From a gender perspective, this study aims to visually analyze the function of the concept ’gaze’ in the comic novel Vad glad du är som får titta på mig by Swedish artist Nina Hemmingsson. The method contains elements from semiotic analysis combined with a comics analysis for the purpose of acknowledging the importance of the narrative for producing meaning in its different parts, where the sign can be viewed as a starting point for the analysis as well as the end product of a gender strategy. The result of the analysis shows concrete examples of how artistic strategies are played out in a norm-critical feminist context. The theoretical framework aims to show how the artistic expression can be connected to the gender context of art history. The conclusion shows that the gender strategies in this specific work of art are framed by an overall strategy of ambivalence, communicated through different positions of the gendered gaze. This effect is made by the female representations as they show a characteristic expression of the returning empty gaze.

Solcellspaneler har fått ökad uppmärksamhet som en betydande källa till förnybar energi på grund av den ökande medvetenheten om klimatförändringar och behovet av hållbara energilösningar. I Sverige har detta lett till en kraftig ökning av solcellsanläggningar. I och med ökningen av solcellspaneler i urbana miljöer, har behovet av att kartlägga och inventera dessa anläggningar växt. Framsteg inom artificiell intelligens (AI) och bildanalys har öppnat möjligheter för automatiserade metoder som effektivt kan identifiera och segmentera solcellspaneler. Syftet med detta arbete är att utforska potentialen hos traditionella AI-modeller, som Support Vector Machines (SVM) och Random Forest (RF), samt faltningsnätverk av typen U-net, för att identifiera och segmentera solcellspaneler i svenska flygfotodata. Vidare undersöks i arbetet hur dessa modeller reagerar på reducerad datamängd samt vad för sorts features som höjer de traditionella modellernas prestanda i syfte att inventera solcellspaneler. Under arbetet skapas ett dataset om 2268, 1152 RGBI-data, där solcellspaneler utgör 22,8 procent av pixlarna. Data är hämtad från Lantmäteriet och har en spatial upplösning på 0.16m/pixel. Tre modeller implementeras och jämförs under olika förhållanden. Flertalet features utvunna från datasetet presenteras och förändringar av prestanda vid träning med dessa features mäts. För en utvärdering av modellernas precision tränas de först på 70% av det totala datasetet och utvärderas på de resterande 30%. En andra utvärdering utförs med reducerad datamängd där 35% av den totala datamängden används för träning och 30% för utvärdering. Prestandamätningar utförs på samma dataset för alla modeller där traditionella modeller tränas på RGB, RGBI, RGBI+features. U-net-modellen tränas på RGB-data. Resultaten visar att U-net-modellen presterar bäst i syfte att segmentera solcellspaneler med en F1-score på 0.91 och MCC på 0.89. Näst bäst är RF med en F1-score på 0.81 samt MCC på 0.76. Vid halvering av mängd träningsdata observeras störst negativ förändring av prestation på U-net-modellen, medan de traditionella modellerna syns påverkas mindre. Rätt urval av features observeras markant höja prestationen hos de traditionella modellerna. Sammanfattningsvis påvisar resultaten att neurala nätverk presterar bättre än traditionella modeller vid inventering av svenska solcellspaneler och betonar samtidigt vikten av rätt feature selection hos traditionella maskininlärningsmodeller. / Solar panels have gained increased attention as a significant source of renewable energy due to the growing awareness of climate change and the need for sustainable energy solutions. In Sweden, this has led to a rise in solar installations. With the increase of solar panels in urban areas, the need for accurate mapping and inventory of these installations has grown. Advances in artificial intelligence (AI) and image analysis have opened possibilities for automated methods for high precision identification av segmentation of solar panels. These automated methods reduce time consumption, resource use and the risk of human error. The aim of this work is to explore the potential of traditional AI models such as Support Vector Machines (SVM) and Random Forest (RF), as well as convolutional neural networks with the U-net architecture, to identify and segment solar panels in Swedish aerial imagery. Furthermore, the study investigates how these models perform with reduced data quantities. The study also examines which types of features enhance the performance of traditional models for the purpose of inventorying solar panels. During the study, a dataset of 2268, 1152 RGBI data was created, where solar panels constitute 22.8 percent of the pixels. This data, sourced from Lantmäteriet, has a spatial resolution of 0.16m/pixel. Three models were implemented and compared under various conditions. Multiple features extracted from the dataset were presented and performance changes during training with these features were measured. For evaluation the models were first trained on 70% of the total dataset and evaluated on the remaining 30%. A second evaluation was conducted with reduced data, using 35% for training and 30% for evaluation. Performance measurements were carried out on the same dataset for all models, where the traditional models were trained on RGB, RGBI, and RGBI + features, while the U-net model was trained on RGB data. In evaluation the U-net model achieved the highest performance in solar panel segmentation with an F1-score of 0.91 and an MCC of 0.89, followed by RF with an F1-score of 0.81 and an MCC of 0.76. Halving the training data resulted in a bigger impact on U-net's performance than on the traditional models. Optimal feature selection substantially improved traditional models, doubling SVM's F1-score when trained with additional features. In summary, the results indicate that neural networks perform better than traditional models in inventorying Swedish solar panels and emphasize the importance of correct feature selection in traditional machine learning models.

Denna studie undersöker hur barnlitteratur kan möjliggöra och synliggöra värdegrundsarbetet i skolans lägre årskurser. Studien är baserad på tre skönlitterära bilderböcker med syftet att analysera hur genus, etnicitet och olika kroppsformer representeras. Urvalet i studien är hämtad från en topplista av bästsäljande barnböcker för december månad år 2023. Det teoretiska ramverket för studien grundas i det intersektionella perspektivet. Metod för studien är kvalitativ innehålls- och bildanalys. Studiens resultat visar att det utvalda materialet genomgående skildrar genus och etnicitet på ett övergripande jämställt och mångfaldigt sätt. Detta synliggörs exempelvis via jämställd fördelning av biologiskt kön bland karaktärer, normbrytande karaktärer där män gestaltas feminint i både utstyrsel och kroppsspråk, kvinnor som karaktäriseras i roller där män generellt dominerar enligt samhällsnorm samt vidrörs viktiga ämnen där det oavsett kön talas om sådant som enligt norm ses som svagheter hos det manliga könet – att prata om sina känslor. Den normativa vita mannen är fortfarande i majoritet i studiens material. Två av tre böcker skildrar en jämställd etnisk representation. Två av tre böcker skildrar olika kroppsformer eller normativa kroppsideal. Samspelet mellan text- och bildinnehåll skildras i materialet på ett lekfullt och pedagogiskt sätt med tydlighet, struktur, färg och kreativitet.

Syftet med denna studie är att analysera hur döden skildras i 2018 års illustrerade nyutgåva av Bröderna Lejonhjärta. Boken, skriven av Astrid Lindgren, utgavs först 1973, och är i denna nyutgåva illustrerad av Jesper Waldersten. Genom upprepad läsning och tematisk analys har tre områden valts ut för en mer ingående analys – närmare bestämt berättarteknik, bildspråk samt ett antal illustrationer. Illustrationerna har sedan analyserats med ikonografisk analys följt av en övergripande intermedial analys av text och bild för att utröna huruvida de samspelar med varandra. Gemensamt för alla tre analysområden är att de visar på en ständig framåtrörelse som bidrar till att döden skrivs fram allt tydligare ju längre in i berättelsen man kommer. Berättar-jaget går från att vara rädd för döden till att i princip omfamna den och bildspråket går från implicita, religiösa anspelningar om paradiset till explicita, upprepade dödsskildringar. Samtidigt rör sig illustrationerna från ljus och hopp till ett kargt, suggestivt mörker. Resultatet blir att döden skrivs fram med symboler, religiösa konnotationer, liknelser och metaforer som i sin tur förstärks ytterligare genom illustrationerna. Studien avslutas med en didaktisk reflektion som belyser de olika tolkningarna som kan göras av Bröderna Lejonhjärta. Här diskuteras även vikten av att arbeta med boken i undervisningen som ett sätt att möjliggöra för diskussioner av stora frågor om livet och döden – något som även återspeglas i Lgr22.

This study examines the portrayal and representation of Islam in Swedish textbooks for religious education in grades 4–6. Through both a quantitative and qualitative image analysis, the aim is to investigate how five textbooks in religious education at an elementary school level present Islam. A qualitative analysis is conducted on the first image in each chapter of every textbook, which is supplemented by a quantitative survey of the remaining images. The research questions addressed in this study are: How are the different aspects of gender, clothing, and environment of Islam portrayed and represented in Swedish educational materials? Are there any similarities and differences in how Islam is portrayed in the various educational textbooks? Are there any specific Images or stereotypes about Islam that educational materials can contribute to reinforcing through Orientalist perspectives?  The results have shown that more men are portrayed than women in the analyzed textbooks. Additionally, women are consistently portrayed in oriental clothing which are completely covering, as well as wearing veils, and hijabs. The men tend to wear a more balanced style between Western clothing and occasionally, but less frequently, oriental clothing. Furthermore, the results indicate that the Eastern world is the dominant environment portrayed in all textbooks, with the Western world appearing significantly less. All five textbooks were vastly similar in this regard, with only a few differences, such as one textbook portraying men in oriental clothing to a greater extent than Western clothing. Apart from this instance, there were mostly similarities between the textbooks. This indicates that these textbooks may contribute to the reinforcing of stereotypes about Islam through the representations they provide of gender, clothing, and the environment of Islam. In this study, I will mainly base my analysis on Edward W Said’s theory of Orientalism.

The main purpose of the essay was to find out the photographic composition negative space’s progression, in the cinematography of Her (2013), and correlation to the main character's emotional state. The result was analyzed with the help of a composition analysis, dramaturgical analysis and an emotional theory. Three photos from each dramaturgical act (nine in total) were chosen to establish and create a relation to the main character’s emotional state. The result shows that negative space functions as an important visual medium, through collaboration with other photographic composition methods, to create imbalance and unease, or symmetry and harmony for the main character in Her. When the main character is alone, sad or emotionally unstable, negative space shrinks and isolates him through vast space, whereas when he is happy and positive negative space (in collaboration with other compositions) leads the eye and focus directly to him. The progression of negative space also shows a distinctive affinity to the main character’s romantic relationship, which shows that the progression relates and depends on the romantic bond.

This master’s thesis has the intent of showing that the tattoo can be regarded as an individuals document according to prevailing notions in archival science. Suzanne Briets definition of the concept of document is used in this thesis as a widening definition, a document does not have to presented in a defined form, it is only required to represent an object or intellectual phenomenon and to be informative. Tattoos are presented in this thesis as informative with regard to the status and position of russian/soviet convicts and as such presenting an individuals identity within a specific context. As documents they also provide the individual with the essential evidence of his or her endeavours in a criminal environment. Also, they have the ability to function as an individuals memories of relationships, hardships and comradeships. Memory, evidence and identity are concepts upon which archival theorists are reworking the role of archives and documents in society and culture. The method presented in this thesis is image analysis applied to a selected number of photographs and drawings owned and published by a design and publishing company in London. The image analysis has as its focus the tattoos visible upon individuals bodies, these tattoos are interpreted and made relevant with regard to historical circumstances and the prison environment. The image analysis in this thesis is complemented by litterature studies. The thesis also provides a recapitulation regarding previous research concerning tattoos within the human and social studies. The conclusion this thesis presents is that it is possible to view the tattoo as a document, bound to an individual, which mirrors the society and culture in which the individual finds himself. It is also possible to view the tattoo as mirroring indivudals possibilities, wishes and memories. Finally, the tattoo presents itself, in this context, as a document that may represent a critique of a dominant society or simply the voice of the alienated.

Denna studie har genomförts med syfte att undersöka hur kroppsaktivister artikulerar kropp och kroppspositivitet genom bilder och texter på deras Instagramkonton. Studien syftar även till att undersöka om, och i så fall hur, artikulationerna av kroppspositivitet skiljer sig mellan olika kroppsaktivister. Slutligen syftar studien till att studera hur kroppsaktivisterna artikulerar syftet med rörelsen. Det teoretiska ramverket består av tidigare forskning och etablerade teorier i postmodern feminism, fat studies, aktivism och objektifiering. Studien har genomförts med ett kvalitativt förhållningssätt och utförts genom en diskursanalys och semiotisk bildanalys av text och bild från tolv svenska kroppsaktivister på Instagram. Resultatet av studien visade att det finns olika åsikter kring vilka kroppar som får vara med i den kroppspositiva rörelsen. En del för en diskussion kring att den endast är till för personer med normbrytande kroppar, medan andra menar att den är till för alla kroppar. Studien visade även att kroppsaktivisterna visualiserar sina kroppar på olika sätt. En del tar bilder som liknar hur kvinnor porträtteras i reklam medan andra tar bilder som bryter mot normer genom val av vinkel och posering. Slutligen visade studien att kroppsaktivisterna ser olika på vilket syfte rörelsen har. Vissa för en diskussion kring att rörelsen ska få andra att må bra i sin egen kropp, andra om att medierna ska visa upp fler kroppstyper. Andra talar om att kroppspositivismen finns för att kvinnokroppen ska sluta utstå objektifiering. / This study has been conducted with the purpose of examining how body activists articulate body and body positivity through imagery and text on their Instagram accounts. This study also aims to investigate if the articulations of body positivity differ, and if so how. Finally, the study aims to examine how body activists articulates the purpose of the movement. The theoretical framework of this study is based on past research and established theories about postmodern feminism, fat studies, activism and objectification. The study has had a qualitative approach and is based on discourse analysis and a semiotic analysis of texts and images from twelve swedish body activists on Instagram. The result of the study showed that there are different opinions regarding which bodies that can be included in the body positive movement. Some of the participants argued that the movement includes all body types, while some argued that the movement should only include norm-breaking types of bodies. The study also showed that the body activists articulates their bodies in different ways. Some of the participants have taken pictures similar to how women are portrayed in advertisements while others have taken norm-breaking types of pictures by the choice of angle and pose. Finally, the study showed that the body activists have a different point of view regarding the purpose of the movement. For some of the body activists the aim of the movement is to make others feel good about their own body while others wants to see more body types in the media. Some of the participants feels that the purpose is to stop objectification of the female body.

Gradientech AB is a company that develops a new ultra-rapid system for antibiotic susceptibility testing and their product will hopefully be used in health care for more efficient diagnosis of sepsis. Today the product has difficulties with the analysis of polymicrobial tests. For our project, the task is therefore to examine the market and the demand for the ability to detect polymicrobial infections. Our project is meant to provide ideas for improvements on their current method for the feasibility to detect several types of bacteria in the same test. Through literature studies, we have received an overview of how optical methods using image analysis can work and how they could be implemented in Gradientech's product. Image analysis can make the identification of bacteria possible. Interesting objects in the image can be distinguished from each other with filters that handle, for example, size, shape and light intensity. A potential improvement in the classification of bacteria by optical methods may be to test several different angles and wavelengths. This is to get more training data for machine learning and thus more accurately detect and analyze samples. The results from literature studies and interviews with clinicians, a microbiologist, and professor in image analysis have led to a conclusion that techniques that contribute to a decrease of antimicrobial resistance will be crucial for the future. In Sweden, the development of resistant bacteria is pretty low, but in many other parts of the world, there is a different reality. The product’s greatest potential will probably be in countries with a high incidence of resistant bacteria and with educated personnel available to use the product. Ultra-rapid systems for AST can contribute to saving lives by making sure that the right type of antibiotics is given directly. Detection and identification of polymicrobial samples in sepsis are also relevant, but it will not contribute to reduced antibiotic use since the patient's health will always be prioritized as of now. Finally, we reached the conclusion that identification of polymicrobial tests is not a necessary feature for the success of the product. This is above all due to the mass spectrometry method MALDI-TOF, a technique that is already well-established in health care systems. It can quickly and cheaply identify bacteria in clinical samples.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the image selection in the swedish newspaper Aftonbladet during three days. We wanted to know what kind of images Aftonbladet choosed to publish in the printed newspaper and in the corresponding articles on the web. Through a semiotic image analysis we were able to analyze what images Aftonbladet choosed to publish and what the images signaled. We were also looking for differences and similarities in the image selection so we compared what kind of different images the newspaper where using on the web and in the printed newspaper. We analyzed three  pages from two newspapers in June, and the associated web articles, which gave us a total of 50 photos to analyze. Through the analysis we found that most of the images could speak to the observer's pathos, that is, emotions. The result also showed that Aftonbladet used more sensational journalism on images of people in the printed newspaper compared to the web. The similarities we found mainly concerned that there were many of the images that were the same on the web and the printed newspaper. The differences we found mainly concerned that there were many more images on the web than in the printed newspaper and the pictures were also much bigger at the website. We hope that our study will provide an in-depth understanding of the importance of the image in the news context and contribute to the journalistic research field.