社區意識與管理制度是促成公寓大廈管理維護集體行動的兩種途徑，前者可提升鄰里情誼與環境認同，後者可促使居住品質維持一定水準，兩者對於管理維護表現也都有所影響。透過管理維護主、客觀表現之衡量，社區意識與管理制度對於住宅管理維護有何影響？結合主、客觀二者來看，真正好的管理維護其意涵為何？較佳的管理維護表現組合（主觀滿意度高、客觀績效表現亦好）會受到哪些因素影響？乃本文所關注之焦點。 實證結果發現，社區意識與委外管理程度對於管理維護的主、客觀表現皆有正面的影響，而委外程度的重要性又稍大於社區意識，顯示在促成公寓大廈管理維護的集體行動時，制度途徑（管理制度）的效果比社會途徑（社區意識）來得好一些。此隱含著公寓大廈管理維護不但需要社區內部凝聚共識，也需要建立適宜的管理制度，此可透過專業管理公司或廠商人員給予協助，促使公寓大廈管理維護能確保一定品質。 此外，真正好的管理維護應該是「住家環境非常安全、舒適，住戶也感到很滿意」，透過實證分析可知，社區戶數愈多、屋齡愈新、決議事項執行效率愈好、社區意識凝聚情形愈佳、委外程度愈高，管理維護表現出現「較佳組合」的機率會比「較差組合」來得大。

大型政府機關或企業，由於服務範圍廣大，應用系統繁多，各系統間不時有資料共享的需求（如各系統須使用人資系統）。但對於這些共享資料的管理上，常常因缺乏有效的機制與流程，而一直有無法同步或同步上資訊不一致的困擾。本研究提供一套中央控管規格機制，以管理面和技術面雙管齊下來解決此問題。本研究認為統一資訊必需先從統一資料規格（Data Specification）做起，同時訂定單一資料的提供來源及多個資料使用對象。 本研究利用Web Service WDSL語言特性作為制訂資料規格的依據。WSDL本身即是可自我描述的一種資訊規格，並具有跨平台的特性，以利各使用不同程式語言開發之系統進行整合。本研究認為既然共享資訊是一種共用行為，理當有一資訊規格維護者負責制訂維護管理規格，同時定期召開共享資訊制訂會議討論共享資訊範圍，本研究所設計之系統藉由資訊規格維護者，訂定WSDL共享資訊規格，供資訊提供者實作，並經由發表給各系統開發單位使用。本研究已實作一個工具來產生WSDL。 本研究期藉由集中控管資料規格的共享服務方法，定義各系統開發者的角色與責任，以治理源頭的方式，讓系統整合或資料交換更為容易，開發時程可以縮短，節省系統開發成本，讓有意參與政府機關的廠商不會怯步，讓機關招商更為容易。 / For the wide range of services and diversified application systems in operation in large government agencies or businesses, information sharing among systems is becoming increasingly necessary (such as users’ personal data on different systems). When it comes to managing shared information, lacking an effective system and flow process makes synchronized operation or access to information a less successful task. The research in question brings up a centralized control specification as solution to the issue through sound management and technique. In the research, uniform information starts from uniform data specification. At the same time, a single data source is set together with a plurality of data destinations. In the research in question, information specification is made based on Web Service WDSL language characteristics. WSDL refers to a kind of self-descriptive information specification that is operational across different platforms for successful integration of systems developed in different program languages. In this research, it is believed, since information sharing is a common behavior; there must be an information specification guard responsible for the scheming, maintenance and management of the same. On the other hand, regular meetings on information sharing must be convened for discussion of the scope. In the system made available in this research, the information specification guard makes the WSDL information sharing specification for operation by information providers and use by the system developers once publicized.We also Implement a tool to generate WSDL. In this research, it is expected, through the centralized managament of the specifications for shared services, the system developers could have their roles and responsibilities properly defined. By means of sorting out the sources, system integration or data exchange could become much easier and development could become successful more rapidly as a way to reduce the cost involved in system development and eventually, allow those who are willing to bid in public projects come to participate without much concern. If so, bidding by private sector could be an easy task.

若將區分所有建築物的問題分為所有關係與管理關係兩大方面，本文係著重於管理關係的討論。公寓大廈管理組織有，(1)管理委員會、(2)區分所有權人會議及(3)規約。 管理委員會是指，為執行公寓大廈管理維護工作，由區分所有權人選任住戶若干人為委員所設立的組織(公寓大廈管理條例第3條第9款)；而管理服務人是指，受僱傭或委任，而執行建築物管理維護事務(公寓大廈管理條例第3條第11款)；又基於建築物之所有人的地位，全體的區分所有權人對於建築物的設置維護亦有其基本的責任(民法第191條)。若今因對於管理維護的事務有所疏失，應由誰負損害賠償責任，便值探討。 又關於建築物的維護，公寓大廈僅是眾多建築物型態中的一種，但本文的論述範圍僅限於住宅用的公寓大廈或其混合型態，如住商混合或住辦混合之大樓，故諸如商用大樓、行政機關、學校、醫院等建築皆不在論述範圍中。

社會秩序維護法第80條之規定，是我國目前性交易管制政策之法源依據，該條文係採原則禁止、例外許可之管制原則。然就憲法保障人權之基本精神而言，性交易開放與否關係著憲法保障人民之工作權、生存權、性自主權及隱私權等。本文將從憲法保障人權的角度出發，以各號有關於工作權、性自主權、隱私權等大法官解釋，檢視當下我國社會秩序維護法對於性交易之管制是否符合時宜，是否有侵犯人權及違反比例原則之虞。 在論文章節安排部份，第貳章除了蒐集相關文獻外，另以大法官釋字第666號解釋為主軸，結合各學者的看法及其他大法官協同意見，進一步對解釋文做說明。之後再針對釋憲及修法前後警察機關對於性交易案件之取締方式及外國性交易管制政策做比較，分析評估性交易合法化是否有違社會善良風俗，社會善良風俗的定義是否一成不變；第叁章部分則依研究目的、研究問題及研究倫理擬定訪談大綱，並律定訪談過程及對象；第肆章部份則以親自訪談方式，針對性工作者及基層實務警察人員進行訪談，請受訪者對於當下性交易管制政策，分別就工作特性、執法取締、人權保障及其他建議等四部分提出看法；第伍章結論部分，除了提出本研究之發現外，並評估開放性交易之可行性及對我國當下性交易管制政策提出修法的建議。 從事性交易之性工作者，大多數為面臨龐大經濟壓力的弱勢婦女，法令的禁止只會迫使她們淪為制度性剝削的受害者。我國政府針對性交易行為，應擬定適宜的管制政策，以有效的管理政策替代執法取締，如此一來，才能體現我國憲法保障人權之基本精神。 / Our regulations on sexual trade is based on Social Order Maintenance Act (abbreviated to SOMA), which adopts the principle of what in main provisions are prohibited yet the exceptional causes are permitted. Regarding the Constitution of R.O.C on citizen rights , such as work, sexual autonomy, and privacy, however, such ideas above are all referred to whether the permission of sexual trade is OK or NOT. We will look into some regulations of sexual trade, via bits of Grand justice interpretations, to determine if SOMA would be appropriate now days and if it would defy the principle of proportionality and human rights, from the aspect of the Constitution that ought to secure Human rights. Besides collecting related materials, we will further explain the No.666 Grand justice interpretation by combining some scholars’ researches and opinions and some Concurring opinions, and that would be demonstrated on Chapter 2. Secondly, we’ll analyze whether the legalization of sexual trade would be against the social convention, or whether the definition of public order and good morals is permanent. On chapter 3, we’ll establish the main structure and distinguish those who necessarily receive our interview in line up with the cause, problems and ethics of researching. On Chapter 4, we’ll interview the police officers and sexual traders in person to absorb their opinions on by-then regulations, clampdown, human rights of sexual trade and their recommendations. In the final part of the essay, in addition to proposing our discoveries, we will put forward our suggestions on the revision of by-then sexual trade regulations and evaluate the possibilities of validation of sexual trade. Those who feed on sexual trade mostly are afflicted from enormous economic pressure and the ban on sexual trade of regulations make them institutionally deprived. In order to exert the spirit of the Constitution that ought to secure human rights, we advise the government need to enact appropriate laws and rules focusing on sexual trade behavior to effectively replace the clampdown.

面對快速變遷與競爭激烈的經營環境，企業爲突破經營困境，無不卯足全力做好體質的改善，強化競爭能力之準備，但欲達此目的須有一套有效的管理機制，如何找到一個能讓企業形成策略「方向感」與建立能力強化之「著力點」的經營改革手法，乃為本研究之目的。 綜觀國內外推動TPM(Total Productive Management)之成功案例，讓不少企業獲得極大的成效，增強了他們堅實的競爭力，然不少企業也亟希望能導入此活動，卻缺少了具體的了解與推行方法，終究是半途而廢，因此乃融合了本身的實務推動經驗、相關成功企業之個案，來說明具體研究心得與推動要領。 本研究發現TPM是企業改善體質的一種工具也是一種方法，它透過了系統性的活動展開，結合各種分析改善手法，以品質、成本、效率、士氣、安全、環保為其衡量之指標，由個案研究中可以看到各項顯著的活動成效，如加工不良率由6150ppm降至108ppm；設備平均故障間隔時間延長了5倍；庫存低減50%，可見TPM對產業績效之貢獻。 / In the rapidly changing and highly competitive business environment, in order to break through the difficulties, the companies should do every effort to improve the physical and strengthen the competitiveness of the preparation. To achieve this goal, they must have an effective management technique, how to find a enables companies to form strategic "sense of direction" and to build capacity to strengthen the "focal point" of management reform practices that is the research target of the report. Checking around the world to promote the TPM of the success stories , so many companies get great results, and enhance their competition, although a lot of companies are also want to introduce this activity, but lack of a concrete understanding and implementation method, after all, is halfway, so I use the integration of their practical experience of successful enterprises related case studies, to illustrate the specific experiences and promote essentials. This study found that TPM is a tool also a method for enterprises toimprove physical fitness, It is expanded through a systematic activity, combined with a variety of analytical techniques improve, quality, cost, efficiency, morale, safety, environmental protection for measure of its targets, and more, safety, zero disasters, quality zero defect, zero fault of equipment, these items are for its ultimate purpose. Case studies can be seen by the remarkable effectiveness of the various activities, such as machining defect rate fell to 108ppm from 6150ppm; equipment MTBF extended to five times; Inventory Reduction 50% showing that the contribution TPM on industrial performance. / 目　錄 中文摘要 i Abstract ii 誌　謝 iii 目　錄 iv 表目錄 vi 圖目錄 viii 第一章　緒論 1 1.1 研究背景 1 1.2 研究動機 2 1.3 研究目的 4 1.4 研究限制 4 第二章　文獻探討 5 2.1 產業績效之內涵 5 2.2 產業績效提升應用之探討 7 2.2.1 TPM應用於產業績效領域 7 2.2.2 應用於產業績效提升之相關手法 9 2.2.3 TPM應用於其他相關領域 15 2.3 TPM的演進過程與定義 16 2.3.1 演進過程 17 2.3.2 TPM的定義 18 2.3.3 TPM的真義 20 2.4 TPM的全貌 22 2.4.1 追求目標 22 2.4.2 TPM之特色與整體架構 23 2.4.3 TPM與TPS、TQM之差異 23 2.5 TPM之應用手法 24 2.5.1 TPM展開步驟 25 2.5.2 八大支柱展開 32 2.5.3 QC Story 41 2.5.4 QC七大手法 42 2.6 TPM活動績效之評價指標 43 2.6.1 設備總合效率 44 2.6.2 生產績效指標 44 2.7 TPM之應用與展開 46 2.7.1 TPM之應用手法 47 2.7.2 TPM之展開模式 47 2.8 本章小結 47 第三章　研究方法 49 3.1 研究流程 49 3.2 研究方法說明 50 3.2.1 個案研究 50 3.2.2 專家訪談 51 3.3 研究方法特色 53 第四章　個案實證分析 54 4.1 個案研究 54 4.1.1 C公司簡介 54 4.1.2 C公司TPM推動狀況 56 4.1.3 活動過程與成效 59 4.1.4 方針目標達成之活動展開做法 60 4.1.5 個案研究小結 82 4.2 專家訪談 85 4.2.1 訪談對象 85 4.2.2 訪談目的 86 4.2.3 訪談狀況 87 4.2.4 訪談內容彙整 98 4.2.5 專家訪談小結 99 第五章　結論與建議 100 5.1 研究結論 100 5.1.1 TPM對產業績效最主要之貢獻 100 5.1.2 對產業績效最有效的改善手法與工具 101 5.1.3 找出TPM導入成功與失敗之關鍵 101 5.1.4 相關建議 102 5.2 未來研究方向 103 參考文獻 附錄一 專家電話訪談轉載紀錄表 附錄二 專家訪談問卷表 表目錄 表2.1 平衡計分卡的衡量指標 11 表2.2 TPM與TPS.TQM手法特徵之比較 24 表2.3 推行TPM的四階段十二步驟 25 表2.4 TPM講座課程概要 27 表2.5 各支柱的工作分配實例 29 表2.6 建構生產效率化體制 33 表2.7 展開個別改善的10步驟 34 表2.8 自主保養實施之七步驟 35 表2.9 計畫保養活動七步驟 36 表2.10 品質零不良七步驟 36 表2.11 教育訓練體系表 39 表2.12 QC七大手法 42 表2.13 QC STORY之8個步驟 43 表2.14 TPM活動的評量項目(1) 45 表2.15 TPM活動的評量項目(2) 45 表3.1 專家訪談主題 52 表3.2 研究方法特色與差異 53 表4.1 TPM活動成效 59 表4.2 設備分類評價基準表 68 表4.3 保養模式分類 69 表4.4 16大LOSS定義 78 表4.5 LOSS與支柱及部門別之關聯 79 表4.6 LOSS二維分析法 80 表4.7 改善主題等及定義 80 表4.8 LOSS改善主題管控表 81 表4.9 重要績效指標之成長狀況 83 表4.10 C公司TPM應用手法 84 表4.11 訪談對象 86 表4.12.1 專家訪談之彙整表 88 表4.12.2 專家訪談之彙整表 89 表4.12.3 專家訪談之彙整表 90 表4.12.4 專家訪談之彙整表 91 表4.12.5 專家訪談之彙整表 92 表4.12.6 專家訪談之彙整表 93 表4.12.7 專家訪談之彙整表 94 表4.12.8 專家訪談之彙整表 95 表4.12.9 專家訪談之彙整表 96 表4.12.10 專家訪談之彙整表 97 表5.1 TPM活動之整體效果 101 圖目錄 圖1.1 每年通過TPM賞廠商家數推移 3 圖1.2 台灣地區各業界取得狀況 3 圖1.3 台灣地區獲得TPM賞廠家狀況 4 圖2.1 TPM之發展沿革 18 圖2.2 阻礙生產效率化之16大損失 21 圖2.3 TPM之追求目標 22 圖2.4 活動理念展開之推動架構 23 圖2.5 重複小集團組織 28 圖2.6 災害發生的金字塔 40 圖3.1 研究流程 49 圖3.2 個案研究實施流程 50 圖3.3 專家訪談流程 51 圖4.1 C公司TPM推進歷程 55 圖4.2 TPM展開方針 57 圖4.3 九大支柱 58 圖4.4 TPM組織圖 58 圖4.5 安全衛生活動四大構面 61 圖4.6 安全零災害活動成效 62 圖4.7 來件品質保證做法 64 圖4.8 良品條件管理圖 65 圖4.9 品質保證之三關卡 65 圖4.10 品質零不良活動成效 66 圖4.11 設備零故障活動方針 67 圖4.12 零故障七步驟 72 圖4.13 設備管理情報系統 72 圖4.14 設備零故障活動成效 73 圖4.15 物料零庫存活動成效 76 圖4.16 資源零浪費活動成效 82

路燈巡修作業的落實與否，影響路燈維護的效率及品質，為能有效提升路燈管理之效能，近來管理階層逐漸重視路燈巡修區域的規劃。然而巡修區域的劃分，多依據主管人員之經驗調派，缺乏系統化、科學化的分析與評估，往往使人力資源無法有效運用，形成勞逸不均的現象，進而影響維護品質，因此如何以科學的方法劃分路燈巡修區域是個重要的課題。 本研究的重點在於針對現行路燈巡修區域劃分之缺點，提出一個新的方法，使各區域管理員巡修時間差達到最小化，以解決現行區域劃分的不合理現象。我們所提出的劃分法，以基因演算法進行演算，並加入禁忌名單改善基因演算法區域搜尋效率不佳的缺點，提升整體的求解速度，同時將路燈維護數量、故障率、維護時間、交通時間、巡修次數等影響因子，納入巡修時間的計算公式中，使劃分後各區的巡修時間差達到最小化。 本研究以台北市政府公園路燈工程管理處的路燈東區分隊為實作對象，在考慮不同的基因演化條件下，分別比較巡修區域劃分前後之變化情況，由實驗結果顯示，我們提出的劃分方法，確實使各區管理員的巡修時間差不超過3%，並且滿足巡修不跨區作業之需求。 / The efficiency and quality of street lights maintenance is influenced by the operation of patrolling and maintaining. In order to raise the working efficiency of maintenance crew, the supervisors pay more attention to region redistricting recently. The formor region districting methods normally base on human experiences without systematic or scientific evaluations, These facts, not only result in human resources wasting and uneven labor allocations, but also affecting the maintenance qualities. Therefore, it is a crucial issue to make region redistricting more scientifically. The key point of this research is to provide a systematic redistricting mechanism to minimize the patrolling time variation for all the districts. Our mechanism is based on genetic algorithm to reduce the patrolling time differences. Tabu search list is used to improve the searching efficiency of general genetic algorithms. Various factors were integrated in our mechanism to minimize the patrolling time variations. These factors include total number of street lights, average failure rate, average maintenance time, traffic delay, patrolling and maintaining frequency, etc. We used districts covered by the East Branch of SET/PSO of Taiepi City Government as the examples in our studies. The experimental results show that, using our mechanism, the patrolling time difference is reduced to 3% and maintenance crews can perform their duty without crossing region boundary.

紙張記錄著先人的智慧，是傳遞資訊重要的載體，亦是言論思想溝通重要的利器。紙質檔案蘊含了人類社會與文化運作的歷程，若能善加典藏、保存維護，必能從中發掘許多歷史瑰寶，讓過去的經驗得以傳承。 為能深入暸解二戰期間國內機關典藏之紙質檔案保存維護情況，本研究先針對研究主題國內、外相關文獻加以分析，彙整歸納出可供研究參考之資料後，再採用「個案研究法」模式進行研究，針對國史館和國史館台灣文獻館為主要對象，以「訪談法」作為意見資料之蒐集工具，訪談對象分成三組(造紙師傅、檔案典藏人員、檔案保存及修復專家)，共計十一人。期盼能藉此瞭解紙質檔案性質與保存之現況，並且歸納整理其所面臨之問題，視圖提出解決方案，以供典藏機關參考。 研究結果包括：一、紙張材質國史館大多粗糙，國史館台灣文獻館大致較佳；二、國史館與台灣文獻館因早期典藏環境不佳，造成現存檔案部分有蟲蛀、黴害和水損的情況；三、破損紙質檔案修裱方式，目前機關多採用整張托裱；四、紙質檔案修裱材料的選用基準較單一且天然手工材質；五、檔案管理局擬定之標準即為首要典範，可隨著地域、環境、經費和人力等面向做最適當的調整；六、紙質檔案應使用無酸且非複合媒材之檔案夾或檔案箱典藏保存；七、一般公文類紙質檔案應放入無酸紙夾中捆緊，依順序直立排放；特殊紙質之大圖表應攤平放入合適大小檔案櫃中；八、選用專業地典藏管理與維護人員；九、定期檢視紙質檔案狀況，並做詳細紀錄；十一、運用智慧，依據檔案狀態及現有資源進行檔案分級處理作業。 最後針對以上研究結果提出七項建議：一、制定紙質檔案用紙與媒材之標準；二、設置專門且專業之管理人員；三、空間整併規劃；四、設置檔案緩衝室；五、實施「點、觀、聞、測、錄」五步驟檢視法；六、制定檔案修復用紙與相關材料；七、資源經費有限，對於待修復檔案應採分級處理。 / Paper not only records people’s wisdom but also transmit the important information. Otherwise, paper is a good tool to communicate our opinions and thinking. If paper archives can be appropriately kept and organized, we will find more historical treasures, passing down the experiences. For deeply understanding how the paper archives in the world war of conservation status. The research firstly collects both international and national literature, which is focus on this topic, and then analyzes, compiles, and generalizes it to a useful material for research. Then, it is adopted that“case study”method for research and “interview”will be set up as the tool for collecting the opinions. This research is done with hope to understand characteristical and conservation of these archives, to sum up the faced problems and to propose resolutions for archives of Repository agencies. The study made the following conclusion: (1)The qualities of the papers in Academia Historica are almost rough, but in Taiwan Historica are high. (2)Because of the bad environment in the earlier Academia Historica and Taiwan Historica, now there are some damages in these archives including pests, mold. (3)To restore the archive of damaged-papers, so far most organizations use full of the mounting papers. (4)About the qualities of the paper, archival mending uses basic, unity and more natural handmade materials. (5)Use the standard from The National Archives Administration for the prime simple; we can adjust it appropriately by space, environment, financial, and human resources. (6)Paper Archives should use acid-fee, non-mixed media folders, or keep it in the archival box. (7)Normally, archive of the office paper should put in Acid-free paper and bundle it, and we put it straightly one by one. The special papers, as Large-scale chart should put in a suitable file cabinet and keep it side up. (8)Select professional managers and maintainers. (9)Schedule survey the archived condition of the papers, and record it clearly. (10)Use wisdom, and according status of archives and resources to classify the archives levels. Finally provide seven suggestions to support above of stud: (1) Set up the standard of papers and materials for archive. (2) Appoint the specialized and professional managers. (3) Arrange the space.(4) Set up the archival buffer room.(5) Follow these five steps to check, “POINT, READ, SMELL, DETECT, RECORD”.(6) Regulate archive-repaired papers and materials.(7) Because of the limit of finance resource, we should classify the archives to restore it.

撫卹的本意不在於造就一個創造更多財富的家庭，當然也不僅在於用來濟助貧困遺族的生活所需；其真實用意係期藉諸合理的撫卹給與及相關配套措施，俾一則讓在職死亡公務人員的遺族得以感受政府對於死亡公務人員的仰慰之意；二則用以協助當事公務人員的遺族能渡過一段艱困的時期；至其最終目的則希望能建構出自由安全的社會；而這種本於自由安全社會理念所建構的撫卹措施亦才是一個有正義的社會所應秉持的建設理念。因此，撫卹制度之是否能審慎地規劃出適當的法制，自來就是倡議具有正義理念的社會安全理論者所重視的最主要課題之一。 然而，隨著社會安全理論的典範移轉，本於「正義」的普世價值來建構出「人人各得其所，各遂其生」的理想生活型態，已然是秉持憲政民主理念以治事的民主法治國家所堅持的基本目標之一。準此而言，當我們本於正義概念所強調的意涵從新來檢視我國現行公務人員撫卹法制所規範的種種機制的時候，我們乃不得不對於「我國現行公務人員撫卹法制之是否能發展成符合正義價值的良善制度」，投注更多的關心與努力。因此本項研究乃以「我國公務人員撫卹法制的綜合意涵為「經」，並以「實質公平正義的概念為「緯」作為研究的架構，進行交互論證，並期超越單向度的線性思考選輯，本諸「守」與「變」的互動模式，來論究「我國公務人員撫卹制度的重建」方案，俾能對我國公務人員撫卹法制的發展有所助益。 因此，本項研究文乃先就「公務人員撫卹措施」與「社會安全」的相容性，導論出「撫卹必須要能融入社會安全之思維，進而本諸正義概念所期於體現的實質意涵。以建構出「均無貧、和無寡、安無傾」的自由安全社會」的論結（第貳章第一節）；而後再就倫理及行政法理的層面，導出「正義概念」在學理上所應重視的「正當程序」、「公平原則」、「秉道執中」及「公益維護」等四大意涵（第貳章第二節）；其後則以「我國公務人員撫卹法制的綜合意涵為「經」，並以「實質公平正義的概念為「緯」作為研究的架構（第貳章第三節），再檢閱世界先進國家（美、英、日等國）及我國現行公務人員撫卹法制的內涵）第參、肆章），並依據上開所導出的正義意涵，深入檢討分析我國現行公務人員撫卹法制之是否吻合於「正義的意涵」（第伍章）；最後再循「典範移轉」的啟示，跳脫傳統線性思考的選輯，提出本頊研究的發現，進而本於上揭「正義的四大意涵」，研提出若干重新建構我國公務人員撫卹制度的具體建言（第陸章）。 重要名詞：1.「正當程序」、2.「公平原則」、3.「秉道執中」4.「公益維護」5.「憲政民主」、6.「公民社會」、7.「自由安全社會」 / Pension is not meant to create more wealth for a family, nor remedies to the survivals in poverty for an affordable life. The genuine intent of pension serves two purposes. One is for the government to express to the survivals its appreciation and condolences of a civil service died in the course of performing duties and the other is to help the survival to pull through a certain period of hardship. The ultimate objective of pension is to seek building up a free and secure society. Pension measures based on the idea of establishing a free and secure society shall be the ideas for the efforts of reconstruction of a society of justice to stick to. Therefore, whether an appropriate legal framework can be carefully mapped out for a pension system has been one of the key topics highly regarded by those fundamentals who promote a social security with justice. However, to cope with the "Paradigm Shift" of social security theories, justice-based popular value to realize an idealistic living style wherein every one enjoys justified living means and social status has become one of the basic objectives held fast in any democratic nation practicing constitutionalism. Accordingly, we have to invest more concerns and efforts to focus on the issue that "if the existing pension system of civil service of our country is sufficient to be developed into a system of good faith that meets the value of justice" while we are refreshing out review of various mechanisms set forth in the existing pension system of civil service in the point of justice. This paper, with the attempt to help in the development of the pension system of civil service, is constructed by having "the general context of the pension system of civil service of the Republic of China" as a weft, and by having the "the concept of substantial fair and justice" as the waft as the framework to proceed cross arguents in the hope of going beyond the one dimension of linear logic of thinking to challenge the option of "Reconstruction of Pension System of Civil Service of the Republic of China" according to the interaction modes between being conservative and revolutionary. In this paper, the compatibility between "pension measures" and "social security" is first touched for the inference of the conclusion that "the pension must be incorporated with the thoughts of social security for the construction of a free and secure society that "shares common wealth without poverty, common peace without misfortune and common security without instability" by following the substantial context realized from the point of justice (Sec.1,Chap.Ⅱ); followed by angling at the aspects of ethics and administration legal principles, four major areas of context, respectively, "justice procedure", "fair principle", "impartial practice" and "maintenance of public interest" that should be taken serious in the scientific theory of "the concept of justice" are inferred (Sec.2,Chap.Ⅱ); then intervened with "the general context of the pension system of the Republic of China" as the weft and "the concept of substantial justice and fair" as the waft for the framework of the research (Sec.3,Chap.Ⅲ), those pension systems currently and respectively adopted in advanced nations (UK, USA and Japan) and in our country are examined (Chap.Ⅲ and Chap.Ⅳ); later based on the "context of justice" as inferred, an in-depth review is made to analyze the compliance of the existing pension system of our country with such context of justice (Chapter V); and finally, by following the teachings revealed in the "Paradigm Shift" to take a leap from the conventional logic of linear thinking for presenting the findings of the research, and further to make feasible proposals for the reconstruction of the pension system of civil service based on those four major contexts of justice as disclosed above (Chap.Ⅳ). Keyword: 1.justice procedure 2 .fair principal 3. impartial practice 4. maintenance of public interes 5. constitutional democracy 5. civil society 6. free and secure society

住戶對其居家環境每日必需的管理維護工作通常有兩大類選擇：住戶自行負責或委託管理維護公司。目前國內集合住宅在管理維護執行上的現況，係「自行管理」佔了68﹪，「委託管理」佔32﹪，這樣的比例與香港及日本的集合住宅大部分係屬委託管理的情形相差甚遠。為何台灣集合住宅委託管理的情形較不普遍？究竟是什麼因素在影響住戶對管理維護模式的選擇？而不同的管理模式其管理維護的效果有何不同？又是哪一種管理維護模式最能讓住戶感到滿意？此乃本研究關注之焦點。 實證結果發現，集合住宅的「規模」與「價格」是影響管理模式選擇的關鍵，當戶數規模與管理費用越足夠，選擇委託管理模式的機率將越大。平均而言，高層大廈與社區，選擇委託管理較自行管理的勝算分別為公寓的6．357倍與4．245倍。此外，當戶數規模平均每增加10戶，選擇委託管理模式的機率就會增加3．9﹪；而當管理費用平均每坪增加10元時，選擇委託管理模式的機率亦會增加6．5﹪。 至於管理維護模式與住戶滿意度的探討，委由管理維護公司來維護社區的結果均比自行管理來得讓住戶滿意，而「部分委託管理模式」則是四種模式中滿意度最高者。究其原因，管理公司雖有其專業知能與經驗的優勢，但也可能存在著代理問題，受到這二者相互權衡（trade-off）的影響，全部委託管理的滿意度便不如部分委託管理。 為使理論實證結果能與實務連結，本研究對「規模」與「價格」做門檻值推估，發現委託大樓管理業者的社區，住戶至少每月每坪需繳交70元的管理費，且該社區的總戶數應該在100戶左右，由此可知，台北市集合住宅的平均戶數可能因未達經濟規模門檻值（因為目前已報備管理組織的公寓大廈有八成其戶數都在百戶以下），致使台北市委託管理的情形並不普遍。此外，集合住宅內生存在的協商困難與外部性問題，也是委託管理比例偏低的原因，建議政府應藉租稅優惠方式來使外部效果內部化，並直接或委託民間非營利團體協助輔導集合住宅管理組織之報備，減少其中的協商成本。 　　關鍵字：集合住宅、管理維護、管理模式、住戶滿意度、戶數與管理費門檻值 / Households typically manage their living environment using one of two modes. Under the first, household conducts all of the basic and day-to-day management functions. Under the second approach, the household hires a property management company to provide and monitor a number of services such as repair and maintenance quality control. In Taiwan, the current proportion of the implementation of condominium ( collective housing ) management and maintenance is 68% of owner management and 32@/o of company management. Comparing to Hong Kong and Japan where the company management is more common than owner management, this proportion is far behind. This research is focus on the reason of less popular of company management in Taiwan collective housing and the factors of affecting the choice of management mode. Moreover this research also discusses the results and effects of different management modes and which management mode can provides the highest degree of satisfaction. The empirical results show that the main factors of selections between different management modes are the "scale" and the "price" of the condominium. On average, comparing company management and owner management, the possibility of choosing company management is 6.357 times more in high-rise buildings (above 13 floor) than in apartment (under 5 floor) and 4.245 times more in the community (large projects) than in apartment. Besides, when the scale of the quantity increases additional ten units averagely, the possibility of choosing company management will increase 3.9% ; and when the management cost averagely goes up extra ten dollars per Pin, the possibility of choosing company management will also increase 6.5 % . As for the discussion of the relationship between the management modes and the household satisfaction, general speaking, the household can get more satisfaction from the result of appointing building management & maintenance companies. Moreover, the outcome of "part company management mode" is the most outstanding one in the four types. The reason is that although the company has the professional knowledge and superior management skills, there does also exist the problem of agency. Due to the trade-off relationship, the satisfaction of complete company management mode is less than part company management mode. In order to relate the theoretical model to the practice, this research infers the thresholds of "scale" and "price". The results show that every household in the community which has hired the building management & maintenance industry has to pay 70 NT$ per Pin-Month in average; furthermore, the number of its households should be approximate 100 units. Therefore it can be said because of the fact that the average number of the household in condominium in Taipei might not excess the threshold of economic scale, company management is not very common in Taipei.( note that at this stage 80% of the registered condominium is less than hundred households.). Besides, the reason of low proportion of company management is that there does exist the difficulty in negotiations and externalities. Consequently, it is suggested that government should use the effect of tax policy to intemalize the externalities. It is also recommended that government can direct or indirectly authorize the non-profit organizations to assist home owners associations to register, so that the cost of negotiations can be reduced. keywords: condominium、 management & maintenance 、 management mode、household satisfaction 、 thresholds of "scale" & "price"

集合住宅社區共同使用部份屬於住戶分別共有的「共有資產」，具有類似公共財的特性，可能會因為相關使用衝突課題，或集體行動困境，而減損多數願意配合社區事務的住戶之使用效益。此外，代理問題可能衍生自管理委員會所建立的管理模式，其影響程度可能因決策控制權及管理權不同程度的委外而有異。 因此，本論文主要有三個探討課題：第一，從集體行動困境角度分析並釐清管理委員會自治管理問題；第二，依據代理理論、公司治理機制，從決策控制權移轉的程度來重新定義集合住宅社區的事務管理模式，分析事務管理模式對於管理維護效率的影響；第三，了解使用混合與面積混合所產生的使用衝突與管理維護績效間的相互關係。本文使用台北集合住宅管理維護現況調查的問卷資料進行實證研究，期望透過上述課題的探討，釐清管理維護潛在問題，並對不同類型社區提出適宜管理維護方式的建議，產生兼具學術與實務面之貢獻。 / Common property belonging to all owners of a condominium may cause usage conflicts or collective action dilemmas, due to the characteristic of quasi-public goods diminishing most residents' utility or benefits. Besides, agency problems derived from different management modes established by management committees may have unfavorable influence on management performance to some extent ccording to the delegation degree of decision control and management. Therefore, the main topics of this dissertation are as follows: First, analyzing and cectifying the collective action dilemmas through the self-organized CPR regimes; Secondly, redefining condominium management modes through delegation or outsourcing degrees of decision control according to agency theory and corporate governance framework and analyzing the effects of these modes on management performance; Thirdly, discovering the relationship between usage conflicts derived from the features of housing mix and usage mix and management performance of condominiums. Data collected from a postal questionnaire survey in Taipei city was used in several empirical analyses based on the main topics. Clarify the potential problems of condominium management and proposing appropriate management modes and approaches according to various features of condominiums are expected to be both academic and practical contributions.