The Swedish foreign minister Margot Wallström expressed in 2014 that Russia is erratic and making swedes fear Russia while claiming this to be a new phenome. The statement is a big difference if compared with the words of foreign minister Leila Freivalds during 2004 whom said that Russia was the most important cornerstone in the Swedish security policy work. The change is interesting. Russia has gone from being perceived as friend to being perceived as an enemy. This study contains an analysis the Swedish discourse on Russia in the security- and defence politics between the years of 2004-2015. The point of this study is to unveil veiled and hidden structures in the discourse in order to better understand the Swedish image of Russia and to reveal ´the other`. The study examines the extreme change in the Swedish perception of Russia from a critical discourse point of view. The critical discourse approach is used to understand how the image of Russia is perceived in the Swedish security- and defence politics. In attempting to understand whyRussia is perceived in a certain way a theoretical connection to Copenhagen´s school of securitazion is made. The study proceeds to take a starting point in Balzacq’s three assumptions to understand the connection to referent object. The material examined is the Swedish Foreign Policy Statements and defence propositions. The result of the study shows that Russia is framed as a threat, even while being mentioned as a friend. Russia is always perceived as ´the other´ and thus a constructed threat to Sweden.  The Swedish foreign minister Margot Wallström expressed in 2014 that Russia is erratic and making swedes fear Russia while claiming this to be a new phenome. The statement is a big difference if compared with the words of foreign minister Leila Freivalds during 2004 whom said that Russia was the most important cornerstone in the Swedish security policy work. The change is interesting. Russia has gone from being perceived as friend to being perceived as an enemy. This study contains an analysis the Swedish discourse on Russia in the security- and defence politics between the years of 2004-2015. The point of this study is to unveil veiled and hidden structures in the discourse in order to better understand the Swedish image of Russia and to reveal ´the other`. The study examines the extreme change in the Swedish perception of Russia from a critical discourse point of view. The critical discourse approach is used to understand how the image of Russia is perceived in the Swedish security- and defence politics. In attempting to understand whyRussia is perceived in a certain way a theoretical connection to Copenhagen´s school of securitazion is made. The study proceeds to take a starting point in Balzacq’s three assumptions to understand the connection to referent object. The material examined is the Swedish Foreign Policy Statements and defence propositions. The result of the study shows that Russia is framed as a threat, even while being mentioned as a friend. Russia is always perceived as ´the other´ and thus a constructed threat to Sweden.  The Swedish foreign minister Margot Wallström expressed in 2014 that Russia is erratic and making swedes fear Russia while claiming this to be a new phenome. The statement is a big difference if compared with the words of foreign minister Leila Freivalds during 2004 whom said that Russia was the most important cornerstone in the Swedish security policy work. The change is interesting. Russia has gone from being perceived as friend to being perceived as an enemy. This study contains an analysis the Swedish discourse on Russia in the security- and defence politics between the years of 2004-2015. The point of this study is to unveil veiled and hidden structures in the discourse in order to better understand the Swedish image of Russia and to reveal ´the other`. The study examines the extreme change in the Swedish perception of Russia from a critical discourse point of view. The critical discourse approach is used to understand how the image of Russia is perceived in the Swedish security- and defence politics. In attempting to understand why Russia is perceived in a certain way a theoretical connection to Copenhagen´s school of securitazion is made. The study proceeds to take a starting point in Balzacq’s three assumptions to understand the connection to referent object. The material examined is the Swedish Foreign Policy Statements and defence propositions. The result of the study shows that Russia is framed as a threat, even while being mentioned as a friend. Russia is always perceived as ´the other´ and thus a constructed threat to Sweden.

<p>Today many separated children and youth up to 18 years - children in the sense of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child - flee from war and armed conflicts around the world. Many of them come to Sweden for protection and to apply for asylum.</p><p>The aim of this study is to examine how the national Swedish news agency Tidningarnas Telegrambyrå - TT - constructs the image of separated children and youth. The main research questions have been: How does TT construct the image of the separated refugee children? The more detailed questions put to examine this main question have been: what are the issues being focused in the reporting and what discourses, voices and sources are let into the journalistic material?</p><p>The theoretical perspective should be considered as social constructionistic where the basic idea is that the image of the separated child also constructs the way society looks upon them, their rights and their needs, affecting how these children will be welcomed and treated when thay arrive in our society. The empirical study is a qualitative analysis of text, produced in the span 2007- April 20th 2010. In a first mapping, 35 news articles have been selected to be examined. The scientific method applied has mainly been Norman Faircloughs critical discourse analysis.</p><p>The study shows that the reporting of TT depicts the separated children as a problem. This problem consists of three themes: as at threat of Swedish economy, a threat to our national security and as a victim that has to be cared for. These threats are often described in a contextual way by choice of angle, linguistic performance and selection of sources. The study also sheds light on the fact, that there are four general discourses discussing the children as a problem: the administrative discourse, the police discourse, the politcal discourse and the humanitarian discourse. The separated children themselves never get an opportunity to describe their own situation. instad TT allows the Swedish Migration Board to picture them.</p> / <p>Många barn – upp till 18 år enligt FN:s konvention om barnets rättigheter – som flyr från krig och konfliktområden kommer till Sverige för att söka skydd och asyl.</p><p>Målet med den här studien är att undersöka hur den svenska nyhetsbyrån Tidningarnas Telegrambyrå – TT – konstruerar bilden av det flyende barnet. För att kunna svara på huvudfrågan: Hur konstruerar TT bilden av ”ensamkommande flyktingbarn”?, har följande underfrågor ställts: Vilka ämnen fokuseras i rapporteringen och vilka diskurser, röster och källor släpps in i det journalistiska materialet?</p><p>Det teoretiska perspektivet kan beskrivas som socialkonstruktionistiskt, en benämning för olika teorier om samhälle och kulturer som delar synen på språkets roll för den sociala konstruktionen. Härigenom kan man se hur TT:s bild av ”ensamkommande flyktingbarn” också konstruerar det sätt på vilket samhället ser på barnen, deras rättigheter och behov, samt påverkar hur barnen välkomnas och behandlas när de anländer. Den empiriska studien utgörs av en kvalitativ analys av nyhetstexter producerade mellan 2007 och 20 april 2010. Efter en första kartläggning har 35 artiklar valts ut för att undersökas. Den vetenskapliga metod som använts är i huvudsak Norman Faircloughs kritiska diskursanalys.</p><p>Studiens resultat visar att TT:s rapportering presenterar ”ensamkommande flyktingbarn” som ett problem med tre teman: som ett hot mot svensk ekonomi, ett hot mot vår nationella säkerhet samt som offer som måste tas om hand. Detta beskrivs ofta kontextuellt genom val av vinkel, presentationsform och val av källor. Studien belyser också det faktum att det finns fyra generella diskurser inom TT:s material som diskuterar de flyende barnen: den administrativa diskursen, den polisiära -, den politiska - samt den humanitära diskursen. Barnen får aldrig någon möjlighet att själva beskriva sin situation, istället låter TT Migrationsverket presentera sin bild av dem.</p>

This bachelor thesis examines how terms of heterosexuality are negotiated within the Swedish reality show Gift vid första ögonkastet (Married at first sight), which is presented as a social experiment where strangers marry each other and go on to live together for four weeks. The couples are matched by four experts (two psychologists, one sexologist and one couple’s counsellor), and their roles as professionals and distributors of knowledge are the main focus of this study as it permeates how the terms are negotiated by the six participants. By applying queer theories such as the heterosexual matrix, performativity and temporality, the terms are identified as monogamy, height difference, desire, emotional labour, and equality. These are analysed using the three-dimensional model of critical discourse analysis, while also adopting its framework for ideological power to examine how the experts use their position to give way for their interpretations of relationships, love and gender. The findings conclude that the programme works within a discourse of gender equality to support its own eligibility and does not challenge heterosexual ideals but rather furthers them by offering the heteronormative idea of monogamous love as a solution to a supposed increase of loneliness.

The aim of this study is to illustrate the conceptions of the purpose of preschool education that is discursively constructed in the new Läroplanen för förskolan (2018) (the Preschool Curriculum). The study also included examining which discursive battles that are visible in the material and further, which discourse is in a hegemonic position. The theoretical basis is Biestas (2011) three educational functions: qualification, socialization and subjectification. Methodological inspiration is retrieved from Faircloughs (1992) critical discourse analysis where the concepts of intertextuality, interdiscursivity and modality have been used to analyze how discourses emerged and how they are presented. The material included in the analysis was Läroplanen för förskolan (2018) which has been analyzed in relation to: Starting strong III (OECD 2013), Uppdrag om en översyn av läroplanen för förskolan (Regeringen 2017), Förskolans kvalitet och måluppfyllelse (Skolinspektionen 2018) and Läroplanen för förskolan (2016). The analysis led to identification of four discourses; the Edu(Care) discourse, the future-oriented discourse, the democratic discourse and the cultivation discourse. All discourses articulates the desired purpose of the preschool education in different ways. The result shows that, among other things, the hegemonic discourse is that of Edu(Care), where emphasis is primarily on learning. Otherwise, discourses are mostly forward-looking and aim at what is to be achieved in the future. Even children's curiosity and creativity is presented as the basis of an expected development of the child.

<p>Large corporations have come to play a central role in today’s society. By analyzing how corporations describe their work with Corporate Social Responsibility, CSR, my aim is to review how they view and relate to this role. CSR means that a corporation voluntarily takes a civic responsibility beyond that which is required by law. This can be in order to promote human rights, basic workers rights and a better environment, as well as fighting corruption.</p><p>In order to get at the role played by CSR, I have studied texts dealing with the subject, which have been published on the internet by the five largest Swedish corporations. The texts have been analyzed with a critical discourse analysis model inspired by Norman Fairclough. This means that the texts are analyzed linguistically, that discourses are identified, and that social theories about globalization, protest movements and brand name marketing are used.</p><p>The corporations base their texts on a public debate regarding a potential conflict betweengenerating largest possible profit and taking a corporate social responsibility. One side of the debate is represented by a neo-liberal market discourse, which places profit first, and the other by a social justice discourse, which places responsibility first. Together, these two discourses form key components in a particular discourse about CSR, which I have chosen to call a CSR-discourse.</p><p>Finally, the result of the study is problemized by putting it in contexts which dominate our world today. Hereby, risks with the corporations’ way of handling CSR are brought to light in a democratic perspective. The corporations describe how they, through CSR, want to safeguard all that which they believe is good, but that this at the same time must bring the company profit. Nowhere in these texts do the corporations come near answering the fundamental question of for whom it is most important to live up to the values of CSR. The question is therefore; who benefits from today’s CSR?</p>

Today many separated children and youth up to 18 years - children in the sense of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child - flee from war and armed conflicts around the world. Many of them come to Sweden for protection and to apply for asylum. The aim of this study is to examine how the national Swedish news agency Tidningarnas Telegrambyrå - TT - constructs the image of separated children and youth. The main research questions have been: How does TT construct the image of the separated refugee children? The more detailed questions put to examine this main question have been: what are the issues being focused in the reporting and what discourses, voices and sources are let into the journalistic material? The theoretical perspective should be considered as social constructionistic where the basic idea is that the image of the separated child also constructs the way society looks upon them, their rights and their needs, affecting how these children will be welcomed and treated when thay arrive in our society. The empirical study is a qualitative analysis of text, produced in the span 2007- April 20th 2010. In a first mapping, 35 news articles have been selected to be examined. The scientific method applied has mainly been Norman Faircloughs critical discourse analysis. The study shows that the reporting of TT depicts the separated children as a problem. This problem consists of three themes: as at threat of Swedish economy, a threat to our national security and as a victim that has to be cared for. These threats are often described in a contextual way by choice of angle, linguistic performance and selection of sources. The study also sheds light on the fact, that there are four general discourses discussing the children as a problem: the administrative discourse, the police discourse, the politcal discourse and the humanitarian discourse. The separated children themselves never get an opportunity to describe their own situation. instad TT allows the Swedish Migration Board to picture them. / Många barn – upp till 18 år enligt FN:s konvention om barnets rättigheter – som flyr från krig och konfliktområden kommer till Sverige för att söka skydd och asyl. Målet med den här studien är att undersöka hur den svenska nyhetsbyrån Tidningarnas Telegrambyrå – TT – konstruerar bilden av det flyende barnet. För att kunna svara på huvudfrågan: Hur konstruerar TT bilden av ”ensamkommande flyktingbarn”?, har följande underfrågor ställts: Vilka ämnen fokuseras i rapporteringen och vilka diskurser, röster och källor släpps in i det journalistiska materialet? Det teoretiska perspektivet kan beskrivas som socialkonstruktionistiskt, en benämning för olika teorier om samhälle och kulturer som delar synen på språkets roll för den sociala konstruktionen. Härigenom kan man se hur TT:s bild av ”ensamkommande flyktingbarn” också konstruerar det sätt på vilket samhället ser på barnen, deras rättigheter och behov, samt påverkar hur barnen välkomnas och behandlas när de anländer. Den empiriska studien utgörs av en kvalitativ analys av nyhetstexter producerade mellan 2007 och 20 april 2010. Efter en första kartläggning har 35 artiklar valts ut för att undersökas. Den vetenskapliga metod som använts är i huvudsak Norman Faircloughs kritiska diskursanalys. Studiens resultat visar att TT:s rapportering presenterar ”ensamkommande flyktingbarn” som ett problem med tre teman: som ett hot mot svensk ekonomi, ett hot mot vår nationella säkerhet samt som offer som måste tas om hand. Detta beskrivs ofta kontextuellt genom val av vinkel, presentationsform och val av källor. Studien belyser också det faktum att det finns fyra generella diskurser inom TT:s material som diskuterar de flyende barnen: den administrativa diskursen, den polisiära -, den politiska - samt den humanitära diskursen. Barnen får aldrig någon möjlighet att själva beskriva sin situation, istället låter TT Migrationsverket presentera sin bild av dem.

This is an analysis of how the Swedish newspapers Dagens Nyheter and Aftonbladet and the English newspapers The Independent and The Guardian reported about the sexual molestation and rape charges that were alleged against the Wikileaks founder Julian Assange in August 2010. Through a critical discourse analysis, a theme- and proposition analysis and a process analysis this paper aims to investigate how the above mentioned newspapers create reality in their articles. The purpose is to shed light upon with what means the journalists through the inherited structures of the newspaper illustrate actions and events, how they let other people get visible in the text and who is described as responsible for current events.    The results of the analysis shows that Aftonbladet uses a relatively large amount of propositions and speech cues to create an image of the reality that is almost explicitly angled. Dagens Nyheter and The Independent claims a higher degree of objectivity and through micro themes with different perspectives and few explicit statements they create a reality with plenty of room for the reader to make her own conclusions. The Guardian creates an image of the world where the Wikileaks is a great force of democracy and where actions are performed by humans as well as by objects and organizations.

This essay consists of a heuristic analysis of referents in the Swedish educational act, leaning on the methodological guidelines of discourse analysis. The overall aim of the essay has been to analyse in what way language in the educational act works as guidelines and law in relation to teachers’ work. To correspond to this aim an openly structured questionnaire has been used, providing an empirical view of how teachers understand certain words, or referents, in the educational act. This empirical data has then been shaped to a spectrum view of the definitions of the referents showing a number of deductable facts, including the significance of the apparent use of institutional and professional language, which then have been viewed from two theoretical perspectives. The theories are a structuralist one represented by Ferdinand de Saussure and Claude Lévi-Strauss, and a sociolinguistic one represented by Michel Foucault and Norman Fairclough. The theoretical analysis is based on three stages of the constitution of meaning in the communication between the educational act and the interpreting teachers. Four questions has guided the analyses and reads as follows: Which referents are used in the educational act to describe the purpose and forming of the education for the students?; How are said referents interpreted by active teachers?; Which are the gains of the understandings provided by the theoretical perspectives of the analysis of referents in relation to the empirical enquiry?; How are the referents to be understood functioning as imperative law regarding the teacher and its practice? The main conclusion of the essay is that depending on our theoretical understanding of language, the function of the Swedish educational act as imperative law with a clear relationship between vision and reality is questionable. Therefor it is important to acknowledge the need for guidelines in teachers’ interpretation of the law, better ensuring consensus in how central values of the school corresponds in practice.

The aim of this master’s thesis is to explore concert institutions’ informative texts prior to upcoming concerts – texts in promotional materials and descriptive texts in programme papers. The thesis is carried out from a critical discourse analytical perspective. The discourse analysis is focusing on finding the texts’ messages and it asks the question: To whom are these texts addressed? Theoretical support is mainly taken from Foucault’s theory about the relation between power and knowledge. On the basis of this theoretical framework, Fairclough’s critical discourse analysis (CDA) is applied to an analysis of informative texts from Swedish public financed concert institutions. In addition to a linguistic text analysis the discourse analysis also turns to the texts’ intertextual and interdiscursive relationships and to the texts’ historical, cultural and social contexts. The results show that the texts, analysed in this study, primarily address individuals already initiated and established within the discourse. The texts are also addressing individuals not yet belonging to the discourse who, in order to become established within the discourse, have to acquire the cultural and social characteristics that are requested by the discourse. The discourse analysis indicates that the language of the informative texts contain an exclusive mechanism. With this mechanism, the texts constitute a barrier hindering access to the art form. Based on these findings, it is concluded that concert institutions for Western art music could be more generally inviting by using a more inclusive language in their informative texts prior to upcoming concerts.As I haven’t found any previous Swedish or other Nordic studies of texts that are published prior to upcoming concerts, it seems likely that a small research gap has been discovered. / Syftet med denna masteruppsats är att granska konsertinstitutioners informativa texter inför konserter med västerländsk konstmusik – texter i reklammaterial inför konserter samt beskrivande texter i programtidningar. Studien genomförs ur ett kritiskt diskursanalytiskt perspektiv. I syftet ingår att söka fram sådana informativa texters budskap. Studiens essentiella frågeställning lyder: Till vilka riktar sig de informativa texterna? Teoretiskt stödjer sig uppsatsen främst på Foucaults teori om förhållandet mellan makt och kunskap. Utifrån detta perspektiv tillämpas Faircloughs kritiska diskursanalys (CDA) för en analys av strategiskt utvalda informativa texter från svenska offentligt finansierade konsertinstitutioner. Utöver en lingvistisk textanalys riktar sig diskursanalysen även mot texternas intertextuella och interdiskursiva relationer samt mot texternas historiska, kulturella och sociala sammanhang. Studien visar att de analyserade texterna främst riktar sig till dem som redan är initierade och etablerade i diskursen. De riktar sig även till individer som ännu inte tillhör diskursen vilka dock måste tillägna sig de kulturella och sociala beskaffenheter som diskursen fordrar för att kunna bli etablerade i denna. Diskursanalysen indikerar att språket i de informativa texterna innehåller en utestängande funktion. Med denna funktion kan texterna utgöra ett hinder för tillträde till konstarten. Utifrån dessa resultat dras slutsatsen att konsertinstitutioner för västerländsk konstmusik skulle kunna tillämpa ett mer generellt inviterande genom att använda ett mer inkluderande språkbruk i de informativa texterna inför konserter.Eftersom jag inte har funnit några tidigare utförda svenska eller andra nordiska studier av texter som är publicerade inför konserter kan detta betyda att en viss forskningslucka har upptäckts.

The aim of this paper is to investigate how the view on copyright emerges in the media debate, and the overall research question is what possible explanations there might be for the view being different depending on whom the writer is and whom s/he represents. The theoretical framework is Fairclough's critical discourse analysis and the method used is the analytic model in three stages that he presents in his book Language and Power (2001). The empirical material was selected through an initial search in Media Retriever, followed by a manual se-lection process, which resulted in a final selection of eight articles, all published in Swedish daily newspapers between the years 2006 and 2014. In the analysis, two main discourses were identified – the producer discourse and the consumer discourse – in which all the texts could be placed. The producer discourse puts the interests of the author first, and holds the view that copyright law must be strong to protect the authors' rights. The consumer discourse on the other hand puts the interest of the consumer first, and their view is that the public has the right to access the world's collect-ed knowledge and culture. This paper also examines the members' resources that authors bring to the texts in the form of common sense, and also in the form of a motive for entering in the debate. Furthermore, this paper also looks at the fact that power relations between the participants in the texts are complicated as they form a com-plex web of formal and informal power relations. The conclusion is that the main explanation for the different ways of viewing copyright is the two afore-mentioned discourses, and that the members' resources the authors bring to the texts are very ideological. The ideological arguments and the complex power relations result in very rigid positions in the debate. This is a two years master's thesis in Archive, Library and Museum studies.