The present study addresses what happens when historical feature film is used in history education. The purpose of this thesis is to develop new knowledge of historical film literacy through a study of the feature film's didactical potential in an educa­tional context. This is carried out through an analysis of the historical meaning making among upper secondary students when viewing historical feature films, and special attention is paid to the importance of emotions in the students' meaning making through historical feature film. A focus of the study is the didactical dilemma, previously addressed in historical film research, that arises in the use of feature film in history or social studies education, in relation to educational context, film experience, and historical understanding. The present thesis is an independent continuation of my licentiate thesis History as Fiction (2014). The empirical material consists of interviews with students and teachers from two upper secondary schools in Sweden, as well as documentation from students' assessments and selected scenes from feature films experienced by the students as they were used in history class. The theoretical framework for the study takes an interdisciplinary approach. It is based on Jörn Rüsens under­standing of historical meaning and histo­ri­cal culture, as well as on transaction theory described by John Dewey and Louise M. Rosenblatt. Film reception theory is equally important, represented by theories from David Bordwell and Carl Plantinga. The main research question focused on how the concept of historical film literacy could be developed theoretically. Historical film literacy is understood in this thesis as an advanced consciousness of how historical meaning making is created through the individual's transaction with film's narration in a specific context, and how meaning making ideally links historical disciplinary thinking with practical orientation in life. The core of theoretically developed historical film literacy is an understanding of the individual's emotional and aesthetic experience of historical feature film, and elaborated theoretical knowledge about the close relationship between the affective response and the more distanced cognitive activity during and after watching a film. Also crucial for historical film literacy is an under­standing of the historical film's representation of the past as a conflation of facts and fiction. The knowledge of history that students' gain from historical feature film should be constructed in a synthesis of an aesthetic and an efferent stance in the transaction process. This is because the feature film has the capacity to stimulate both a feeling of empathy and of nearness in the viewer as well as a movement of the viewer away from the narration and towards more distanced cognition. This movement helps the viewer to analyze and interpret the historical meaning making from a critical perspective, when the experience of the feature film is transformed to a reflected experience.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to analyze accounts of presented narratives in defense bills and any changes to them over time regarding Sweden's defense. Design / Method: A descriptive study was designed. The data material for the study's background consists of quantitative data, taken from public sources regarding population statistics, GDP in SEK (billions) and in percent, inflation and consumer price index, which have been analyzed and interpreted regarding similarities in values. The study's main data is taken from nine defense bills from the year 1986 until 2021. This data have been analyzed by close reading and after a qualitative analysis was performed on the collected data material. Findings: (Background). Sweden's defense spending in relation to GDP has fallen continuously. In particular, a large reduction can be noted from 1990 onwards from 2.6% to 1.3% in 2020. A change in the security policy situation after 1989 can also be seen in the changes to defense spending. Changes can also be seen after 2014, when defense spending increased sharply.  (Foreground-Figure). The analysis of narratives in the defense bills shows: (i) a narrative of a total defense (including military and civilian) regardless of a decline or rise in defense spending, (ii) the narrative of external events that affect defense policy, political behavior and decisions (iii) the narrative of threats against Sweden and of non-threats, and (iv) the narrative of the national identity as neutral and militarily non-aligned despite having a defensive alliance in practice. Conclusions: The thematic map of narratives in defense bills shows that accounts about current security and defense policy contain an ambiguity between the narratives about security policy on the one hand and the practical exercise of defense policy, on the other. This is probably due to an ideological view of security policy and to a collective self-image of neutrality and non-alignment, and being a clear voice for human rights, freedom and democracy in all parts of the world, rather than taking an actual pragmatic defense view. This pattern is found throughout the defense bills and expresses a kind of elitist perspective on one's own security policy stance. The study thus suggests that the narrative about the national self-image of neutrality is about the specific common experience and history from the 1940s to today and which has been communicated as specifically Swedish. This self-image appears as a foundation of Swedish security policy.  With regard to defense costs, it can be stated that when no perceived impending military threat in the immediate area, defense spending is reduced. / Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att analysera framställningar presenterade som narrativ i försvarspropositioner och eventuella förändringar av dem över tid avseende Sveriges försvar. Design/metod: En beskrivande (deskriptiv) studie utformades. Källmaterialet till studiens bakgrundsbeskrivning består av kvantitativ data, hämtat från offentliga källor gällande befolkningsstatistik, BNP i kr (miljarder) och i procent, inflation och konsumentprisindex och som analyserats och tolkats gällande likheter i värden. Studiens huvuddata består av nio försvarspropositioner från åren 1986 till 2021. Dessa har använts för närläsningar och en kvalitativ analys utfördes på det insamlade datamaterialet.  Resultat: (Resultat bakgrund). Sveriges försvarsutgifter i förhållande till BNP har sjunkit kontinuerligt. Särskilt kan noteras en omfattande neddragning från år 1990 och framåt från 2,6 % till 1,3 % år 2020. Ett förändrat säkerhetspolitiskt läge efter 1989 syns i förändringen av försvarsutgifter. Förändringar syns också efter år 2014 då försvarsutgifterna ökat kraftigt. (Resultat förgrund-figur). Analysen av narrativ i försvarspropositionerna visar: (i) narrativet om totalförsvaret som just ett totalt försvar trots dess ned- och uppmontering, (ii) narrativet om omvärldshändelser som påverkar försvarspolitiken, politiska beteenden och beslut (iii) narrativet om hotbilder mot Sverige och om icke-hot, samt (iv) narrativet om självbilden som neutral och militärt alliansfri trots en allierad försvarspraktik och politik.  Slutsatser: Den tematiska kartan över narrativ i försvarspropositioner, visar en berättelse om en tvetydighet mellan narrativen om säkerhetspolitiken å ena sidan och det praktiska försvarspolitiska utövandet, å den andra. Detta beror troligen på att den nationella kollektiva självbilden innehåller en ideologisk syn på neutralitet och alliansfrihet, samt på rollen av en klar röst för mänskliga rättigheter, frihet och demokrati i världens alla delar, snarare än en pragmatisk syn på försvarspolitik. Detta narrativ finns genomgående i försvarspropositionerna och uttrycker ett slags elitistiskt perspektiv på den egna säkerhetspolitiska hållningen. Denna nationella självbild framstår som ett grundelement för säkerhetspolitiken.  När det gäller försvarskostnader, kan konstateras att när man inte uppfattar något förestående militärt hot i närområdet, så sparas det på försvarsutgifterna.

The importance of sound financial risk management has become increasingly emphasised in recent years, especially with the financial crisis of 2007-08. The Basel Committee sets the international standards and regulations for banks and financial institutions, and in particular under market risk, they prescribe the internal application of the measure Value-at-Risk. However, the most established non-parametric Value-at-Risk model, historical simulation, has been criticised for some of its unrealistic assumptions. This thesis investigates alternative approaches for estimating non-parametric Value-at-Risk, by examining and comparing the capability of three counterbalancing weighting methodologies for historical simulation: an exponentially decreasing time weighting approach, a volatility updating method and, lastly, a more general weighting approach that enables the specification of central moments of a return distribution. With real financial data, the models are evaluated from a performance based perspective, in terms of accuracy and capital efficiency, but also in terms of their regulatory suitability, with a particular focus on the Swedish market. The empirical study shows that the capability of historical simulation is improved significantly, from both performance perspectives, by the implementation of a weighting methodology. Furthermore, the results predominantly indicate that the volatility updating model with a 500-day historical observation window is the most adequate weighting methodology, in all incorporated aspects. The findings of this paper offer significant input both to existing research on Value-at-Risk as well as to the quality of the internal market risk management of banks and financial institutions. / Betydelsen av sund finansiell riskhantering har blivit alltmer betonad på senare år, i synnerhet i och med finanskrisen 2007-08. Baselkommittén fastställer internationella normer och regler för banker och finansiella institutioner, och särskilt under marknadsrisk föreskriver de intern tillämpning av måttet Value-at-Risk. Däremot har den mest etablerade icke-parametriska Value-at-Risk-modellen, historisk simulering, kritiserats för några av dess orealistiska antaganden. Denna avhandling undersöker alternativa metoder för att beräkna icke-parametrisk Value-at‑Risk, genom att granska och jämföra prestationsförmågan hos tre motverkande viktningsmetoder för historisk simulering: en exponentiellt avtagande tidsviktningsteknik, en volatilitetsuppdateringsmetod, och slutligen ett mer generellt tillvägagångssätt för viktning som möjliggör specifikation av en avkastningsfördelnings centralmoment. Modellerna utvärderas med verklig finansiell data ur ett prestationsbaserat perspektiv, utifrån precision och kapitaleffektivitet, men också med avseende på deras lämplighet i förhållande till existerande regelverk, med särskilt fokus på den svenska marknaden. Den empiriska studien visar att prestandan hos historisk simulering förbättras avsevärt, från båda prestationsperspektiven, genom införandet av en viktningsmetod. Dessutom pekar resultaten i huvudsak på att volatilitetsuppdateringsmodellen med ett 500 dagars observationsfönster är den mest användbara viktningsmetoden i alla berörda aspekter. Slutsatserna i denna uppsats bidrar i väsentlig grad både till befintlig forskning om Value-at-Risk, liksom till kvaliteten på bankers och finansiella institutioners interna hantering av marknadsrisk.

The purpose of this study is to deepen the understanding of the identity, place and meaning of history in history teaching and the society in general. This is done through interviews with eight students at the Swedish Upper Secondary School. Students has an essential role in how history teaching becomes meaningful and how the history culture of our society today and in the future is shaped. The following research questions are answered in this study: I. What perceptions of history, related to the didactic questions about the content, method, and purpose of history, do students at the Upper Secondary School have? II. What historical knowledge, that is, as content-related knowledge in history, skill-related knowledge about history and meaning-making-related knowledge of history, do these perceptions of history express? To answer the research questions, qualitative semi-structured interviews are conducted. The interviews are then analyzed with the support of general didactic theories about the what, how and why of history, and history didactic theories of historical knowledge in, about and of history. Thus, the didactic questions (what/how/why) and the aspects of historical knowledge (in/about/of) have answered the research questions of this study by mapping students’ perceptions of history and distinguishing historical knowledge in their perceptions of history. The study shows that students perceive history in different ways, emphasizing different aspects of the content (what), method (how) and purpose (why) of history. The study also shows that students develop different forms of historical knowledge, which are considered necessary in the Swedish school and historical science, but they do it in a slightly different way than what may be intended. The result indicate that students’ thoughts of history are often rooted in a perception of history as the past, which has consequences for how they view aspects of history and what historical knowledge they express. To develop historical knowledge, one must know what has happened thus being aware of people and events of the past. Therefore, history is told, not necessarily interpreted. Accordingly, students see history as a life lesson. With history – knowing what has happened in the past – one can avoid making mistakes in the present and therefore develop the future one strives for. In addition, students regard source criticism as something motivated by their time – a time characterized by fake news and social media – rather than a basic historical method in the subject of history.

When teachers reason about where they take their students to places such as cultural heritage sites, historical places and museums, they usually have a motive for why they choose to make such a trip. And it is usually because they want to evoke their students' abilities to work and study the school subject history. One of these abilities the teacher wants their students to uphold, are for example historical empathy. The aim of this study is to map the state of knowledge for how visits to historical sites and museums are used within and motivated in history teaching. The information retrieval was mainly performed on searching empirical information via databases such as SwePub, Libsearch and Google Scholar, through the search engine in Malmö University library webpage. After an extensive and thorough research, the information gathered from the search shows that both scholars, museum educators, teachers and students agree that it is good to make these kinds of field trips. It can help students to engage with and within history, to evolve their perspectives on the history and abilities to understand other people and their actions, thoughts and beliefs in the past. The reason for doing this research is to understand the purpose of these kinds of visits and in the near future to use this as an advantage, for ourselves when we want to evoke historical abilities in our future students.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to analyze accounts of presented narratives in defense bills and any changes to them over time regarding Sweden's defense. Design / Method: A descriptive study was designed. The data material for the study's background consists of quantitative data, taken from public sources regarding population statistics, GDP in SEK (billions) and in percent, inflation and consumer price index, which have been analyzed and interpreted regarding similarities in values. The study's main data is taken from nine defense bills from the year 1986 until 2021. This data have been analyzed by close reading and after a qualitative analysis was performed on the collected data material. Findings: (Background). Sweden's defense spending in relation to GDP has fallen continuously. In particular, a large reduction can be noted from 1990 onwards from 2.6% to 1.3% in 2020. A change in the security policy situation after 1989 can also be seen in the changes to defense spending. Changes can also be seen after 2014, when defense spending increased sharply.  (Foreground-Figure). The analysis of narratives in the defense bills shows: (i) a narrative of a total defense (including military and civilian) regardless of a decline or rise in defense spending, (ii) the narrative of external events that affect defense policy, political behavior and decisions (iii) the narrative of threats against Sweden and of non-threats, and (iv) the narrative of the national identity as neutral and militarily non-aligned despite having a defensive alliance in practice. Conclusions: The thematic map of narratives in defense bills shows that accounts about current security and defense policy contain an ambiguity between the narratives about security policy on the one hand and the practical exercise of defense policy, on the other. This is probably due to an ideological view of security policy and to a collective self-image of neutrality and non-alignment, and being a clear voice for human rights, freedom and democracy in all parts of the world, rather than taking an actual pragmatic defense view. This pattern is found throughout the defense bills and expresses a kind of elitist perspective on one's own security policy stance. The study thus suggests that the narrative about the national self-image of neutrality is about the specific common experience and history from the 1940s to today and which has been communicated as specifically Swedish. This self-image appears as a foundation of Swedish security policy.  With regard to defense costs, it can be stated that when no perceived impending military threat in the immediate area, defense spending is reduced. / Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att analysera framställningar presenterade som narrativ i försvarspropositioner och eventuella förändringar av dem över tid avseende Sveriges försvar. Design/metod: En beskrivande (deskriptiv) studie utformades. Källmaterialet till studiens bakgrundsbeskrivning består av kvantitativ data, hämtat från offentliga källor gällande befolkningsstatistik, BNP i kr (miljarder) och i procent, inflation och konsumentprisindex och som analyserats och tolkats gällande likheter i värden. Studiens huvuddata består av nio försvarspropositioner från åren 1986 till 2021. Dessa har använts för närläsningar och en kvalitativ analys utfördes på det insamlade datamaterialet.  Resultat: (Resultat bakgrund). Sveriges försvarsutgifter i förhållande till BNP har sjunkit kontinuerligt. Särskilt kan noteras en omfattande neddragning från år 1990 och framåt från 2,6 % till 1,3 % år 2020. Ett förändrat säkerhetspolitiskt läge efter 1989 syns i förändringen av försvarsutgifter. Förändringar syns också efter år 2014 då försvarsutgifterna ökat kraftigt. (Resultat förgrund-figur). Analysen av narrativ i försvarspropositionerna visar: (i) narrativet om totalförsvaret som just ett totalt försvar trots dess ned- och uppmontering, (ii) narrativet om omvärldshändelser som påverkar försvarspolitiken, politiska beteenden och beslut (iii) narrativet om hotbilder mot Sverige och om icke-hot, samt (iv) narrativet om självbilden som neutral och militärt alliansfri trots en allierad försvarspraktik och politik.  Slutsatser: Den tematiska kartan över narrativ i försvarspropositioner, visar en berättelse om en tvetydighet mellan narrativen om säkerhetspolitiken å ena sidan och det praktiska försvarspolitiska utövandet, å den andra. Detta beror troligen på att den nationella kollektiva självbilden innehåller en ideologisk syn på neutralitet och alliansfrihet, samt på rollen av en klar röst för mänskliga rättigheter, frihet och demokrati i världens alla delar, snarare än en pragmatisk syn på försvarspolitik. Detta narrativ finns genomgående i försvarspropositionerna och uttrycker ett slags elitistiskt perspektiv på den egna säkerhetspolitiska hållningen. Denna nationella självbild framstår som ett grundelement för säkerhetspolitiken.  När det gäller försvarskostnader, kan konstateras att när man inte uppfattar något förestående militärt hot i närområdet, så sparas det på försvarsutgifterna.

Mean variance optimization has shortcomings making the strategy far from optimal from an investor’s perspective. The purpose of the study is to conduct an empirical investigation as to how modern methods of portfolio optimization address the shortcomings associated with mean variance optimization. Equal risk contribution, the Most diversified portfolioand a modification of the Minimum variance portfolio are considered as alternatives to the mean variance model. Portfolio optimization models introduced are explained in detail and solved using the optimization algorithms Cyclical coordinate descent and Alternating direction method of multipliers. Through implementation and backtesting using a diverse set of indices representing various asset classes, the study shows that the mean variance model suffers from high turnover and sensitivity to input parameters in comparison to the modern alternatives. The sophisticated asset allocation models equal risk contribution and the most diversified portfolio do not rely on expected return as an input parameter, which is seen as an advantage, and are not affected to the same extent by the shortcomings associated with mean variance optimization. The paper concludes by discussing the findings critically and suggesting ideas for further research. / Maximering av avkastning i samband med minimering av varians, på engelska kallat Mean variance optimization, är inte optimalt ur en investerares synpunkt. Syftet med denna uppsats är att genomföra en empirisk studie av hur moderna metoder för portföljallokering adresserar de problem som är förknippade med Mean variance optimization. Mer specifikt undersöks allokeringsstrategierna Equal risk contribution, Most diversified portfolio samt en variant av Minimum variance som ersättare till Mean variance optimization. Allokeringsmetoderna beskrivs detaljerat och löses med optimeringsalgoritmerna Cyclical coordinate descent och Alternating direction method of multipliers. Genom implementering och historisk simulering med ett antal index som representerar olika tillgångsslag visar studien att Mean variance optimization innebär hög portföljomsättning och har en större känslighet för ingångsparametrar i jämförelse med de moderna alternativen. De sofistikerade allokeringsmodellerna Equal risk contribution och Most diversified portfolio bygger inte på ingångsparametern förväntad avkastning, vilket ses som en fördel, och drabbas inte i samma utsträckning av problemen associerade med Mean variance optimization. Studien avslutas med att diskutera resultatet kritiskt och ge förslag på vidare studier som bygger på den teori och det resultat som har presenterats.

Denna uppsats syftar till att utforska den emotionella dimensionen av att resa genom fyra kvinnors ögon över hela världen under mitten av 1800-talet. De utvalda svenska kvinnorna var från medel- och överklassen. De frågor som ställdes var följande: Vilken känslomässig laddning har reseberättelserna om platser / kultur / människor? Med användning av William Reddy's Emotive och Barbra Rosenweins Emotional communities som en teoretisk ramverk visade resultaten att platser relaterade till naturen var extremt positiva. Stadsort var däremot inte lika positivt skildrade i Europa. Detta relaterade till den pågående industrialiseringen i Europa, vilket skapade tätbefolkade och orena miljöer som sågs med starkt missnöje och laddade med negativa känslor. Kultur var en kategori av emotionell konflikt för alla fyra resenärer. Det visade att den svenska och protestantiska bakgrunden var stark när det gällede värden och normer för dessa kvinnor och gjorde det möjligt för starka, negativa känslomässiga upplevelser av kultur. Kombinerat fanns en pågående utveckling av tankar med nationalistiska och eurocentriska element. Människor fick positiva attribut och känslor kopplade till dem på individuell basis och separerades från sin kultur i de fallen. Istället kopplades negativa känslor till grupper av människor som stred mot dessa kvinnors bakgrund och intressen. Sammantaget var den emotionella dimensionen en blandning av starka positiva och några starka negativa upplevelser. En avgörande faktor var bakgrunden och en övergripande komplexitet i den emotionella dimensionen var avgörande. / This essay aims to explore the emotional dimension of travelling through the eyes of four women across the world during the middle of the 1800s. The chosen Swedish women were collectively of middle- and upper-class status. The questions asked were the following: What emotional charge do the travelogues have regarding locations/culture/people? With the use of William Reddy’s Emotive and Barbra Rosenwein’s Emotional communities as a theoretical framework, the results showed that locations related to nature were extremely positive. Urban locations, on the other hand, were not as positive to see in Europe. This related to the ongoing industrialization of Europe, creating densely populated and unclean environments that became was seen with strong displeasure and charged with negative emotions. Culture was a category of emotional conflict for all four travellers. It showed that the Swedish and protestant background was strong in determining values and norms for these women and made it possible for strong, negative emotional experiences. Combined there was an ongoing evolution of thoughts with nationalistic and Eurocentric elements. People had positive attributes and emotions connected to them on an individual basis and were separated from their culture. Instead, negative emotions were connected to groups of people that conflicted with these women’s ideas and interests. Overall, the emotional dimension was a mix of strong positives and some strong negatives. A determining factor was the background, and an overall complexity to the emotional dimension was conclusive.

Abstract Title: History teaching and intercultural competence This study takes as its starting point the relationship between the multicultural and globalised society and history as a school subject, and explores it theoretically as well as empirically.  Intercultural historical competence, which is the main theoretical and analytical concept of the study, is developed from theories of narrative competence and theories of intercultural competence, and is positioned in the intersection between the two. Narrative competence describes historical consciousness as being characterised by three distinct sub-competencies, the competence of experience, the competence of interpretation and the competence of orientation. Historical learning is seen as the qualification of these competencies to be able to tell meaningful stories about our lives.  The empirical case study explores how intercultural historical competence as a learning objective is interpreted and enacted in one history classroom. The enacted object of learning is regarded as a co-construction between the teacher, the pupils and historical narratives. This study explores how experiences and interpretations of the past are made and used in the work in the classroom. The question of what constitutes each narrative sub-competence is addressed and discussed in three empirical chapters respectively. The source material mainly consists of observations from a sequel of 25 history lessons in an upper secondary school The empirical results show how different dimensions of each sub-competence contribute to what is possible to learn in relation to intercultural historical competence. One important dimension of the competence of experience is the employment of strategies of pluralism, deconstruction and counter-narratives to open up closed narratives. The competence of interpretation is strengthened by the use of second-order concepts as tools to qualify historical thinking. Furthermore, it is demonstrated how it is possible to practise the competence of orientation by giving pupils the opportunity to use historical narratives and historical tools to make sense of the present and to think about the future. One additional conclusion is that the planning process, when the learning objective is interpreted and framed into lessons and exercises, is decisive for what is possible for pupils to learn. Finally, it is stated that history as a school subject has the capacity to develop knowledge, skills and attitudes that are relevant in a multicultural and globalised society. Key words: history teaching, historical learning, history education, intercultural competence, intercultural education, historical consciousness, upper secondary school, class room study, object of learning, learning objective, historical narrative.

Den första detaljerade topografiska karteringen som täcker en större del av Sverige är den s.k. Häradskartan som framställdes under 1800-talets andra hälft och som följdes av Generalstabens topografiska karta under början av 1900-talet. För framställning av kartorna upprättades först stomkartor genom transporter av äldre kartor i större skala från skiften och lantmäteriförrättningar. Historiska topografiska kartor ur Häradskartan och stomkartorna till Generalstabens topografiska karta publicerades under 2023 av Naturvårdsverket i form av digitala kartraster som georefererats med en automatisk metod baserad på rutnät av kartbladshörn för kartserierna. Denna studie syftar till att undersöka huruvida resultatet av den automatiska georefering som utförts med kartbladshörnen kan förbättras med en metod baserad på identifiering av gemensamma passpunkter mellan de historiska kartan och den moderna topografiska karta som finns tillgänglig som öppen data från Lantmäteriet. För att den metod som används ska vara användbar för en intresserad allmänhet undersöktes de möjligheter för georeferering av de historiska topografiska kartorna som finns med kostnadsfria Open Source-programvaror och öppna data. För att resultatet av georefereringen ska kunna utvärderas i en praktisk tillämpning undersöktes skapande av 3D-visualiseringar av de historiska kartorna. Studien avgränsas till ett område omfattande 400 000 ha huvudsakligen i Örebro län och de georefereringsmetoder som finns i programvaran QGIS. Passpunkter identifierades i den moderna topografiska kartan där byggnadspunkter för slott, kyrkor och herrgårdar som kunde verifieras genom sökningar i bebyggelseregister kompletterades med gränspunkter, vägkorsningar och hydrografiska objekt som visuellt kan antas sammanfalla vid studie av geometrier i de automatiskt georefererade kartorna. För att de kartblad som bygger upp kartserierna ska passa ihop över skarvarna efter georeferering mosaikerades dessa kartblad till ett gemensamt virtuellt kartraster. Resultaten av georefereringen visade att de medelavvikelser som uppmättes i de automatiskt rektifierade kartorna, ca 50 m för Häradskartan och ca 150 m för stomkartorna, kunde förbättras till ca 30 m för båda kartmaterialen med ca sex passpunkter/kvadratmil. Det framgår dock att stora lokala variationer i storleken på felen finns såväl före som efter transformationerna och studien visar på att en mer komplex lokal transformationsmetod med en stor mängd passpunkter fördelade över kartan behövs för att erhålla generella förbättringar av passningen. De skapade 3D-visualiseringarna visade på att en visuellt bättre passning ändå kunde erhållas även med de relativt få passpunkter som använts här. / The first detailed topographic mapping of larger parts of Sweden is the so-called District Economic Map that was produced during the second half of the 19th century and which was followed by the General Staff Map in the beginning of the 20th century. These maps were produced from skeleton maps that were constructed from transports of older large-scaled maps from legal shifts and parcel acts. Historical topographic maps from the District Economic Map and the skeleton maps for the General Staff Map were published in 2023 as digital raster maps that has been georeferenced using an automatic method based on a grid of corner coordinates for the map series. This study aims to investigate whether the result of the automatic georeferencing method can be improved using a method of identifying common ground control points between the historical maps and the modern topographic maps that are available as open data from the Swedish Land Survey. In order for the applied methods to be available to an interested general public this study investigates the possibilities of performing the georeferencing using free open-source software and open data. To allow the evaluation of the georeferencing results in a practical application the historical maps are visualized in 3D. The study is limited to an area encompassing 400 000 ha mainly in Örebro county and the georeferencing algorithms that are available in the QGIS software. Ground control points were identified in the modern topographic map by supplementing building points representing castles, churches and manor houses that can be verified by researching registries of built heritage with boundary points, road crossings and hydrographic objects that visually appear to coincide when studying the geometries of the automatically georeferenced maps. In order to ensure that the map sheets that make up the map series fit over the sheet edges the sheets were mosaicked in a single virtual raster. The results of the georeferencing process show that the mean deviations that could be measured in the automatically referenced maps (approx. 50 m for the District Economic Map and approx. 150 m for the skeleton maps) could be improved to approx. 30 m in both cases using about six control points per 10 000 ha. Large variations in the sizes of local errors are prevalent both before and after the transformations and the study shows that a more complex local transformation method using a large amount of control points is required in order to achieve a general improvement of the fit with modern data. Visualizing in 3D did show, however, that a visually significant improvement could be achieved already using relatively few control points as in this study.