摘 要 本研究主要目的在於： 一、探討成就目標理論最新的發展趨勢。 二、探討考試焦慮在自我調節的學習策略中的內涵意義。 三、探討成就目標、學習策略、考試焦慮三者對學業表現的影響。 四、建構出成就目標、學習策略、考試焦慮、學業表現四者間的因果模式。 五、歸納研究結果，做為老師教學與輔導之參考，並對未來相關研究提出建議。 本研究採問卷調查方式，以多階段叢集抽樣方式進行，分別在全省北中南東四區各抽取3至4個縣市，每個縣市再隨機抽取一個學校，共抽得14個學校，每個學校再隨機抽取國一、國二、國三各一班，共計樣本1332人。調查工具有三，其一為Elliot & McGregor（2001）編製的「成就目標量表」、其二為改編自吳靜吉、程炳林（民81）修訂Pintrich, Smith, & McKeachie（1989）所編的「激勵的學習策略量表」（MSLQ）而成的「學習策略量表」、其三為余民寧（民92）所編製的「考試焦慮量表」。調查所得資料以描述統計、t檢定、單因子變異數分析、多元回歸分析、典型相關分析及結構方程模式SEM加以處理。 本研究得到以下結論： 一、國中生具有多種成就目標，教師需妥善引導。 二、國中生情緒調節能力稍弱，而以男生、高年級、北部學生最差。 三、認知焦慮較情緒焦慮對數學成績的影響力大，女生尤其較男生具有更高的認知焦慮。但是情緒焦慮對一年級的影響較其他年級大。 四、國中一年級學生相對於其他年級有較多的目標導向及較高的情緒焦慮，而在認知焦慮上各年級無差異。 五、在四種成就目標上，都是高焦慮組較高。在學習策略上，高焦慮組在一般認知、資源經營策略上較高，但在情緒調節上則以低焦慮組較高。在數學成績的比較上，低焦慮組較高。 六、對數學成績最具預測效果的因素有四：趨向精熟目標、認知評價過程及資源經營策略、考試焦慮中的認知焦慮。 七、逃避精熟目標、認知焦慮、情緒調節三者關係密切 八、考試焦慮與學習策略間具負向回饋圈特性，可以解釋兩者間無關的事實。 九、成就目標與學習行為的關係模式經修正後可適配，但模式不夠精簡。 最後，根據研究結果提出各項建議，以供教學實務上及未來研究參考。 關鍵詞：成就目標、學習策略、考試焦慮、情緒調節、結構方程模式 / The Relationship of Achievement Goals and Learning Behaviors Abstract The purpose of the present research is to: 一、discuss the recent development trends of achievement goals theory. 二、discuss the implication of test anxiety in self-regulatory learning strategy. 三、discuss the influence of achievement goals, learning strategies, and test anxiety on academic performance 四、construct the structure equation model (SEM) among achievement goals, learning strategies, test anxiety, and academic performance 五、induce the outcomes of the present research to submit a little suggestion as reference to teaching, guidance, and future related research The present research adopted a questionnaire survey in multiple-staged cluster sampling. First of all, sampling 3~4 cities or counties for each of four regions in Taiwan (including the north, the central, the south, and the east regions of the country). Then one junior high school was sampled for each cities and counties mentioned above. Finally, 14 schools were sampled. For each of those schools, one class of each grade was sampled, yielding a total of 1332 junior high school students. The tools of the present questionnaire survey were three. The first one was “achievement goals inventory” made by Elliot & McGregor (2001). Another one was “motivated strategies for learning questionnaire” (MSLQ) made by Pintrich, Smith, & McKeachie (1989), but the present research use its Chinese version revised by Wu & Cherng (1992). The other was “test anxiety inventory” made by Yu (2003). The raw data collected after the survey was handled with descriptive statistics, t-test, one-way ANOVA, multiple regression analysis, canonic correlation and structure equation model (SEM). The conclusions of the present research are: 一、Junior high school students have multiple achievement goals, so teachers have to guide them carefully. 二、In contrast to the other three learning strategies, junior high school students have weaker emotion regulation strategy, specifically, male, senior, and the north junior high school students were the weakest. 三、Cognitive test anxiety has more influence on math than what the emotionality component does. Females have higher cognitive test anxiety than male, and emotionality component has more influence on juniors than the others. 四、In contrast to the other two grades, juniors have more diverse achievement goals and higher emotionality component, however, there is no difference of cognitive test anxiety among three grades. 五、Regarding the comparison between high and low test anxiety groups, the high one scored higher in multiple achievement goals, and general cognition, resource management of the learning strategies, but scored lower in emotion regulation of the learning strategies and math. 六、The best effect predictors of math scores were mastery-approach achievement goal, and cognitive appraisal process, resource management of the learning strategies, cognitive test anxiety. 七、Mastery-avoidance achievement goal, cognitive test anxiety, and emotion regulation of the learning strategies were closely related. 八、There is a negative feedback loop between test anxiety and learning strategy, which explains the low correlation between test anxiety and learning strategy. 九、SEM for the relationship of achievement goals and learning behaviors can fit the raw data collected well after modification by modification index, but the model is not parsimonious enough. Finally, according to the outcome, the present research submits a little suggestion for future research, and gives some advice for the practice of teaching. Key words: achievement goals, learning strategy, test anxiety, emotion regulation, structure equation model

Motivations, Attitudes and Modern Languages. A study of students’ motivational processes and attitudes while learning foreign languages. This doctoral thesis investigates students’ motivational processes and attitudes while studying and learning foreign languages (FLs). Students were asked about their choice of FL, and what had motivated them during their many years of studies. The study analyzes open-ended questionnaires and interviews with 43 students enrolled in the last year of foreign language studies in two schools, limiting its focus to the three most commonly studied FLs – French, German and Spanish. The theoretical framework of the thesis draws on sociocognitive theory (Bandura 1997; Linnenbrink & Pintrich 2002). Several informants refer to motivation in terms that could be related to intrinsic motivation. They have chosen to continue studying their particular target language due to an emotional state which could be related to enjoyment, pleasure and curiosity (Deci & Ryan 1985). Another salient feature is the frequent reference to mastery goals. Many of the informants express a motivation directed towards mastery and growth, or a main goal to be fluent or communicatively competent in their target language. Several informants also underline the motivational importance of experiencing competence, success and development. They become motivated by experiencing self-efficacy (Bandura 1997). This self-efficacy is rooted in experience of success, but also in being encouraged by significant others or role models, i.e. family members and friends. Despite a frequent awareness of the weakening general interest for FL, most students have a supportive network. Likewise, family and friends play a crucial role for many informants while choosing their target language initially. This key factor interacts with other important factors, such as the experiences of visiting countries or settings where the target language is used. In this context, target language attitudes tend to be important when choosing language and pursuing studies.

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Noger (2009) suppose qu’au-delà d’un certain seuil, la pratique peut conduire à des risques psychologiques. De plus en plus d’études se sont intéressées au burnout sportif (i.e. syndrome d’accomplissement réduit, d’épuisement physique et mental, et de dévalorisation du sport ; Raedeke, 1997). L’objectif de cette thèse est d’examiner le processus du burnout chez des adolescents engagés dans des filières d’accès au haut niveau à travers trois axes. Le premier a porté sur la validation et la révision du questionnaire du burnout sportif. Le second, a porté sur l’évolution du burnout. Les résultats de l’étude 2 ont montré que l’accomplissement réduit diminue, l’épuisement augmente puis diminue, et enfin, la dévalorisation du sport augmente entre 13 et 19 ans ; et que les filles ont des scores supérieurs aux garçons sur deux dimensions. De plus, plus un athlète a un sentiment d’accomplissement réduit et d’épuisement, plus il dévalorise son sport. Réciproquement, il pourra se sentir plus épuisé dans un premier temps puis son sentiment d’épuisement diminuerait. Dans le troisième axe, les études 3 et 4 ont examiné l’influence de l’entraîneur sur le burnout – à partir de la théorie de l’autodétermination et des buts d’accomplissement – et montre que plus un athlète perçoit que son entraîneur est contrôlant, moins il se sent autonome et autodéterminé et plus il aura de risques de burnout. De plus, plus un athlète perçoit que son entraîneur instaure un climat impliquant l’ego, plus il poursuit des buts maîtrise-évitement et plus il y aura de risques de burnout. Une dernière étude a confirmé que le burnout est multidimensionnel et comporte des différences interindividuelles / Noger (2009) evokes that beyond a certain threshold, the sport can lead to psychological risks for health. In this perspective, studies have focused on the athlete burnout (i.e. syndrome of reduced accomplishment, physical and mental exhaustion and sport devaluation ; Raedeke, 1997).The objective of this thesis is to examine the process of burnout in adolescent athlete enrolled in elite training structures through three lines of research. The first line has focused on conceptual breakthrough in athlete burnout. The second line has focused on the development of burnout in sports, taking into account the effects of gender and the causal influences between the dimensions. The results of study 2 showed that reduced accomplishment diminish, exhaustion raise then diminish, and sport devaluation raise from 13 to 19 years old; and also that girls have higher scores than boys on two dimensions. The results also highlighted that the more an athlete has a sense of reduced accomplishment and exhaustion, the more he devalues his sport. Reciprocally, he could feel more exhausted initially and then to feel less and less exhausted. The third line of research studies 3 and 4 examined the influence of the coach on burnout – from the self-determination theory and the achievement goal theories – and showed that an athlete perceiving a controlling coach, feels less autonomous and self-determined and he will be prone to have higher burnout. Meanwhile, an athlete perceiving that his coach creates an ego-involving climate, pursues mastery avoidance goals and be likely to develop higher burnout. A final study confirmed that athlete burnout is multidimensional and includes inter-individual differences

過去有關創造力的研究主要是依據 Guilford (1956) 與 Torrance (1966) 的理論，從心理測量的觀點來界定創造力的歷程。80 年代以後，在研究方法與研究領域方面產生了一些變化：第一個變化是 Amabile (1983) 等人開始以評量創意的方式進行實驗研究；另一個變化則是研究者開始對日常生活的創造經驗產生興趣，並進行相關的研究 (Richards, 1988)。本研究中所探討的「創造力」，除了包含 Guilford、Torrance 等人所界定的「創造思考能力」以外，也包括以 Maslow (1958) 為主的學者所提出的「自我實現的創造力」，也就是「創意生活經驗」。 本研究的第一個目的是探討從小學六年級到大學階段的學生，在創造力方面的發展與性別差異。研究假設為：無論是創造思考能力或是創意生活經驗，都會隨年齡的增長而改變或增加，但在不同性別之間可能沒有差異。本研究的第二個目的是探討動機取向與創造力之間的關係，研究中所討論的動機變項有「成就目標」與「目標導向」二類。研究假設為：(1)「學習精熟」、「趨向表現」的成就目標，與創造行為之間會有正相關，「迴避表現」的成就目標則與創造行為有負相關。(2)「尋求成長」與「尋求證明」二種目標導向與創造行為之間皆有正相關。 本研究的樣本包括：小學六年級、國中一年級、國中二年級、高中一年級、高中二年級學生以及大學生，共 672 人（男女各佔一半）。研究中所使用的測量工具包括：「創意生活經驗驗量表」、「新編創造思考測驗」、「成就目標量表」、「目標導向量表」四種。研究的結果如下： 一、創意生活經驗方面 (1)各年齡層學生的創意生活經驗大致上有隨年齡成長而增加的趨勢，尤其是在「運用新知精益求精」、「視覺生活的設計」、「開放心胸」、「製造驚喜意外」「舊瓶新裝」等經驗上特別明顯。 (2)女生在「表演藝術創新」、「視覺生活的設計」、「開放心胸」等方面的經驗較多，而男生「科學的創新的問題解決」經驗較多。 (3)兩種目標導向（尋求成長、尋求證明）與九種創意生活經驗之間分別都達到顯著的正相關，其中相關較低的是「電腦程式設計」。「尋求成長取向」與創意生活經驗之間的相關大致上高於「尋求證明取向」與創意生活經驗之間的相關。 (4)學生的「學習精熟」、「趨向表現」兩種成就目標取向與創意生活經驗之間亦分別達到顯著的正相關，「學習精熟取向」與創意生活經驗之間的相關大致上高於「趨向表現取向」與創意生活經驗之間的相關。「迴避表現取向」與創意生活經驗之間沒有顯著的相關。 (5)典型相關的結果顯示：「尋求成長取向」、「尋求證明取向」、「學習精熟取向」與「趨向表現取向」分數愈高的學生，具有較多的「科學的創新的問題解決」、「運用新知精益求精」、「表演藝術創新」、「視覺生活的設計」、「生活風格的變化」、「開放心胸」、「製造驚喜意外」、「舊瓶新裝」等創意生活經驗。 二、創造思考能力方面 (1)各年齡層學生的創造思考能力大致上也有隨年齡成長而增加的趨勢。 (2)女生在「語文創造思考變通力」、「圖形創造思考變通力」、「圖形創造思考的流暢力」等方面顯著高於男生。男女生在圖形創造思考的流暢力方面則沒有顯著的差異。 (3)兩種目標導量（尋求成長、尋求證明）與語文創造思考變通力、語文創造思考流暢力、圖形創造思考變通力、圖形創造思考流暢力等四種創造思考能力之間皆達到顯著的正相關，而與圖形創造思考精進力之間則沒有顯著的相關。「尋求成長取向」與創造思考能力之間的相關大致上高於「尋求證明取向」與創造思考能力之間的相關。 (4)學生的「學習精熟」、「趨向表現」兩種成就目標與創造思考能力之間亦分別達到顯著的正相關，「學習精熟取向」與創造思考能力之間的相關大致上高於「趨向表現取向」與創造思考能力之間的相關。「迴避表現取向」與創造思考能力之間沒有顯著的相關。 (5)典型相關的結果顯示：「尋求成長取向」、「尋求證明取向」與「學習精熟取向」分數愈高的學生，具有較高的語文創造思考變通力、語文創造思考流暢力、圖形創造思考變通力與圖形創造思考流暢力。 本研究對於六個年齡層學生所收集的創造思考能力與創意生活經驗之資料與研究結果，可供往後研究者在教學與研究方面的參考。 / This research explore the relationships among creative life experiences, creativity, age, gender, achievement goals and goal orientation.

No description available.

The purpose of this study was: (a) to examine the predictive utility of the achievement goal and Student Approaches to Learning (SAL) frameworks for characterizing Chinese students’ motivation and achievement, and (b) to investigate how Confucian-heritage culture (CHC) may combine with achievement goals or SAL to generate different learning processes and outcomes and to promote optimal motivation. A questionnaire was conducted during a two-week period with over 700 first-year students who took both of the two courses—college English classes for non-English majors and advanced mathematics classes for science students—at a university in northern China. The questionnaire consisted of students’ self-reported demographic information and the instrument that was designed to measure: (a) goal orientations, (b) attitudes towards the specified CHC values, (c) SAL constructs, and (d) two variables widely used in research in this field—metacognitive strategy and school well-being. Exploratory factor analyses were conducted to examine the consistency of the extracted factor solutions with the four goal constructs postulated by the 2 x 2 conceptualization, the two SAL contructs posited by the SAL framework, and the five cultural value contructs derived from the literature review. Standard analysis procedures were used to calculate the reliability of the scales and to determine which items should be retained for further analyses. Then regression analyses were employed to examine the relationship of the goal orientation framework and SAL framework to cultural values, school well-being, metacognitive strategies, and grades. Results indicated that the 2 x 2 achievement goal framework was an appropriate model for characterizing the types of achievement goals these Chinese students pursued and for predicting a number of achievement-relevant processes and outcomes, as was the revised two-factor SAL framework for characterizing the different ways students approached their learning and for predicting these learning processes and outcomes. The results supported Chinese students’ multiple goal pursuit in an additive goal pattern, an interactive goal pattern, or a specialized goal pattern to promote their optimal motivation and achievement. The results also provided evidence that CHC values combined with achievement goals or SAL either in an additive or interactive pattern to facilitate Chinese students’ learning processes and outcomes. / Thesis (Master, Education) -- Queen's University, 2008-07-31 12:20:50.812

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A key challenge of the learning sciences is moving research results into practice. Educators on the front lines perceive little value in the outputs of education research and demand more “usable knowledge”. This work explores the potential instead of usable artifacts to translate knowledge into practice, adding scientists as stakeholders in an interaction design process. The contributions are two effective systems, the scientific and contextual principles in their design, and a research model for scientific research through interaction design. College student study practices are the domain chosen for the development of these methods. Iterative ethnographic fieldwork identified two systems that would be likely to advance both learning in practice and knowledge for applying the employed theories in general. Nudge was designed to improve students’ study time management by regularly emailing students with explicit recommended study activities. It reconceptualizes the syllabus into an interactive guide that fits into modern students' attention streams. Examplify was designed to improve how students learn from worked example problems by modularizing them into steps and scaffolding their metacognitive behaviors though problem-solving and self-explanation prompts. It combines these techniques in a way that is exceedingly easy to author, using existing answer keys and students' self-evaluations. Nudge and Examplify were evaluated experimentally over a full semester of a lecture-based introductory chemistry course. Nudge messages increased students’ sense of achievement and interacted with students’ existing time management skills to improve exam grades for poorer students. Among students who could choose whether to receive them, 80% did. Students with access to Examplify had higher exam scores (d=0.26), especially on delayed measures of learning (d=0.40). A key design decision in Examplify was not clearly resolvable by existing theory and so was tested experimentally by comparing two variants, one without prompts to solve the steps. The variant without problem solving was less effective (d=0.77) and less used, while usage rates of the variant with problem solving increased over time. These results support the use of the design methods employed and provide specific empirical recommendations for future designs of these and similar systems for implementing theory in practice.

許多組織為了建立競爭優勢，運用團隊成員的專業及經驗去解決問題，創造差異化的產品。這個趨勢可以解釋為何團隊的研究目前又開始熱門，特別是團隊知識歷程。“交融記憶系統”（TMS） 就是其中一個著重在瞭解團隊知識歷程的理論架構。“交融記憶系統”的構念，特別強調如何利用和組合分散在個人身上的專業，以幫助我們瞭解知識任務者的團隊如何充分發揮個別成員知識的價值（Lewis,2003） 。透過團隊的交融記憶系統，團隊成員可以建立各自專業，信賴且有效溝通，這似乎正是解決目前產業問題的良方。 Lewis（2003）為了在實務上有效應用交融記憶系統的理論，到各種不同目的與型態的團隊，編制了交融記憶系統量表。這個量表包括“專業”（Specialization）、“信賴”（Credibility）、與“協調”（Coordination）三個分量表，每個分量表各有五個題目，整個量表共有15題的5點李克特式量表。以其研究物件的團隊 來看，此量表可廣泛應用于研發創新團隊、中小型企業與新創公司等，幫助公司預估績效與提高競爭力。 本研究分為兩大部分。第一部分為量化研究，對Lewis（2003）所編量表進行修訂，以用來測量臺灣地區團隊的團隊交融記憶系統：為了驗證本量表效度，本研究收集了大量企業及學生團隊樣本，以統計方法分析績效良好團隊在交融記憶系統量表分數，是否顯著高於績效不彰團隊外，也分析交融記憶系統量表與團隊成員“依附風格” 、“創新行為”、“團隊創意觀念產生”、“成就目標” 之間的相關關係，以確認量表的建構效度。第二部份研究為質性研究，透過對實務團隊的深入訪談與實證，驗證交融記憶系統在成效良好團運作的現況。 本研究第一個成果在成功修訂交融記憶系統量表。修訂後的量表在統計分析後，績效良好團隊的交融記憶系統量表分數，顯著高於績效不彰團；和“依附風格”、“創新行為”、“團隊創意觀念產生”、“成就目標”之間的相關性，也和理論原始架構相符，證實了量表的信效度。本量表將可有效衡量臺灣各式團隊的交融記憶系統。 本研究的第二個成果，透過實務團隊的訪談與實證，驗證了交融記憶系統在國內成效良好團隊運作的現況。文化創意產業的紙風車兒童劇團 ，及TIC100創業競賽的冠軍團隊 ，這兩個成功典範團隊的運作中，雖然成員本身沒有認知到系統的存在，不過都有運作良好的團隊交融記憶系統，再度確認交融記憶系統理論架構在實務上團隊中的運作。 筆者透過成功典範的訪談與適合臺灣量表的建立，希望能做為業界建立與運作團隊時的參考，而對團隊的成功運作有所幫助。 關鍵字：交融記憶系統、團隊、研發、創造力