La crise financière des subprimes confirme l'importance, pour les banques, de disposer de capitaux propres suffisants afin de répondre aux aléas économiques et aux risques opérationnels, et d'assurer leur solvabilité. Se pose, désormais, la question de la flexibilité et de son utilisation dans le secteur bancaire. Il se trouve qu'une meilleure capitalisation permet de capturer des opportunités et d'exercer des options de croissance. D'ailleurs, les évolutions récentes (crises, consolidation, croissance, etc.) démontrent l'importance de la valeur financière de la flexibilité. Ces deux aspects classiques en finance d'entreprise prennent une tournure spécifique en fonction de l'environnement réglementaire et opérationnel de l'activité bancaire.Les résultats dégagés de nos études nous permettent de nous prononcer sur le rôle primordial des flexibilités et performance financières dans le processus de création de valeur dans la banque. En outre, ces résultats ont montré qu’un niveau des fonds propres supérieur au minimum exigé est bénéfique et contribuait, dans certaines conditions, à améliorer la valeur boursière des banques systémiques. Celles-ci sont amenées à investir plus dans la flexibilité financière versus coussins de sécurité. Des telles banques n’auront pas besoin de faire appel aux marchés en cas de détresse financière. Toutefois, tout changement de la structure financière par augmentation de capital est accueilli négativement par les marchés. En revanche, les investisseurs réagissent différemment à l'annonce des augmentations de capital, selon les motivations annoncées. / The subprime financial crisis confirms the importance for banks to have sufficient equity to meet the economic uncertainties and operational risks and to ensure their solvency. In this context arises the question of flexibility and its use in banking. It appears that a better capitalization allows capturing opportunities and open options for growth. Moreover, recent developments (crises, consolidation, growth, etc.) demonstrate the importance of the financial value of flexibility. These two classical aspects in corporate finance take a specific twist according to the regulatory and operating environment of the banking sector.The results that emerged from our studies allow us to comment on the essential role of the flexibility and financial performance in the value creation process in banks. In addition, these results showed that a higher level of shareholders’ equity, than the minimum required, is beneficial and contributed, under certain conditions, to improve the market value of systemic banks. The systemic banks are forced to invest more in financial flexibility according to capital buffers. Such banks will not need to seek for help from markets when in financial distress. However, any change in the financial structure through the capital increase is regarded negatively by the markets. But, investors react differently to the announcement of the capital increase, according to the announced motivations.

Sedan kalla kriget har inte bara omvärlden och föreställningen av motståndaren förändrats utan även reglementenas utformning. I dagsläget används på kompaninivå ett reglemente för alla manöverkompanier, tidigare har det i försvarsmakten funnits reglementen för specifika typer av kompanier. Denna uppsats behandlar vilken påverkan detta har på tydligheten i reglementena.Arbetet syftar till att undersöka tydlighet i föreställningar om infanteriförbandens taktik på kompaninivå idag jämfört med under mitten av kalla kriget i två vägledande instruktioner. Detta för att diskutera artikulering av taktik och dess implikationer på officersutbildning inom försvarsmakten. Den metod som används är kvalitativ textanalys med en komparativ design. Som analysverktyg har de grundläggande förmågorna använts och empirin utgörs av två reglementen, Infanterireglemente skyttekompani 1975 och markstridsreglemente 5 kompani.Undersökningen resulterar i att författaren upptäcker en tydlig skillnad i hur framför allt verkan och skydd artikuleras i de olika reglementena. I diskussionen visar det sig att detta kan bero på ett antal faktorer. Även utformningen av reglementet diskuteras och resultatet blir då, att för att finna vägledning i markstridsreglemente 5 kompani krävs tidigare erfarenhet av förbandstypen. Denna erfarenhet kan också påverka tolkningen av instruktionen. / Since the Cold War has not only the outside world and the perception of the opponent changed but also regulations design. In the current situation there is a Company level regulation for all fighting companies, when it previously was regulations for each of the specific types of companies. This paper discusses the impact that has on the clarity of the regulations.The work aims to investigate the transparency of notions of infantry formation tactics at company level today than during the middle of the Cold War in two guiding instructions. This is to discuss the articulation of tactics and its implications on the officer training in the armed forces. The method used is qualitative text analysis with a comparative design. To make the analysis the fundamental capabilities are used and empirical data consists of two regulations, Infanterireglemente skyttekompani 1975 and markstridsreglemente 5 kompani.The survey results in the author discovering a clear difference in how the capabilities effect and protection are articulated in the various the regulations. In the discussion, it appears that this may be due to a number of factors. The design of the regulations is also discussed and the result is that in order to find guidance in markstridsreglemente 5 kompani the reader needs previous experience of the specific company type. This experience can also affect the interpretation of the instruction.

När nya politiska regleringar införs på en marknad kan det få konsekvenser för alla aktörer på marknaden. Det kan påverka både deras verksamhet och deras relationer. Syftet med denna uppsats är att få en ökad förståelse för hur relationen mellan företag på försäkringsmarknaden förändras inför en större politisk förändring och vilka faktorer som kan spela in. För att undersöka detta intervjuas företrädare för försäkringsbolag och försäkringsförmedlare inför det kommande direktivet om försäkringsdistribution (IDD). För att undersöka hur relationerna förändrats används en modell av relationen som grundar sig i bland annat Anderson och Narus (1990) forskning om relationens beståndsdelar och hur dessa hänger ihop. För att undersöka vilka faktorer som påverkar hur förändringen går till används en modell av Hadjikhani, Thilenius och Pourmand (2009) som förklarar hur politiska förändringar kan påverka företag, både direkt genom lagstiftning och indirekt via andra företag. Slutsatserna som dras är att: Relationerna mellan försäkringsbolag och försäkringsförmedlare påverkas av regleringar såsom direktivet om försäkringsdistribution (IDD) och att relationen börjar förändras redan innan regleringen trätt i kraft. Vilken relation två företag har till varandra influerar till vilken grad företagen utsätts för direkt och indirekt påverkan inför förändringar i politiska regleringar. Graden av indirekt påverkan de olika företagen utsätts för kan påverka relationen mellan företagen. En politisk förändring kan innehålla både stödjande och tvingande element. / When new political regulations are introduced to a market, they can have consequences for all market players. This can affect both the activities and relationships between them. The purpose of this paper is to gain a better understanding of how the relationship between companies in the insurance market is changing as a consequence of a major political change and which factors can be relevant to this change. To investigate this, representatives from insurance companies and insurance brokers are interviewed about the forthcoming Insurance Distribution Directive (IDD). To investigate how the relationships changed, a model of the relationship, based in, among others, Anderson and Narus (1990) model, which deals with the constituents of a relationship and how they relate to each other. To investigate the factors which influence how the relationship changes, a model of Hadjikhani, Thilenius and Pourmand (2009) is used, which explains how political changes can affect companies, both directly through legislation and indirectly through other companies. The conclusions drawn are that: Relationships between insurance companies and insurance brokers are affected by regulations such as the Insurance Distribution Directive (IDD) and that the relationship begins to change even before the regulation is implemented. The relationship between the companies influences the extent to which companies are exposed to direct and indirect influence as a result of political regulations. The degree of indirect impact on the various companies can affect the relationship between the companies. A political change can contain both supporting and compelling elements.

Submitted by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2017-09-25T17:45:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 claudia_rentroia.pdf: 5469157 bytes, checksum: 025fecd6f5efc12d332398a752d1fe40 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2017-09-25T17:46:06Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 claudia_rentroia.pdf: 5469157 bytes, checksum: 025fecd6f5efc12d332398a752d1fe40 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-25T17:46:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 claudia_rentroia.pdf: 5469157 bytes, checksum: 025fecd6f5efc12d332398a752d1fe40 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Since it became a reason of worldwide concern, environment has demanded from Brazilian public power a growing dedication towards the protection o f this diffuse right. The State powers find themselves involved with this munus, in order to fulfill their functions of organizing society and ensuring social peace. Many times, however, the latter can only be achieved by virtue of Judiciary action, since conflicts of interest are inherent to human relations. The object of this study was the exercise of jurisdictional function as a mean to reach effectiveness of competence regulation, in the search for solutions of environmental conflicts. Finally, some proposals are presented, aiming to contribute for the acquisition of a protective mentality. The purpose o f this is the fulfillment o f the constitutional command o f maintaining an ecologícally balanced environment for both present and future generations. / Desde que se tornou motivo de preocupação mundial, o meio ambiente tem exigido do poder público brasileiro uma dedicação cada vez maior no sentido de proteger este direito difuso. Os poderes estatais encontram-se envolvidos com esse munus, com a finalidade de cumprir suas funções de organizar a sociedade e garantir a paz social. Muitas vezes, no entanto, esta última só é alcançada por força da atuação do Poder Judiciário, desde que os conflitos de interesses são inerentes ao convívio humano. Foi objeto deste estudo o exercício da função jurisdicional como meio de se chegar à efetividade das normas de competência, na busca de solução para os conflitos ambientais. Ao final, são apresentadas algumas propostas, visando uma contribuição no sentido de auxiliar a aquisição de uma mentalidade protetiva. O objetivo desta, não se pode perder de vista, é o cumprimento do comando constitucional de manutenção do meio ambiente ecologicamente equilibrado tanto para a presente quanto para as futuras gerações.

The general purpose of this study was to determine whether a relationship exists between emotional awareness and human error in aviation. A quantitative analysis approach was used to explore this by means of a cross-sectional survey design. The independent variable emotional awareness and the dependent variable human error were contextualised and operationalised. During the empirical phase, biographical information was collected and the Hartmann Emotional Boundary Questionnaire was administered to a purposive sample consisting of 173 aircrew members within the South African Air Force. Factor analysis revealed an eight-factor structure: involved; exactness; blend; openness; structured; unstructured; flexibility; and imagination. No differentiation was found between the mustering groups in relation to emotional awareness and human error. However, correlations differentiated between aircrew with zero human error and aircrew with “more than ten years’ aviation experience”. The test for differences between human error and the emotional awareness sub-construct "imagination" indicated a medium significance. From this relationship, the researcher deducted that “imaginative aircrew are prone to err”. / Industrial and Organisational Psychology / M. Com. (Industrial and organisational Psychology

La thèse interroge la formation des architectes à l’Ecole des beaux-arts au vingtième siècle en privilégiant deux orientations qui fondent une histoire réglementaire et une histoire de la pédagogie. D’un côté, les archives de l’Ecole des beaux-arts et ses règlements font émerger les moments de réforme et de débats comme les phases de stabilité. D’un autre côté, l’enseignement de la théorie de l’architecture éclaire certaines pratiques pédagogiques, notamment à l’articulation entre les cours et les concours d’émulation. Ce regard croisé entre histoire règlementaire et pédagogique traduit l’évolution et les continuités d’un enseignement. Ainsi sont évaluées les capacités de l’institution à se réformer et à questionner ses traditions académiques au fil du temps. Du berceau parisien aux antennes provinciales, des enjeux scolaires à ceux de la profession, des cours aux concours, est ici proposée une lecture inédite de certains traits de l’enseignement de l’architecture à l’Ecole de beaux-arts au XXe siècle. / This PHd thesis is focused on the architect’s formation at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts during the Twentyth century. It is focused on the history of both regulations and pedagogy. Archives of the Ecole de Beaux-Arts and texts of regulations show reformes and period of stability along the century. The teaching of Architectural Theory, expecially the articulation between courses and contests, shows some pedagogical practices. By using a double perspective, continuities and evolutions have been highlighted. Moreover the abilities of the institution to let its academic traditions evolve has been explored. From Paris to provincial schools, from academical contest to professional one, from courses to contests, an innovative way of understanding teaching at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts during the Twentyth century is proposed.

The licence is a regulatory tool that regulatory use to assist in their regulatory functions. Licences restricts operator’s’ functions, but also serve as a guideline of acceptable conduct because a licence is a legally binding document containing prescribed conditions that the licencee must meet. If the licencee does not comply with these prescribed obligations and requirements, the licence may be revoked or the licencee may be penalized (Bladwin & Cave 1999). However, in order fro the mechanism of issuing a licence to be an effective mechanism of regulation, the regulator needs to regulate effectively in order to ensure that the licencee’s performance is of acceptable standard. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between issuing a licence and the licencee’s performance; to investigate whether the performance indicators, as defined by ICASA, are adequate, and to develop appropriate performance indicators in order to evaluate Cell C’s performance. Issuing a licence to licencee does not guarantee that the performance of the licencee, such as Cell C, will be effective. Thus, the licencee needs to be evaluated. The case study design has been used for this project. The methodology includes in-dept interviews, documentary analysis, and implementation evaluation research. The report concludes that Cell C has met its licence obligations, that licencing is coupled with effective mechanisms to ensure that the licencee complies with performance requirements, but that, in order for the licencee to improve its performance, effective regulatory intervention is needed. / Communication Science / MA (International Communication)

O consumo de alimentos processados tem crescido mundialmente e esse aumento tem sido relacionado em parte, pelas estratégias de marketing utilizadas pelas indústrias alimentícias que tem como objetivo aumentar as vendas e expandir o mercado consumidor. Segundo documento Recomendações da Consulta de Especialistas da Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde sobre a Promoção e a Publicidade de Alimentos e Bebidas Não Alcoólicas para Crianças nas Américas, a publicidade televisiva é a forma mais utilizada de marketing de alimentos para crianças e está associada a maior preferência e aumentos nos pedidos de compra de alimentos e bebidas com elevado teor de gordura, açúcar e sal. No âmbito da discussão mais recente sobre a possível influência da propaganda de alimentos na epidemia mundial de obesidade e doenças crônicas, o governo brasileiro, por meio da Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA), formulou uma proposta de Regulamento Técnico que normatiza os termos das atividades publicitárias e que se concretizou na Resolução da Diretoria Colegiada n 24 de 2010 (RDC24/2010). Logo após sua publicação, grupos de interesse empresarial entraram na justiça e obtiveram diversas liminares que suspenderam a aplicação da RDC 24/2010 com base em parecer contrário da Advocacia Geral da União (AGU). O debate sobre ações regulatórias no campo da alimentação e nutrição como estratégia de controle e prevenção da obesidade envolve diversos atores sociais e opiniões bastante distintas e antagônicas, principalmente quando se trata dos argumentos do grupo de indivíduos que acredita na regulamentação da publicidade como uma forma de promover a saúde versus os argumentos contrários dos setores econômicos ligados ao tema a ser regulado. Neste sentido, este trabalho teve a intenção de descrever como e por que, neste processo, algumas práticas se estabeleceram no cotidiano das instituições e identificar os embates, argumentos e conflitos de interesses que apareceram nas discussões a respeito da formulação da resolução. Para isso, foi feita, primeiramente, análise documental de todo o processo de formulação, através de arquivos institucionais, documentos, pareceres, relatórios, entre outros. Posteriormente, foram identificados e caracterizados os sujeitos que participaram do processo e em seguida, realizadas entrevistas semi-estruturadas com atores chaves. Foram encontradas duas teses centrais no debate em torno da formulação da resolução: a primeira, se o Estado deve estabelecer uma regulamentação sobre publicidade de alimentos e a segunda diz respeito à competência legal da ANVISA em exercer o papel regulador sobre a propaganda de alimentos. As disputas em torno destas duas teses e os argumentos que se apresentaram para defendê-las são evidentemente incomensuráveis entre si, não havendo esperança de acordo entre as partes. O caso descrito elegeu a ANVISA como o território da disputa e a aparente maioria no jogo democrático desta arena mostrou-se ineficaz diante da captura pelo questionamento da pertinência desta Agência para função de regular a publicidade de alimentos. / The consumption of processed foods has grown globally and this increase has been related in part to the marketing strategies used by the food industry that aims to increase sales and expand the consumer market. As document Recommendations from a Pan American Health Organization Expert Consultation on the Marketing of Food and Non-Alcoholic Beverages to Children in the Americas, television advertising is the most widely used form of food marketing to children and is associated with greater preference and increases in orders for food and drinks high in fat , sugar and salt (PAHO, 2012). Within the most recent discussion on the possible influence of food advertising in the global epidemic of obesity and chronic diseases, the Brazilian government, through the National Health Surveillance Agency (ANVISA) , formulated a proposal for Technical Regulation that regulates the terms of advertising activities and which has resulted in Board Resolution No. 24 of 2010 (RDC24/2010). Soon after its publication, business interest groups filed a lawsuit and obtained several injunctions suspended application of RDC 24/2010 based on negative opinion of the Attorney General (AGU). The debate on regulatory actions in food and nutrition area as a strategy of control and obesity prevention involves several quite distinct and antagonistic social actors and opinions, especially when it comes to the arguments of the group who believe in the regulation of advertising as a way to promote health versus the counter arguments of economic sectors related to the subject to be regulated. Thus, this study was intended to describe how and why, in this process, some settled in the daily practices of institutions and identify conflicts, arguments and conflicts of interest that arose during the discussion about the wording of the resolution. To this, was first made documentary analysis of the entire formulation process through institutional archives, documents, opinions, reports, among others. Subsequently, we identified and characterized the subjects who participated in the process and then conducted semi -structured interviews with key actors. Two central theses were found in the debate over the wording of the resolution: the first, whether the state should establish rules on food advertising and the second concerns the legal competence of ANVISA in exercising regulatory role on the advertising of food. Disputes around these two theses and arguments presented to defend them are clearly incommensurate with each other, with no hope of agreement between the parties. The case described ANVISA elected as the territory of the dispute and the apparent majority in this democratic game arena was ineffective before the capture by questioning the relevance of this Agency to regulating food advertising.

Submitted by Marcio Emanuel Paixão Santos (marcio.santos@ucsal.br) on 2018-06-21T17:02:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAOVICTORMAGALHAESDUARTE.pdf: 5911465 bytes, checksum: 6117af0ebbe7176d6a0b430080b16c8e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Linda Bulhosa (linda.gomes@ucsal.br) on 2018-06-21T19:19:19Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAOVICTORMAGALHAESDUARTE.pdf: 5911465 bytes, checksum: 6117af0ebbe7176d6a0b430080b16c8e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-21T19:19:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAOVICTORMAGALHAESDUARTE.pdf: 5911465 bytes, checksum: 6117af0ebbe7176d6a0b430080b16c8e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-31 / A pesquisa trata da qualidade da água potável consumida na cidade do Salvador, bem como apresenta as principais conseqüências para a saúde pela ingestão dos contaminantes que possam estar presentes na água potável e as medidas preventivas mais adequadas para removê-las. As contaminações que ocorrem nas fontes advêm do aumento da atividade industrial, do desenvolvimento de compostos agrícolas sintéticos, do despejo dos esgotos doméstico e industrial no meio ambiente sem o devido tratamento. A metodologia adotada incluiu análises da água potável consumida em Salvador, avaliação da legislação brasileira, sendo demonstrado que, mesmo quando são atendidos os parâmetros contidos na mesma, não pode ser garantida que a água potável não vá trazer sérios problemas para a saúde das pessoas a curto, médio e longo prazo. Os resultados demonstram que as pessoas avaliadas não possuem conhecimentos básicos necessários sobre os riscos dos contaminantes da água e o que fazer para minimizar as suas conseqüências. Mesmo sabendo que as concentrações dos contaminantes na água mudam muito de um dia para o outro, adotamos critérios científicos modernos ao serem avaliadas as análises de água fornecida pela empresa de saneamento da cidade, dos poços de água de uma empresa do Pólo Petroquímico de Camaçari e de amostras de água mineral encaminhadas a laboratórios especializados. Varias contaminantes da água foram mencionados e avaliados segundo critérios toxicológicos usando-se valores máximos fixados nas legislações do Brasil, Estados Unidos e Comunidade Européia (Organização Mundial de Saúde). Efeitos aditivos e sinergéticos dos contaminantes da água alem do fator denominado susceptibilidade individual foram citados como condições essenciais nas avaliações dos riscos reais das concentrações e das misturas dos contaminantes presentes na água potável consumida. Foram apresentadas técnicas de tratamento que possibilitam remover as impurezas orgânicas, inorgânicas, biológicas e radioativas da água potável, permitindo que as pessoas possam minimizar ao máximo os riscos de contaminação por via hídrica, conservando a saúde em elevados níveis. Foram ainda feitas sugestões que objetivam reduzir/eliminar as contaminações dos nossos mananciais de água potável, quer seja por ações federais, estaduais e municipais e da colaboração direta dos próprios cidadãos. Diante dos aspectos científicos abordados aqui, concluímos que tanto a água mineral quanto a água da rede de distribuída municipal não são isentas de riscos para consumo humano. / The research talks about the drinking water which is consumed in Salvador city and presents the main health consequences of the contaminants that can be found in the water and the prevention measurements more suitable to remove them. Contaminations which can be found in the water sources come from the growth industrial activities, synthetic agriculture compounds, domestic sewage and waste water that run-off without a proper treatment. The methodology used included drinking water analyzes consumed in Salvador city, an evaluation of Brazilian legislation, being demonstrated that, even when the legal parameters in the laws are fulfilled, it can not warranty that drinking this water will not produce serious health problems in the people in a short, medium and long period of time. The results show that people who were evaluated do not have enough basic knowledge about the risks of water contaminants and they do not know what to do to minimize their consequences. Even knowing that the concentration of the drinking water contaminants change a lot from one day to another, it was adopted modern scientific methodology when the water analyzes from the municipal water supply company were evaluated. The same methodology was adopted in the well water samples from a company in the Petrochemical Complex in Camaçari area and from mineral water samples which were sent to specialized laboratories. Many contaminants in the water were mentioned and evaluated under toxicological standards using maximum values established in the Brazilian, United States and European legislation (World Health Organization). Additive and synergetic effects of the drinking water contaminants besides the factor named individual susceptibility were cited as essential conditions in the real risk assessment of the contaminants concentration and mixtures of them present in the drinking water in study. It was presented point of use treatment techniques that make possible to remove organic, inorganic, biological and radioactive contaminants from drinking water. Doing that, people can minimize as much as possible the contamination risks from water sources, keeping the health in high levels. Yet it was done suggestions that aim to reduce or eliminate the contaminants of our drinking water sources, by federal, state and municipal actions and direct collaboration of the citizens themselves. In front of the scientific aspects mentioned here, we concluded that as much the mineral water as the municipal water from the distribution network are not free of risks to the human consumption.

Cette thèse contribue à la compréhension de la relation entre le commerce et l’environnement, en mettant l’accent sur le rôle de la réglementation environnementale entre pays. Trois essais abordent ce lien selon différentes perspectives. Le premier chapitre analyse l’efficacité de la formalisation de la Convention de Bâle sur le commerce des déchets dangereux dans l’Union européenne (UE-WSR) puis sur les pays en développement, divisés en régions. Je construis un indice de réglementation environnementale, qui comprend notamment la qualité des institutions. Les résultats montrent peu de preuves d’un effet de havre de déchets dans les pays de l’UE les moins développés. Dans l’analyse régionale, il n’y a aucune preuve de l’efficacité de l’UE-WSR. Le second chapitre étudie l’efficacité des accords internationaux sur l’environnement. Ce chapitre évalue les effets de la ratification et de l’adoption de ces accords sur les importations de produits chimiques dangereux et de polluants organiques persistants. Les résultats soulignent l’effet partiel de ces deux conventions. Plus précisément, lorsqu’on évalue un accord moins restrictif, les importations ne sont réduites que lorsque l’exportateur ratifie la convention. Lors de l’évaluation de l’interdiction des polluants organiques persistants, les importations sont réduites. Le troisième examine l’effet de la réglementation environnementale sur les résultats environnementaux. Ce chapitre a pris en compte les déterminants de la pollution et une variable de réglementation environnementale composée de lois environnementales adoptées par les pays. Les résultats montrent que les lois environnementales ont un effet améliorant les résultats environnementaux. Cet effet est particulier aux résultats environnementaux et à la loi. Ainsi on met en question certaines conclusions antérieures tirées de la littérature sur l’effet bénéfique du commerce sur l’environnement. / This thesis contributes to an understanding of the relationship between trade and the environment, with an emphasis on the role of environmental regulation among countries. Three essays deal with this link from different perspectives. The first chapter analyses the effectiveness of the formalization of the Basel Convention on trade in hazardous wastes in the European Union (EU-WSR), followed by developing countries, and divided into regions. I build an environmental regulation index, which includes the quality of the institutions. The results show little evidence of a waste haven effect in the least developed EU countries. In the regional analysis, there is no evidence of the effectiveness of the EU-WSR. The second chapter examines the effectiveness of international environmental agreements. This chapter assesses the effects of the ratification and adoption of these agreements on imports of hazardous chemicals and persistent organic pollutants. The results underline the partial effect of these two conventions. More specifically, when assessing a less restrictive arrangement, imports are reduced only when the exporter ratifies the agreement. In assessing the ban on persistent organic pollutants, imports are reduced. The third examines the effect of environmental regulation on environmental outcomes. This chapter has taken into account the determinants of pollution and an environmental regulatory variable composed of environmental laws adopted by countries. The results show that environmental laws have an effect improving environmental outcomes. This effect is unique to environmental outcomes and to the law. Thus, some previous conclusions drawn from the literature on the beneficial effect of trade on the environment are questioned.