Orientador: Celso Eduardo Benedetti / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T05:56:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pereira_AndreLuizAraujo_D.pdf: 43759919 bytes, checksum: 379266575f1db46c7d620232efb9ba13 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: O cancro cítrico resulta da interação compatível entre a bactéria Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri e Citrus spp. A doença não tem cura, é de fácil disseminação e difícil controle. O cenário é preocupante, pois a doença diminui drasticamente o rendimento e a qualidade dos frutos de plantas infectadas, ocasionando um forte impacto econômico na citricultura mundial. Os principais sintomas do cancro cítrico, resultantes dos processos de hipertrofia (aumento do volume celular) e hiperplasia (aumento da divisão celular), são dependentes da proteína efetora PthA de X. citri. PthA integra a família de fatores de transcrição conhecida como efetores ativadores de transcrição (transcription activator-like ou TAL). O principal homólogo de PthA é o efetor AvrBs3 de X. campestris pv. vesicatoria que atua regulando a transcrição de genes do hospedeiro em benefício do patógeno. A similaridade entre estas proteínas gira em torno de 97%, sugerindo, portanto, função semelhante para PthA. Através de uma série de microarranjos, investigou-se o perfil de expressão gênica de laranja doce (Citrus sinensis) dependente de PthA (X. citri) e de PthCs de X. aurantifolii, uma bactéria que causa cancro cítrico apenas no limão galego e que, em laranja doce, induz uma reação de hipersensibilidade. Desta forma, verificou-se a regulação positiva ou negativa de uma série de genes. Os PthCs regularam negativamente genes associados à sinalização por auxina e induziram a expressão de genes de defesa e silenciamento gênico. Em contrapartida, PthAs induziram uma série de genes intimamente relacionados aos sintomas de cancrose, incluindo: genes associados aos processos de aumento e divisão celular, síntese e remodelamento de parede celular, bem como genes envolvidos na sinalização por auxina e giberelina. Neste sentido, efetuou-se o isolamento de regiões promotoras de cinco genes, os quais são potencialmente regulados por PthA. A análise destas regiões revelou a presença de um possível TATA-box notavelmente semelhante àquele encontrado no gene upa20, denominado UPA-box (up-regulated por AvrBs3), sugerindo que estes genes poderiam ser transativados por PthA em citros. De fato, ensaios de retardamento de mobilidade eletroforética (electrophoretic mobility shift assay ou EMSA), demonstraram a ligação específica de PthA2 e 4 ao TATA-box encontrado na região promotora do gene que codifica uma proteínas relacionada à patogênese (pathogenesis-related proteins ou PR). Este resultado corrobora com a hipótese de que os efetores TAL atuam como proteínas ligadoras de elementos TATA. Finalmente, experimentos de co-imunoprecipitação de cromatina (ChIP) e cotransformação demonstraram, ainda que em resultados preliminares, que particularmente PthA4 é capaz de transativar pr5 in planta. Embora o cancro cítrico ainda não seja completamente entendido a nível molecular, os dados aqui apresentados sugerem fortemente a ação de PthAs como fatores de transcrição, bem como aponta candidatos à regulação positiva intimamente associados aos processos de hipertrofia e hiperplasia. Além disso, as regiões promotoras aqui isoladas podem ajudar no desenvolvimento de novas estratégias para a geração de plantas resistentes à cancrose / Abstract: Citrus canker is a result of a compatible interaction between Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri and Citrus spp. There is no cure for citrus canker, and the disease is easily spread and difficult to be managed. The scenario is threatening since the disease dramatically diminishes the quality of fruits in infected plants leading to great economic losses for the world citrus producers. The main citrus canker symptoms known as hypertrophy (cell enlargement) and hyperplasia (cell division) are PthA-dependent. PthA is an effector protein from X. citri which belongs to the TAL effectors (transcription activatorlike) family. The closest homologue of PthA is AvrBs3 from Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria, a TAL effector that acts as a transcriptional factor to modulate host transcription to the pathogen's benefit. Similarity shared by these two proteins is around 97%, suggesting that PthA plays a similar role in the citrus host. Through a number of microarray experiments, we investigate the gene transcription in sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) in response to the transient expression of PthA from X. citri or PthC from X. aurantifolii, pathotype C, a bacteria that causes citrus canker in Mexican lime but in orange trigger a hypersensitive response in sweet orange. We observed that PthCs down-regulated various auxin signaling genes and induced the expression of genes involved in defense and gene silencing. On the other hand, PthAs induces several genes implicated in canker development such as cell division and elongation, cell-wall synthesis and remodeling, synthesis, mobilization and signaling of auxin and gibberellin. Promoter regions of PthA-induced genes were isolated and shown to have predicted PthA and PthC binding sites at or near their putative TATA boxes. Moreover, competition gel shift assays confirmed that PthA4 shows preferential binding to the TATA box of the pathogenesis-related (pr5) gene promoter, supporting the idea that TAL effectors may act as general TATA-binding proteins. Finally, both chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and co-transformation assays demonstrated however as preliminary results, that PthA4 is able to transactivate pr5 in planta. Albeit the molecular mechanism by which citrus canker develop remains elusive at the molecular level, we provided data supporting the notion that PthA acts as a transcriptional factor, as well as identified PthA-induced genes associated with hypertrophy and hyperplasia. Furthermore, the promoter regions isolated here might be useful to obtain citrus plants resistant to the canker bacteria / Doutorado / Bioquimica / Doutor em Biologia Funcional e Molecular

Research has shown mathematics education is highly dependent on teaching materials. Here mathematics textbooks have a dominant role in Swedish schools. When curriculum determines the content of textbooks, it promotes confidence in both schools and teachers. The purpose of this study is to analyze and compare textbooks using Basil Bernstein’s theoretical concepts of classification, frames and sequencing to investigate how content and structure are connected to the calculation methods of addition and subtraction. The following questions are posed: In what way have the calculation methods of addition and subtraction of the natural and rational numbers been presented in four selected textbooks for grade 4 in Swedish public schools? What are the similarities and differences in content and structure in these teaching materials? The study finds a variety and selection of material presented in the selected textbooks. Consequently, it is important for teachers to take in to consideration the content and structure of a textbook in mathematics to realize its potential in the classroom.

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This thesis explores a period in Northern Sweden when contacts between Sami and non-Sami became more frequent as the colonisation progressed. The investigated period is 1722-1895 and eight parishes in northern Sweden are under study. Both the northern as well as the southern Sami area are represented. The main purpose of the thesis is thus to see whether the cultural meeting between Sami and non-Sami affected the way people chose to make significant decisions. In this study these cultural meetings are represented by the way people married.      To understand the consequences of cultural contacts, where individuals from different backgrounds meet, concepts developed within the field of acculturation theories are used. The marriage patterns among the inhabitants are viewed with regard to three key variables founded by Ruth Dixon, as these help to explain changes or continuations in the individuals’ marital behaviour.      The southern Sami area seamed to be rather unaffected by the colonisation process, at least according to the marriage pattern. The analysis revealed limited economic openings for marriage as well as cemented marriage traditions, and these prevailed throughout the investigated period. During the 18th and 19th centuries it was evident that the northern Sami areas were significantly affected by the in-migrated newcomers.  Even though the gender distribution in each parish seemed to matter, analysing the overall marriage pattern illuminated chiefly economic reasons for changes that occurred during the colonisation process. As the in-migration of non-Sami progressed, the age at first marriage increased particularly among Sami women. Furthermore, the results indicates that even though settled Sami probably interacted with non-Sami on a daily basis, and were integrated in their lifestyle, Sami settlers continuously estranged themselves from a complete assimilation and stuck to their Sami culture and traditions. Thus, language and cultural expressions seemed to have mattered when it came to marriage.       The thesis concludes that according to the marriage pattern, economic prerequisites for preferentially the Sami, changed dramatically through the colonisation process. Most affected by the changes were thus the Sami women, who experienced an unfavourable marriage market as the colonisation progressed. Towards the end of the nineteenth century the preferable form of coexistence was still the legal marriage in the area, and the marriage as an institution was of considerable importance, which is also evident since the marriage to some extent still seemed to be a family affair. The study also showed that Sami people in the southern Sami area interacted with non-Sami to a less degree than was the case in the north. However, in the north, the more ethnic complex parishes revealed an integrating population, rather than assimilating. The more ethnically homogenous parishes instead pointed towards an assimilated state among the newcomers.

The aim of this study is to examine how victims and perpetrators of honour-related violence are portrayed in discourses of Swedish administrative authorities who have a national mission to combat honour-related violence. Carol Bacchi’s what’s the problem represented to be is used as an analytical tool together with the concept of cultural and universalist speech. This is used to analyse the problem representations on which honour-related violence is based on, how victims and perpetrators of honor-related violence are portrayed and with what consequences. The analysis shows that there are three salient problem representations: “lack of knowledge”, “failed integration” and “inadequate cooperation”. The analysis also show how victims and perpetrators of honor-related violence are portrayed in both cultural speech and universalist speech in a complex and intertwined social construction.

This thesis addresses devil beliefs in Karlstad diocese during the years ca. 1870-1950. The aim of thethesis is to shed light on devil tales that were told during the above-mentioned timeframe with thetheoretical framework of Ulrika Wolf-Knuts’s devil genres. Moreover, the thesis attempts todistinguish a folklore-devil affected by the Christian revival in Sweden during the 19th century. Thethesis thus contributes to a deeper understanding of devil tales in Karlstad diocese, the revival’ssignificance over folklore and comprehension of the Värmlandic and Dalslandic peoples’ culturalhistorical heritage. A hermeneutic as well as comparative methodology was used to navigate the source materialwhich consists of 20th century records of folk belief from The Institute for Language and Folklore(Isof) archives; these consists of stories told by people born during the second half of the 19th century.Furthermore, the records are complimented by a printed work by Carl-Martin Bergstrand,Värmlandssägner, wherein additional stories where analysed. The analysis shows that the source material fits well together with Wolf-Knuts’s devil genres,moreover, four new genres could be identified within Karlstad diocese. These contain mostlyinformative storytelling but are also complementary to Wolf-Knuts’s non-necessary devil genres.Wolf-Knuts’s theoretical framework can thereby receive an update considering these findings.Furthermore, the results determine that the peoples’ understanding of the devil is uniform in itsmultifaceted nature. The thesis puts out a hypothesis; the terminology when referring to the dark lorddiffers in places wherein the Christian revival had a greater hold. There, it was commonplace to usebiblical names for the devil. If the Christian revival is definitively responsible for this occurrence ornot could not be determined.

The aim of this paper is to examine how Ethiopia, Egypt, and Liberia are portrayed in Swedish encyclopedias. Specifically, it investigates the thematic elements that emerge in older Swedish encyclopedias, written between 1876 and 1959, regarding descriptions of the countries' populations and histories. As method the essay uses “conventional qualitative content analysis”, and the theoretical framework constitutes of Edward Said’s theory of orientalism.  The findings indicate that the populations of these countries are categorized and ranked according to value. The encyclopedias depict the populations of these countries as inferior and distinctly different. The older histories of these countries are portrayed as grandiose, but with a loss of prestige over time. The historical narratives often suggest that these countries are inferior to European powers and require domination in order to develop, either through European instructors or through European control over the state.

The purpose of this essay is to study children born in February 1800 in the two coastal cities Kalmar and Karlskrona in order to see what career choices they make during their lifetime. With career choices, both own careers and spouses careers will be taken into consideration. The question is whether children grow up to stay in the same trade of work and social construction as their parents. The careers found will also be studied in a didactic point of view where those jobs are compared to lines of work presented in the textbooks.   The result of this study is that it was common for the boys to “inherit” their fathers’ line of work as well as for the daughters to marry men in the same line of work as their fathers. The study has also shown that a lot of children died during their first years of life, resulting in a smaller group of children to study than anticipated. The didactic study resulted in the knowledge that the textbooks lack a deeper exploration of fields of work, something that could result in pupils not understanding the “ordinary people” in history.

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Despite the award of the Nobel Prize to Miguel Angel Asturias in 1967, he appears to have gone into decline with the rise of the nueva novela latinoamericana. Emir Rodrguez Monegal's influential but negative view in "Los dos Asturias" ignores several important points already raised by G.Yepes-Boscan's "Asturias, un pretexto del mito". Asturias' two major innovations are a functional incorporation of Latin American myth allied to audacious experimentation with language, and these are the acknowledged central features of the "new" novel. El Senor Presidente and Hombres de maz together prefigure all the varied manifestations of the nueva novela, an example of which is Asturias' own Mulata de tal.