Sveriges kommuner står inför stora utmaningar i framtiden med att kunna tillhandhålla de välfärdstjänster som förväntas av dem, detta framförallt på grund av en ökande äldre befolkning. För att klara av dessa utmaningar har digitalisering och utnyttjandet av dagens teknik lyfts fram som en lösning, där e-tjänster har en betydande roll för kommuner. Samtidigt har flera kommuner uppgett att de har problem med att hinna med att utveckla e-tjänster i takt med samhällsutveckling samt att befintliga e-tjänster inte används i den utsträckning som förväntas. Syftet med studien är således att utforska fenomenet “införandet av e-tjänster” inom kommuner i Sverige, med fokus på varför kommuner väljer att införa de e-tjänster de gör. En kvalitativ metod har använts där en små-N-studie har genomförts. Datainsamlingen har bestått av sju semistrukturerade intervjuer där totalt åtta olika kommuner ingått. Respondenterna har valts ut baserat på den information de kunnat förse. En innehållsanalys har sedan genomförts där ett antal kategorier har identifierats genom öppen och axial kodning. Resultat och analysen visar att kommunernas val av e-tjänster påverkas av hur de identifierar och hantera idéer på e-tjänster, en samling av olika hinder för införandet av e-tjänster samt deras samarbeten med andra kommuner och offentliga organ gällande e-tjänster. Studien kan bidra med en ökad medvetenhet för kommunerna om varför de väljer de e-tjänster de gör, vilket kan underlätta och förbättra deras arbete med e-tjänster. Detta kan hjälpa kommunerna att uppnå den potential som finns med e-tjänster och bemöta de utmaningar de står inför i framtiden. / Sweden's municipalities face major challenges in the future to be able to provide the welfare services that are expected of them, primarily due to an increasing elderly population. To cope with these challenges, digitalization and the utilization of today's technology have been highlighted as a solution, where e-services have a central role for municipalities. However, several municipalities have stated that they have problems with developing e-services in step with societal development and that existing e-services are not used to the expected extent The purpose of the study is thus to explore the phenomenon of "the introduction of e-services" within municipalities in Sweden, with a focus on why municipalities choose to introduce the e-services they do. A qualitative method has been used where a small-N study was carried out. The data collection consisted of seven semi-structured interviews in which a total of eight different municipalities were included. The respondents have been selected based on the information they were able to provide. A content analysis has then been carried out where a number of categories have been identified through open and axial coding. The analysis shows that the municipalities' choice of e-services is influenced by how they identify and manage ideas for e-services, a collection of obstacles to the introduction of e-services as well as their collaborations with other municipalities and public bodies regarding e-services. The study can contribute to an increased awareness for the municipalities about why they choose the e-services they do, which can ease and improve their work with e-services. This can help the municipalities to fulfill the existing potential with e-services and meet the challenges they are facing in the future. This study is written in Swedish.

Sustainable development is a topic which is constantly increasing in relevance to reach a well-functioning society from economic, social and environmental aspects. The work for sustainable development can take shape in different ways, including by working towards the fulfillment of the UN’s sustainable development goals (SDG). The SDG’s consist of 17 goals with the intention to be fulfilled by the year 2030. The goals are designed in such a way that all actors in society should have the opportunity to contribute to their fulfillment, for example by integrating them into an organization's activities. However, the SDGs have recently encountered their biggest obstacle since they were established - the Covid-19 pandemic.  The Covid-19 pandemic created chaotic situations characterized by uncertainty and insecurity, which has led to the work towards fulfilling the SDGs reversed direction and shows a negative development. Thus, it becomes important to investigate how an organization should be able to handle a crisis, such as the Covid-19 pandemic, without harming the work with the SDGs. Based on this, the purpose of the study is to examine the impact of crisis management and leadership on sustainability within a public organization. The aim of the study is to examine the achievement of the SDGs in a municipality. This purpose is answered with the help of a case study at Karlstad municipality.  The study is based on two methods, which are interviews and documentary research. Four semi-structured interviews were conducted with employees within Karlstad municipality who work with crisis management, environmental issues and operational management. As a complement to the conducted interviews, the municipality's annual report, strategic plan, guidelines for crisis management, follow-up of the work during the pandemic and a signed climate contract have been reviewed. These data, together with the interviews and with theories such as crisis management, crisis management’s three different phases and leadership, conclusions could be drawn. This study thus states that crisis management without connection to the SDGs risks leading to deprioritization of these in a crisis situation. Here, continuity management becomes an important aspect that can be developed to ensure positive development of the work with the SDGs. Furthermore, the importance of leadership within an organization is highlighted as the responsibility falls on the leaders when it comes to leading the work of the business forward.

För byggnader har drift- och underhållskostnader ofta större ekonomiska konsekvenser än den initiala investeringen och livscykelkostnader (LCC) har i upphandlingslagstiftningen lyfts fram som ett sätt att verka för hållbar upphandling. Med tanke på dessa omständigheter bör det vara intressant för offentliga fastighetsägare att tillämpa arbetssätt där de tidigt i projekten kan överskåda de långsiktiga ekonomiska konsekvenserna av deras val genom att analyser LCC. Genom att analysera textinnehållet i upphandlingsdokument har målet med det här examensarbetet varit att söka svar på frågan om hur offentliga fastighetsägare formulerar sina krav, jämförelse mellan anbud respektive uppdragsbeskrivning vad gäller LCC när de upphandlar projekterande konsulter. Undersökningen visade att det fanns ett antal upphandlingar där LCC-relaterade formuleringar fanns men omfattningen är begränsad och detaljerna kring varför och hur LCC-analyserna skulle göras är få. Det var också ett fåtal av de undersökta organisationerna som hade sådana formuleringar. Vidare visade undersökningen att krav på kompetens och arbetssätt kopplat till LCC helt saknades och att jämförelse mellan anbud endast i ett fall vägde in livscykelaspekter. Detta får till följd att anbudsgivarna saknar incitament att utveckla sina tjänster vad gäller LCC eftersom att det inte skulle ge dem några konkurrensfördelar när offentliga fastighetsägare genomför upphandlingar. Undersökningen visar dock på att en ambition fanns om att uppdragen skulle resultera i kostnadseffektiva och hållbara byggnader men det fanns i många fall ingen beskrivning om hur detta skulle uppnås. Slutsatsen som drogs av undersökningen är att den ekonomiska hållbarheten och den långsiktiga ekonomiska förutsägbarheten inte prioriterades högt men att det finns flera sätt som detta kan utvecklas på. Detta antingen genom att de offentliga fastighetsägarna bestämmer sig för när, varför och hur LCC-analyser ska genomföras under fastighetsprojektens tidiga skeden så att projekteringen kan styras av dessa analyser. Alternativt kan de implementera arbetssätt där de upphandlar fastighetsprojekt i ett tidigare skede och utvärdera vilket anbud som är de mest fördelaktiga genom att jämföra de olika förslagens LCC. Båda dessa förändringar skulle bidra till mer hållbara upphandlingar. / The running and maintenance costs of buildings often have a larger economic impact than the initial investment and Life-cycle costs (LCC) has been highlighted as a means of achieving sustainable procurement. Because of these circumstances it should be of interest to public property owners to adopt procedures where they can foresee the long-term economic impact of choices in the early stages of their projects by analyzing LCC. By analyzing the textual content of procurement documents, this degree project tried answering the question of how public property owners phrased their requirements, comparison between tenders and assignment conditions with regards to LCC when procuring design consultants. The survey showed that a number of the procurements had LCC related texts in the procurement documents but the extent of this was limited and the details about why and how the LCC analysis are supposed to be conducted were scarce. The number of organizations which had these texts where few. The survey also showed that there were no requirements regarding competence and procedures relating to LCC and that a comparison of tenders relating to life-cycle aspects only was applied in one procurement procedure. This leads to a lack of incentive for the tendering consultants to develop their services in regards to LCC because that would not give them any advantage in the competition for public property owner contracts. In contrast, there was an apparent ambition of designing cost effective and sustainable buildings in these contracts but there were in many of the cases no description of how this was to be achieved. The conclusion that was drawn from the survey was that the economic sustainability and the long-term economic predictability was not highly prioritized but there are a number of ways in which this can be developed. This can be achieved by the public property owners either by deciding when, why and how LCC analysis are to be conducted in the early stages of property projects so that the design is guided by these analysis. Another option is to implement early stage project procurement where the most advantageous tender is decided by comparing LCC. Both of these changes would contribute to more sustainable procurements.

I denna uppsats undersöks hur levande stadsrum kan skapas under vintern för att möjliggöra ett tryggt stadsrum med liv och rörelse utifrån ett teoretiskt ramverk som bygger på Gehl och temporär urbanism.  Undersökningen baseras på en fallstudie av ‘Levande Stockholm vinter’ och genomförs med kvalitativa intervjuer och dokumentanalys. Resultaten visar att Stockholms stad arbetar med målpunkter och aktivitetsmöjligheter för att möjliggöra för levande ytor under vintern. Att arbeta med att levandegöra stadsrum under vintern handlar om att skapa förutsättningar för en miljö som lockar invånare till frivilliga aktiviteter. Temporär urbanism kan användas som ett verktyg för att testa olika lösningar i stadsrummet med målet att möjliggöra aktivering för ett trivsamt, användbart och levande vinterstadsrum. Resultaten pekar också på att temporära åtgärder kan medföra en ökad känsla av trygghet och omhändertagande av en plats. / This thesis explores how vibrant urban spaces can be created during winter to enable a safe urban space with vitality and movement, based on a theoretical framework built on Gehl and temporary urbanism. The thesis is based on a case study of ‘Levande Stockholm vinter’ and is conducted through qualitative interviews and document analysis. The results indicate that establishing target points and activity opportunities are necessary to enable lively spaces during winter. Vitalizing urban spaces during winter involves creating conditions for an environment that attracts residents to engage in optional activities. Temporary urbanism can serve as a tool to test various solutions in urban spaces with the aim of activating the environment for a pleasant, functional, and vibrant urban space. The results also indicate that temporary uses can lead to an increased sense of safety and care for a place.

Sammanfattning: Senaste årtionden har implementeringen av new public management (NPM) inom offentliga sektorn medfört en ökning av administration för organisationerna, det har påverkat samtliga medarbetare men främst cheferna.  Studien syftar till att undersöka hur mellanchefer som präglas av new public management inom offentliga sektorn upplever de administrativa kraven och stressen. Den eventuella stress mellanchefer upplever kan spåras till fler nya krav och förändringar som NPM medfört.Kraven samt förändringarna är bland annat den dokumentation och rapportering NPM medför för att uppfylla målstyrning och granskningskrav. Ekonomistyrning och kvalitetsmätningar är fler aspekter NPM infört i den offentliga sektorn för mellanchefer, vilket bidrar med en ökning av administrativa arbetsuppgifter och i sin tur kan öka stressnivån hos mellanchefer. Genom kopplingar från tidigare forskning och teorier undersöks det hur mellanchefer upplever administrativa kraven. Hur det påverkar deras arbetssituation samt upplevelsen angående kontroll och stöd för sitt administrativa arbete. Vi har använt oss av kvalitativ forskning genom en kombination av personliga intervjuer och self reports via frågor av en öppen karaktär för att fånga upplevelsen från respondenterna. Studien resulterade i nio mellanchefer från flertal offentliga organisationer som präglas av NPM. Administrativa kraven har ökat för mellanchefer och där synliggörs en förskjutning från traditionellt ledarskap till mer administrativa arbetsuppgifter. Kontroll över administrativa arbetet är en viktig faktor och för att bibehålla kontrollen krävs prioriteringar, vilket främst är svårt från externa aktörer såsom myndigheter. Kollegiala stödet lyfts fram som en viktig faktor för mellanchefernas kontroll samt trivseln på arbetsplatsen. / Summary: In recent decades the implementation of new public management (NPM) within the public sector has led to an increase in administration for organizations, affecting all employees but primarily the managers. This study aims to investigate how middle managers, influenced by new public management within the public sector, perceive administrative demands and stress. The potential stress experienced by middle managers can be traced to the new requirements and changes brought about by NPM. These demands and changes include the documentation and reporting required by NPM to meet goal management and scrutiny requirements. Financial management and quality measurements are additional aspects NPM has introduced in the public sector for middle managers, contributing to an increase in administrative tasks and potentially raising the stress levels among middle managers. By connecting previous research and theories, the study examines how middle managers perceive the administrative demands, how it affects their work situation and their experienceregarding control and support för their administrative work. We employed qualitative research through a combination of personal interviews and self reports using open-ended questions to capture the respondents’ experiences. The study included nine middle managers from several public organizations influenced by NPM. Administrative demands have increased for middle managers, revealing a shift from traditional leadership to more administrative tasks. Control over administrative work is a crucial factor, and maintaining control requires prioritization which is particularly challenging with external factors such as authorities. Collegial support is emphasized as a key factor for middle managers control and job satisfaction.

This study investigated the current handling of furniture in Sweden's 21regional counties, focusing on circular strategies. The aim was to identifyobstacles and opportunities for improving sustainability through circularfurniture management. A mixed-methods approach was employed, combiningsurveys and focus group interviews with managers responsible for furniturestrategies and representatives from procurement organisations. The resultsrevealed a growing awareness and commitment to circularity, but alsochallenges such as a lack of clear responsibility, resource constraints, andknowledge gaps. The study also found that wood, as a durable and repairablematerial, could mitigate obstacles and enhance circular strategies. However,clearer definitions and sustainability criteria for wooden furniture inprocurement were needed. The study emphasised a multifaceted approach topromote circular furniture management, including increased resources,improved communication, changes in procurement, and clearer guidelines.

I denna studie behandlas ämnet offentliga rum, en diffus definition av allmänna platser som denna uppsats syftar till att råda bot på. Studiens ämne baseras på antaganden om en tilltagande privatisering av offentliga rum som pågår runt om i Sverige och världen, som skapar offentliga rum präglade av handel och service. Forskning och teori i denna studie fokuserar på att finna karaktären av ett offentligt rum och undersöka de konsekvenser som kommer av privatisering. För att besvara de frågor som ställts kommer två fallstudier från Malmö stads två torg Stortorget och Lilla torg redovisas, där forskarnas egna antagande och observationer kompletteras med intervjuer från användare som beskriver sin syn och upplevelse av rummen. I uppsatsen kommer det gå att läsa om de olika fallens bakgrund, hur de uppfattas av besökare, hur de kan ses som motpoler till varandra och vilka konsekvenser offentlighet, eller bristen på det, har på olika grupper. Studien är en del av kandidatprogrammet Fysisk planering vid Blekinge tekniska högskola i Karlskrona. Ämnet, privatisering av offentliga rum, har valts då det är ett intressant ämne att diskutera inom fysisk planering, då gränsen mellan vad fysisk planering kan, och inte kan, påverka är tunn och svår att hantera. Vid ytterligare frågor eller funderingar kring innehållet i uppsatsen eller ämnet, vänligen kontakta författarna på respektive mail: Linnéa Håkansson: linnea-hakansson@hotmail.com Jasmine Dogertz: jasminedogertz@gmail.com / This study concerns the subject public spaces, a vague definition of public places that this study will disentangle. The study is based on assumptions about an increasing privatisation of public spaces that is happening all over Sweden and around the world, that creates public spaces characterized by commerce and service. Science and the theory in this study focuses on to find characterizing trades of a public space and to investigate the consequences that privatization create. To answer questions that has been asked shall two case studies, that has been made on two squares in Malmö called Stortorget and Lilla torg be accounted for, where scientists own assumptions and observations supplemented with interviews from users who describes their view and experience on the subject. In this study will you be able to read about the two cases background, how they are perceived by the users, how they can be seen as opposites and which consequences publicness, or the lack of it, has on different groups. The study is a part of the bachelor program at Fysisk planering (Spatial planning) at Blekinge tekniska högskola (Blekinge technical university) in Karlskrona. The subject, privatization of public spaces, has been chosen because it is an interesting subject to discuss, especially within spatial planning because the borders concerning what spatial planning is able to or not able to do is narrow and hard to equipoise. Further questions or thoughts concerning the content of this study or the subject, please contact the authors on their respective email: Linnéa Håkansson: linnea-hakansson@hotmail.com Jasmine Dogertz: jasminedogertz@gmail.com

Municipal urban management and the democratic flexible guardian – a study concerning the officials’ changing work in the urban management process in the municipality of Norrköping. The purpose of this study is partly to analyse how implement measures in a change project (in the municipality of Norrköping) may impact the officials, linked to the urban management process, in their work practices. The study also aims to problematize a political science theory by Professor Lennart Lundquist (from 1998) that states how officials should relate to their office. The reason behind this problematizing stems from a shift in the municipalities’ responsibilities over the last 20 years. They have gone from having a more exclusively administrative responsibility to focus more on societal investment. The analysis of this study shows that a lot of the implement measures have a positive impact on the officials’ work practices, although some risks were found. The study also indicates that the imbalance between economical and democratic values (that is addressed in Lundquist’s theory) tend to even themselves out in order for a more sustainable development to be achieved.

The following study examines the process behind the legalization of homosexual acts in Sweden between the years of 1933-1944. This is done through Michel Foucault’s thoughts about bio-power and episteme. The study also relies on the definition of heteronormativity found in Tiina Rosenbergs book Queerfeministisk agenda. I have made use of public Swedish government publications in the form of Statens offentliga utredningar (loosely translated to public investigations by the government) and motions, propositions and protocol from the Swedish parliament between the investigated period (1933-1944). The goal of the study was to identify the most influential episteme which in turn was analysed to see, if it in any way, influenced the discourse against homosexuals in a positive or negative way. Results from the study confirms that the contemporary episteme named after Emil Kraeplin which concludes that homosexual behaviour was seen in the light of being something socially constructed and could therefore be spread between individuals in the means of homosexual manipulations. This lead the episteme to influence the discourse against homosexuals to be viewed as a disease and a mental illness. By looking at homosexuality from the outlook of the Kraeplin episteme the Swedish law was formed in a way to protect the Swedish youth from being able to be manipulated into spreading the homosexual acts.

In this degree project I’m designing furniture for the human scale in the public space. More specifically for parks and squares in the city. As I am defining the human scale I am inspired by two main sources; the documentary Alive inside(2014) och Peter Gärdenfors Tankens vindlar(2005). The most important part of this definition is its inner logic, the idea that the human scale consists of two parts, that it is  in size close to mine  in spirit  personal. The first part determines proportion as related to the human body and the other describes the form essens. Through the workshop I gather the relevant data that gives form to the spirit, that is personal. In the workshop held with six elderly people in a home in the suburbs of Uppsala, we sat down and listened to music and worked with clay for one hour. The hand made clay sculptures are scanned and so digitalised and available for digital fabrication. This method of working with the design and production is also an attempt to work towards industrial production. So to make the design available for the city by avoiding high cost production. The data have been adjusted using Meshmixer and then realised physically through a collaboration with Scania and their large scale 5-axis CNC machine. The result is two pieces of furniture; one bench and one platform. In this first section of the report, under the title Contextualising and investigative discussion, I will describe to you why this project is important. Important to us, as people living our lives in the evolving city, creating a social standard or a social tradition together in the public space. In the next section, under the title Method of Work, I’ll go in to more extended detail describing separate parts of the design process as I’ll go through the practical aspects. In the third section, under the title The Concept and Implementing, I will sum up my initial thoughts in relation to the new information the project have generated.