導學生的學習情況，然而真正直接影響學生政治態度與行為的主要因素還是學習經驗。因此，分配觀點在整個大學生政治社會化的過程中仍有其價值。 綜上所述，在學校對大學生政治態度與行為發揮影響力的整個過程當中，社會化觀點與分配觀點的解釋各自佔據不同的位置。社會化觀點直接解釋學習經驗對於學生政治態度與行為的影響。而分配觀點說明學校框架引導學生具體的學習內容，然後間接影響學生的政治態度與行為。

隨著資訊通訊技術日漸進步與普及，政府亦開始發展各種線上溝通工具，作為與民眾互動的方式之一，在諸多的電腦中介傳播形式中，線上論壇即為一種值得重視的應用型態。本研究由理性公共論述的角度出發，主要為調查中央政府機關網路論壇的版面運作與討論情形，以及兩者之間的關連。首先檢閱相關文獻以找出本研究定位，再從相關理論中，整理出理性公共論述的內涵和要件，建構出理想網路論壇版面和公共論述的模式，共有五面向，三十五個項目。實證資料蒐集分為兩階段，第一階段採線上檢閱法，檢視所有的中央政府網路論壇版面；第二階段採內容分析法，檢視由第一階段篩選出的部分網路論壇之主題言論，最後彙整兩者的資料結果，並衍生出三個命題，以瞭解兩者之間的關連。 / 研究結果發現，我國目前共有42個中央政府行政機關於網站上設有網路論壇，提供民眾自由發表言論和詢問問題。以網路論壇的版面設計而言，這些論壇都沒有太大的差異。而在政府主動回應上則稍顯不足，目前政府對於論壇言論多是採取選擇性回應或不回應居多。在公眾參與情形方面，整體而言參與討論的熱絡情況差異很大，依據論壇所屬機關涉及的業務和公共議題而有所差別。以主題討論內容來說，雖然討論的質與量，目前仍未形成一真正理想的公共論述空間，但是在幾個專門討論特定公共議題的論壇中，可以看到參與者提出各種不同觀點，以及彼此之間互相溝通辯論的情形。證明網路論壇若作為特定公眾議題的討論園地，它可以是一個辯論空間、傳達意見的場域，讓一個議題很快擴散開來，並使論壇參與者可以從不同的角度去討論它，這就是網路論壇最重要的價值。 / 本研究結果說明了現階段中央政府網路論壇其實仍有值得改進的空間，網路論壇作為政府與民眾的溝通管道，其在公民參與上的效用是不容忽視的，隨著網路通訊科技日漸普及，越來越多人選擇用網路作為陳述意見的管道，故政府實應妥善運用現有的網路論壇機制，作為線上互動的公眾領域，最後，本研究也整理了若干實務建議，提供給政府作為網路論壇經營管理上的參考。 / As the Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) have been progressed and widespread, government agencies begin to develop various kinds of online communicational tools for interacting with people. In many kinds of computer-mediated communications (CMC), the most noteworthy is a network or Internet forum. This study, based on rational theory of public discourse, attempts to investigate the constitution and the discussion on the network forums in Taiwan’s central government, and to explore the relation between the two. After the literature review positioning the study, the author extracted the components of rational theories of public discourse and constructed the indicators for evaluating Internet forums, including 5 dimensions and 35 items. The first stage of data collection is an online review inspecting the Internet forums of the central government agencies. The second stage is analyzing the content of the themes posted on the forums chosen from the first stage. Finally, three propositions were derived to realize the relation between the design and content of the forums as indicated above. / 42 forums of administrative agencies were located to offer the citizens to publish opinions and inquire questions. The reviewed forums show little difference in their design and mechanism. Concerning their management, the agencies reply on a selection basis or even seldom reply. Nevertheless, substantial difference is found on the degree of participation of the forum. Although the quality and quantity on these network forums does not suffice to develop an ideal public argumentation, several forums dedicated to specific public issues have shown plural views from the participants. In sum, the Internet forums of public agencies can carry and diffuse the citizen’s opinion and debate from dierse perspectives. / Accordingly, the results suggest that the Internet forums of government deserve further improvement. As a communicative channel between government and citizens, the benefit of citizen participation is significant. Government should utilize their mechanism properly as the online consultation platform. Finally, this reaerch provides suggestion on management and administration of the public Internet forums.

本研究採用文獻探討、問卷調查、深度訪談等方法，從解說志工的個人社經背景、人格特質、參與動機、工作滿足、管理制度檢討及組織承諾等進行探討，重要發現如下： 一、解說志工個人社經背景同質性高，大部分是透過現有人際關係介紹成為志工，在受訪者的基本特性方面，以女性居多，期別以第十期居大多數，年齡層以46~55歲中壯年佔的比例最高，教育程度方面以大學佔大多數，職業以退休人士最多，月平均收入以50,000~69,999元的比例最高，居住地以台北市佔大多數，婚姻狀況則是已婚居大多數，而無其他志願服務經驗及有宗教信仰者佔多數。解說志工的人格特質相對偏向外控傾向，但差異性不大。 二、參與動機多元化，隨個人屬性不同有所差異。 三、解說志工之工作滿足為中上程度，對於組織氣氛、督導有所期許；解說志工在組織承諾上，以「努力意願」最強，而在「組織認同」較弱，且隨個人屬性有所不同； 四、在參與動機、工作滿足及組織承諾程度皆是以內控者較高，顯示出志工在志願服務過程中，會以團體為核心，主動、自主、積極的態度來配合管理處解說工作。 五、參與動機與工作滿足之間有極顯著正相關，參與動機與組織承諾之間有極顯著性正相關，工作滿足與組織承諾之間有極顯著性正相關。 六、「工作特性滿足」、「社會責任動機」、「意願實現動機」、「督導滿足」、「教育程度(專科)」與「自我成長與生涯規劃滿足」等，對志工整體組織承諾有較大的預測力。

本研究主要目的在瞭解台北縣民力參與警察業務的現況，從警察機關與民力組織兩方面進行，探討應如何整合各類民力參與警察業務？實務上有哪些警察業務適合由民力參與，以及如何提升民力參與意願等問題，期能整合民力資源，作最有效運用，提供警察機關運用民力之參考。本研究主要以台北縣民力參與警察業務為研究範圍，首先以文獻探討研究台北縣民力參與警察業務的現況，再進一步針對台北縣新店警察分局運用民力參與警察業務做個案觀察研究，目的是在瞭解目前新店警察分局成立「全民治安諮詢委員會」運用民力參與警察業務的現況，試圖尋找出一套警察機關策略整合民力運用的機制，以供各警察機關民力運用時之參考。經由實地參與觀察，蒐集相關資料後，再根據深度訪談的分析結果，整理研究發現並提供相關建議。 本研究發現，民力運用制度於日據時代是身分、地位及榮譽的象徵，人民參加的意願相當高，運用民力參與警察業務的內容，亦隨著環境的需求而改變，以前是單純的協助治安維持，後來增加秩序維護，近年來為民服務是相當受重視的工作，而且民力參與警察業務一直受到政治力量的影響，只是程度不同而已。其次，就警察機關依法編組的民力而言，要整合編組成一種民力組織是有困難的，但是義警、民防、社區巡守隊業務功能相近，其業務是可以合併由一個單位辦理，惟民力運用應整體整合運用且整合對象要多元差異，因其特性運用，不只限於依法編組運用的民力，而民力整合的重點在於主管是否用心？是否具有整合的能力？目前運用民參與警察業務注重功能導向，欠缺策略性整合運用機制，而且要整合吸納民意代表參與，避免民力成為政治工具。另外，實務上民力參與警察業務的內容有情資提供、協助勤務執行、預防犯罪宣導、協助學童上下課安全以及協助分駐派出所為民服務工作。最後研究發現民力單位（人員）受到尊重、所提出的問題能獲得解決，是提升他們參與意願的重要因素，而福利制度的好壞，並非提升參與意願的重要因素。 / The purpose of this research was to understand the present situation of civil force participation in police affairs in Taipei County. This research on the integration of all kinds of civil forces assisting police affairs covered two areas: police administrations and civil organizations. We were interested in finding out what kind of police work is suitable for civil forces and how to encourage citizen participation in these programs. By doing so, we would like to provide suggestions to police institutions when organizing civil forces so that they may be integrated more effectively, thereby enhancing their continued participation. In this research document analysis was first completed, and then a case study of the Shin-Dian Police Precinct’s “Public Security Consulting Commission” was carried out. Through actual participation and observation, we gathered the data used in this research. Through data analysis of our findings and in-depth interviews, we have provided relevant suggestions for police administrators in this paper. This research reveals that during the Japanese occupation of Taiwan the civil force system was a symbol of identity, status, and honor, and therefore the willingness among the population to participate was quite high. The purpose of the organization also adapted to Taiwan’s changing society. Initially, the force simply maintained public security, but later it took on the work of keeping order. In recent years, the civilian services have been highly valued, but there are problematic aspects. For example, civil forces’ participation in police affairs has always been somewhat connected to influence peddling. In addition, it is difficult to integrate and organize a civil organization as broad as the civil force that is officially managed by the police administrations in Taiwan. However, because vigilantes, civil defenders, and community patrolling squads have similar functions, they can be merged and managed as a single unit. And the subjects integrated should be diverse on certain targets. Because of its utilization characteristics, it is not only confined to the officially arranged civil forces. It was found that the success of civil force integration depends on the expectation of the commander’s involvement with the group and how capable he or she is at organizing the volunteers. Utilizing civil forces to participate in police affairs is a highly functionally oriented undertaking. However, it was found in this study that it lacks strategic integration and utilization. Therefore, the participation of the representatives must be integrated and absorbed in order to prevent the civil forces from becoming political tools. These civil forces are valuable resources providing general intelligence to police, police duty assistance, crime prevention propaganda distribution, security for schoolchildren, and civilian services assistance. Finally, we found that it is not the compensation they receive that inspires the citizens to participate in such civil forces, but rather whether they feel highly valued and if their problems are solved that keeps them in the program.

責任保險之責任確定因涉及第三人之請求，致責任保險的給付對於被保險人而言，具有損害填補及保護權利之雙重機能。故除卻一般損害保險中所應負擔的給付保險金義務外，尚有可能須為被保險人承擔訴訟抗辯、和解協商等義務，而透過訴訟抗辯與和解協商之程序，一方面可確定保險賠償之金額，一方面亦可降低賠償之數額。 而保險人於訴訟抗辯及和解協商等防禦程序中，參與的程度及方式有所不同：可能隱於被保險人身後，僅負擔必要費用之支出，而由被保險人自行與第三人進行防禦之消極形式；或除負擔必要費用外，另提供被保險人自行防禦時所需之協助；亦可能採取更為積極的代行防禦形式，由保險人親自或其另聘律師，以被保險人的名義與被害人進行談判協商或訴訟抗辯。 由於保險人為損害事故最終應負責任之人，利害關係最大，且具有豐富的談判及協商經驗，又有財力聘請律師代為行之，由保險人為被保險人代行防禦，不僅勝算較大，亦可免除被保險人往來協商與訴訟所需耗費之勞力與時間，對被保險人的保障最為足夠。 又美國所採行之代行防禦制度，卻可能產生利益衝突之困擾，於保險人與被保險人之利害關係不一致或意見分歧時，保險人所做出之防禦決定，非必符合被保險人之期待或利益，因而美國法院及相關法規均曾提出相關的解決方式，包括獨立律師制度、律師行為準則及和解意見分歧時之判斷標準等，對代行防禦制度之推進具重大意義，應可作為我國保險法相關規定修正時之參考。

在這個新媒體服務竄起的時代，許多中小型商家卻難以充分利用新媒體在顧客生命週期(customer life cycle)管理的過程中提升顧客參與行為。而在所有新媒體當中，搜尋引擎又被認為是獲取和發展新顧客最有效的方式之一。因此本研究在搜尋引擎的基礎上提出了一個藉由合作營銷活動最大化顧客參與的新架構。 我們利用在顧客參與平台上建構反向鏈結以及長尾關鍵字服務來實現我們的架構。通過針對中小型商家和顧客的控制實驗，我們驗證了該架構的可用性和效果。我們發現兩種服務對於增進網路能見度以及搜尋精準度都有明顯的提升。而高網路能見度及高搜尋精準度可以幫助中小型商家提升顧客參與行為，不論是在顧客參與平台或是其官方網站。因此本研究認為中小型商家可以利用顧客參與平台上的服務來建立合作營銷活動，以促進顧客參與行為。在這個過程中，不僅有利於顧客對於品牌態度的建立也有助於其轉變為中小型商家忠實顧客的可能性。 / Facing the fast-changing trend of service economy upon new media, most small and medium enterprises (SMEs) don’t have the capability to utilize new media to stimulate customer engagement behavior (CEB) through customer life cycle (acquisition, development, and retention). In all the new media, search engine is the most helpful way on acquiring and developing new customers, thus we propose a new framework based on search engine to maximizing the CEB through brand alliance-based campaign (which is a popular marketing strategy for SMEs to acquire new customers). According to our framework, the study implements two search engine services including inlink building service and long tail keyword service on engagement site. With conducting controlled experiments toward SMEs and customers, we testify our system by SMEs and the effects of services toward the customers. We find that inlink building service and long tail keyword service increase both on high search targetability and web visibility for customers. With high web visibility and search targeatbiliy, CEB can be stimulated on engagement site and also target sites of SMEs. Thus we conclude that SMEs can use brand alliance-based campaign with our services as a trigger to stimulate CEB. With increment on engagement behavior, customer’s brand attitudes then increase and in the end become loyal customers to the SMEs.

在這個充滿繁多新媒體時代，使用者面臨到眾多資料和快速變動的環境，使用者在媒體的使用行為和選擇上更加依賴各種推薦平台的建議。除此之外，隨著社群媒體的興起，許多的推薦平台整合了社群的人們關係來提供更準確的建議和選擇。雖然推薦系統在影響使用者的使用行為有顯著的效果，然而企業和品牌卻鮮少去關注或了解如何增加顧客參與行為在整合社群媒體的推薦平台上。顧客參與行為並不只有傳統的交易行為，而是包含了所有直接和間接影響企業品牌的行為，像是使用者回饋、口碑傳播等。而且，現今尚未有清楚明確的定義哪些關鍵因素，會影響顧客參與行為在社群化推薦推薦系統，來藉此獲得顧客關注，形成正向生態系統。 本研究中，我們根據達人在社群化推薦平台中具有重要的影響力的觀點，以促進重塑達人知識來改變原有達人的行為和態度，藉此影響所有一般使用者在社群化推薦平台的顧客參與行為。我們提出新的架構和系統來幫助中小型商家在推薦平台上影響更多的推薦達人，獲得更多的顧客參與。我們建立商家參與後台來幫助中小型商家可以洞悉達人的行為，我們也建立了重新塑造資訊的系統，提供達人所需要的訊息文章，藉此來改變達人的知識和行為。此研究發現，達人的行為會受到娛樂型、知識型和激勵型的文章訊息影響行為，一般使用者也會受到達人行為影響。此外我們藉由品牌合作角度來幫助得到更多的顧客參與行為，我們發現中小型商家可以在社群化推薦平台獲得顧客參與且建立一個正向機制循環。 / With the highly dynamic trend of service economy, the firms are increasingly to co-create value with brand alliance to advance their competition advantage. On the other hand, with the massive information on the new media, the referrals provided by recommender systems in combination with social media have significantly impact on customer behavior. In light of these trends, the markers and firms should aim to increase the customer engagement behavior (CEB) which goes beyond the traditional transactions including purchase and non-purchase behavior on social recommenders. In this research, we focus on the role of mavens who are powerful influencers on the social recommender. We propose a new conceptual framework for facilitating to impact the maven’s knowledge and behavior and increase the CEB on the social recommender for Small/Middle Enterprise (SME). We establish the SME support engagement site for increasing the CEB on social recommender and framing knowledge context to influence maven for achieving the insight of the maven’s behavior. As the result of research, we discover that maven engagement behavior would be influenced by the entertainment, information and incentive types in context from the brand alliance perspective and the non-maven are willing to be affected by maven behavior. Moreover, with this discovery, the SME can increase the customer engagement behavior on the social recommender