Global ETD Search

581	Kan aktieägaravtal som saknar aktiebolagsrättslig relevans leda till obligationsrättslig bundenhet och skadeståndsskyldighet? : De lege lata och de lege ferenda / Can a shareholder's agreement which lacks applicability in a company law context - De lege lata and de lege ferenda : - De lege lata and de lege ferenda Samuelsson, Oscar, Svensson, Pontus January 2015 (has links) Bestämmelsen om tvångsinlösen i 22 kap. 1 § ABL är tvingande, vilket innebär att avsteg från vad som föreskrivs inte får göras genom bolagsordningen. Mot bakgrund av Högsta domstolens avgörande i NJA 2011 s. 429, synes bestämmelsens tvingande natur vara än mer vidsträckt. I förevarande fall ansågs nämligen ett aktieägaravtal, varigenom en majoritetsägare avstått från sin rätt att påkalla tvångsinlösen, sakna aktiebolagsrättslig relevans. Domstolen framhöll emellertid att sådana aktieägaravtal som huvudregel binder parterna. Författarna är av uppfattningen att blotta förekomsten av tvångsinlöseninstitutet utgör en inskränkning av principen om avtalsfrihet. Därutöver innebär Högsta domstolens avgörande att den välgrundade principen inskränks ytterligare. I förevarande uppsats utreds huruvida den sistnämnda inskränkningen är motiverad. Därutöver utreds även hur ett eventuellt avtalsbrott och en därtill inträdande skadeståndsskyldighet förhåller sig till det faktum att avtalsvillkoret saknar aktiebolagsrättslig relevans. Inledningsvis anser författarna att inskränkningen av avtalsfriheten som följer av NJA 2011 s. 429 är motiverad. Vidare har författarna konstaterat att skadeståndsskyldighet kan aktualiseras de lege lata eftersom parterna torde vara obligationsrättsligt bundna mot bakgrund av Högsta domstolens uttalande i NJA 2011 s. 429. Yttermera är författarna av uppfattningen att ett föreliggande skadeståndsansvar inte kan begränsas genom tillämpning av adekvansläran eller normskyddsläran. De lege ferenda anser författarna att ett aktieägaravtal som inskränker tvångsinlösenrätten inte bör tillerkännas obligationsrättslig verkan. Detta främst mot bakgrund av att det är en orimlig följd att ett avtal som inte kan göras gällande gentemot bolaget trots allt kan föranleda obligationsrättslig bundenhet och skadeståndsansvar. / The provision in chapter 22. 1 § of the Swedish companies act regarding compulsory purchases and sales of shares is imperative, meaning that derogations from the provision not is allowed through a company’s articles of association. The imperative nature of the provision has been further strengthened through the Swedish Supreme Court ruling NJA 2011 s. 429. In the mentioned case, a shareholders’ agreement in which a party has waived its right to claim a compulsory purchase, was found to lack affect in relation to the company. However, the court stressed that shareholders’ agreements, in principle, are valid and enforceable between the contractual parties, i.e. the shareholders. The authors’ opinion is that the mere existence of compulsory purchases and sales of shares constitute an infringement of the freedom of contract. Moreover, the mentioned court ruling entails an extension of the already existing infringement of this freedom. This thesis examines whether this, later infringement, is motivated. Furthermore, this thesis examines how a breach of a shareholders’ agreement – and liability to pay damages – relates to the fact that the contractual term that has been breached lacks affect toward the company. According to the authors, the infringement of the freedom of contract derived from the mentioned court ruling is motivated. Furthermore, the authors have concluded that liability to pay damages may arise de lege lata, due to the fact that the contractual parties ought to be bound by the shareholders’ agreement according to the mentioned court ruling. In the authors’ opinion, the methods used to limit liability are not capable of doing so in this case. The authors suggest, de lege ferenda, that a term of a shareholder’s agreement where a party refrains from his right to claim a compulsory purchase or sales of shares not shall be binding between the parties. Company law compulsory purchases and sales of shares contract law duty to enter into contract freedom of contract liability to pay damages proximate cause remoteness of damage shareholders’ agreement the scope of the rule the Swedish Companies Act Adekvansläran aktiebolagslagen aktiebolagsrätt aktiebolagsrättslig relevans aktieägaravtal associationsrätt avtalsfrihet kontraheringsplikt normskyddsläran obligationsrättslig bundenhet skadeståndsskyldighet tvångsinlösen
582	En studie av skador hos stolar från renässansen 1560-tal till biedermeier 1850-tal. : Ett arbete om sambandet mellan konstruktion, material och skadebild. Brolin Nord, Elin January 2018 (has links) Through the selection of six representative typical Swedish chairs from each era, I present manufacturing techniques and how the craftsmanship has affected the style of the chairs over time. My main source material is the objects themselves. I chose to analyze the constructions and what can distinguish them apart in techniques, material choices, aesthetics and design. The main part of my work has been to find out what are the most occurring damages and its causes. Most damages from renaissance to biedermeier can be linked to the mortise joint. Through interviews with experienced conservators and with my own experiences as a cabinet maker and conservator, I discuss the concept of the ultimate chair design in terms of stability. I have come to the conclusion that the most solid chair is the eight to twelve framed chairs from the Renaissance, but the chair must be adapted to the intended use. Swedish chairs chairs techniques craftmanship style constructions material material choice aesthetic design damages mortise joint conservation conservator furnitureconservation ultimate chair möbelkonservering konstruktion material materialval skadebild skador renässans barock rokoko gutaviansk empire biedermeier tillverkningstekniker åtgärder bevarande konservering stol stolar stolskonstruktioner stilar svagheter styrkor svenska brister hållbarhet stilhistoria den ultimata stolskonstruktionen Wood Science Trävetenskap History Historia History of Technology Teknikhistoria Bearbetnings-, yt- och fogningsteknik
583	The explicit and implicit influence of reasonableness on the elements of delictual liability Ahmed, Raheel 01 1900 (has links) Reasonableness as a concept used in determining delictual liability or liability in tort law, is either embraced or perceived by some as frustrating. It is a normative concept which is inextricably linked with the concepts of fairness, justice, equity, public policy and the values of the community. These concepts assist in providing value judgements in determining liability. It is apparent from this study that the influence of reasonableness is predominantly implicit on the French law of delict, but more explicit on the South African law of delict and Anglo-American tort law. Its influence varies with respect to each element of tort or delictual liability. In order to hold a person liable for a delict or tort, it is only reasonable that all the elements of a delict or tort are present. Common to all the jurisdictions studied in this thesis is the idea of striking a balance between the defendant’s interests promoted, the plaintiff’s interests adversely affected and the interests of society. Where liability is based on fault, the reasonableness of conduct is called into question. In respect of causation whichever test or theory is used, what must ultimately be determined is whether according to the facts of the case, it is reasonable to impute liability on the defendant for the factually caused consequences. Whether loss or harm is required, assumed or not required, the question of the appropriate remedy or compensation which is reasonable under the circumstances is called into question. In South African and Anglo-American law, the multiple uses of the standards of the reasonable person, reasonable foreseeability of harm, reasonable preventability of harm, whether it is reasonable to impose an element of liability, or whether it is reasonable to impute liability, often cause confusion and uncertainty. At times, the role of these criteria with regard to a specific element may be valid and amplified while, at other times, their role is diminished and controversial. However, there is nothing wrong with the concept of reasonableness itself; indeed, it is a necessary and useful concept in law. Rather, it is the way that it is interpreted and applied in determining liability that is problematic. / Private Law / LL. D. Implicit influence of reasonableness Explicit influence of reasonableness Fairness Justice Public policy Equality Values and views of the community Reasonable person Interests Rights Delictual liability Liability in tort law 346.32068 Negligence, Contributory -- South Africa Damages -- South Africa Torts -- South Africa Negligence -- South Africa Liability (Law) -- South Africa Civil rights -- South Africa Reasonable care (Law) -- South Africa
584	Les rapports patrimoniaux entre concubins et leur liquidation. Etude comparative des droits français et polonais / Property relations between cohabitants and their settlement. A comparative study of French and Polish law Pfeifer-Chomiczewska, Katarzyna 12 June 2015 (has links) Après avoir quitté le monde de la réprobation, le concubinage a intégré l'ordre social et par suite, l'ordre juridique. Le concubinage est devenu l'une des conjugalités. Contrairement au législateur français, le législateur polonais n'a pas donné de définition du concubinage. Nonobstant cette différence, les éléments constitutifs du concubinage dans les deux systèmes légaux se ressemblent. Le concubinage se caractérise tant en France qu'en Pologne par: l'absence de lien juridique entre les concubins, la monogamie, la stabilité et la continuité et la communauté de vie. Dans les deux pays, le concubinage n'est pas juridiquement inorganisé. Le concubinage ne fait naître aucun droit ni obligation entre concubins, que ce soit sur le plan personnel ou patrimonial. / After leaving the world of disapproval, concubinage has integrated the social order and consequently the legal order. In French law, cohabitation is legally defined. In Poland, a legal definition of cohabitation does not exist. Notwithstanding this difference, the elements of cohabitation in the two legal systems are similar. Cohabitation is characterized in France and in Poland by the absence of a legal relationship between partners, monogamy, stability and continuity, and community of life. In both countries, concubinage is not legally organized. Cohabitation does not create any rights or obligations between the cohabitants, whether in a personal, property or financial sphere. Property relationships of cohabitants and their liquidation pose many difficulties. In order to legally qualify the economic acts of the cohabitants, it is necessary to retrospectively analyse the facts. Concubinage Rapports patrimoniaux But commun But individualiste Rupture Liquidation Patrimoine Communauté légale Société Indivision Donation Prêt solidarité ménagère Enrichissement sans cause Gestion d'affaires Contrat de travail Successions Dommage et intérêts Cohabitation Economic relations Common purpose Individual purpose Property End of cohabitation Settlement of accounts Contracts Compensation Property Company Donation Unjust enrichment Labour contract Management of property Succession Damages 340
585	Da responsabilidade do Estado quanto ao erro judiciário na sentença penal absolutória Barbosa, André Luis Jardini [UNESP] 30 May 2008 (has links) (PDF) Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-05-30Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:51:44Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 barbosa_alj_me_fran.pdf: 1094004 bytes, checksum: 08acc7fd3aafae589a4d2b3bcd6f16e4 (MD5) / O presente trabalho tem por objetivo discutir os motivos pelos quais o Estado deve arcar com os prejuízos causados pelo erro judiciário na sentença penal absolutória, já que, a depender da fundamentação dessa decisão judicial, a vítima ficará impossibilitada de pleitear do próprio agente do crime o ressarcimento dos danos causados pelo fato criminoso. Argumenta-se que, se por um lado o processo é instrumento de consecução e aplicação da justiça, não se pode olvidar que a solução dos conflitos intersubjetivos de interesses foram entregues a órgãos integrantes do Estado, personificados nos juízes. Desse modo, a decisão acerca do mérito do processo reside na convicção do julgador. Entretanto, ao contrário do que se pensava, esta não é formada simplesmente por aspectos próprios da pessoa do julgador, mas deriva do somatório das condutas verificadas no decorrer do processo, seja por atividade instrutória própria do juiz, seja pela intervenção das partes da relação jurídica processual. Por isso se afirma que não deve o julgador, jamais, se afastar dos elementos de convicção contidos nos autos. Essa afirmação se justifica, na medida em que o ordenamento jurídico brasileiro adotou a regra do livre convencimento motivado. De fato, existe um princípio implícito na relação jurídica processual, consistente num dever de conduta ética das partes. Contudo, e a despeito da existência do citado princípio, é plenamente possível que as partes venham a se utilizar de condutas que induzam o magistrado a erro, levando, inclusive, à absolvição do réu, quando, no caso, a condenação se impunha. Desse modo, a depender do fundamento da absolvição, nem mesmo poderá ser proposta a ação de reparação civil pelo fato criminoso, restando a vítima, assim, sensivelmente prejudicada. Como o... / This paper is due to discuss why State should assume the responsibility for the losses caused by a false judgment that led to an acquittal, since, depending on the motivation of the sentence, the victim could be unable to suit the criminal for the reparable injuries related to the crime. It is pleaded that, although a law suit is an instrument used to pursue justice, it must not be forgotten that the pacification of the conflicts of interest were ceded to state officers, the judges. So, the decision on the merits lies on the beliefs of the judge. However, in spite of what was considered true, these beliefs are not composed only by personal aspects regarding to the judge, but they arise from a sum of conducts that occur during the proceedings, by the diligence of the judge or by the activity of the parties. That is why it is said that the judge should never disregard the indicia produced during a lawsuit: because, in Brazil, the rule called “free but justified persuasion” is valid. In fact, there is an unwritten principle that guides the relation between the parties – the obligation to behave ethically. However, and despite the existence of the aforementioned principle, it is absolutely possible that the parties behave in such a way that leads the judge to a mistake, which can even cause an erroneous acquittal. In this case, depending on the motivation of the sentence, the reparation suit would not even be possible. The victim would bare, therefore, his losses. As the law in vigor does not bring a solution to this problem, the present paper analyzes a way to guarantee to the victim the right to a reparation lawsuit – otherwise, he would suffer two injuries: the crime itself and the conduct of the parties that guided the judge to an erroneous acquittal. Sentenças (Processo civil) Erro judiciário Responsabilidade civil do Estado Ação civil ex delicto Elementos de convicção do julgador Elements of the conviction of the judge Civil effects of the acquittal
586	Analyse du comportement parasismique des murs à ossature bois : approches expérimentales et méthodes basées sur la performance sismique / Seismic behavior analysis of light timber frame walls : experimental approaches and seismic performance-based methods Verdret, Yassine 01 February 2016 (has links) Ce mémoire présente les travaux de thèse visant à étudier le comportement parasismique des éléments de murs à ossature en bois aux travers d’approches expérimentales et du développement d’une méthodologie d’application de méthodes basées sur la performance sismique. Les approches expérimentales sont constituées de trois campagnes d’essais : (1) une série d’essais monotones et cycliques à l’échelle d’assemblages agrafés et pointés, (2) une série d’essais monotones et cycliques à l’échelle de l’élément de mur à ossature en bois et (3) une série d’essais dynamiques sur table vibrante. La base de données constituée par les résultats d’essais permet alors l’examen des propriétés de résistance et de raideur des éléments de murs suivant les conditions de sollicitation (vitesse d’essai, chargement vertical). Le développement d’une modélisation à l’échelle macro du comportement cyclique et dynamique de tels éléments est également proposé à l’aide de modèles de loi de comportement hystérétiques. Une méthodologie d’application aux structures à ossature bois de méthodes basées sur la performance sismique (méthode N2 et MPA) ainsi qu’une analyse de vulnérabilité - construction de courbes de fragilité - à l’aide de la méthode N2 sont proposées. / This thesis presents a study of the seismic behavior of light timber frame walls with stapled and nailed sheathings through experimental approaches and the development of a methodology for the application of seismic performance-based methods. The experimental approaches consist of three test campaigns: (1) a series of static tests on stapled and nailed connections, (2) a series of static tests performed on light timber frame walls and (3) a series of dynamic tests performed on light timber frame walls on a vibrating table. The database consists of these test results then allows the examination of strength and stiffness properties of the wall elements according to the stress conditions (strain rate, vertical load). The development of a macro-scale modeling of the cyclic and dynamic behavior of such elements is also proposed using constitutive law models. A framework of the application to light timber frame structures of seismic performance-based methods based (N2 method and MPA method) and a vulnerability analysis - fragility curves - using the N2 method are proposed. Structures à ossature bois Assemblages agrafés et pointés Comportement parasismique Essais statiques Essais dynamiques sur table vibrante Modélisation à l’échelle macro Classes d’endommagement Analyse de vulnérabilité Light timber frame walls Stapled and nailed connections Seismic behavior Static tests Dynamic tests on a vibrating table Seismic performance–based methods Damages classes Vulnerability analysis
587	Odpovědnost statutárního orgánu akciové společnosti před a po rekodifikaci soukromého práva / Liability of the governing body of a joint-stock company before and after recodification of private law Grundman, Vojtěch January 2015 (has links) in English The thesis deals with the liability of the members of statutory authority of a joint-stock company in antecedent legislation and in present legislation. These legislation are compared and their differences are described. Duties of a member of statutory authority (foremost duty of care), whose violation led to commencement of obligation to compensation for damage, are characterized. Specifically the thesis deals with their obligation to pay damages and their liability for damage. These relations are analyzed not only to company itself, but also in relationship to the shareholders and third persons. Thesis contains also research of claiming damages and business judgment rule.
588	L'unification des régimes de responsabilité civile en matière de pollution marine / Unification of civil liability for marine pollution Bai, Song 10 December 2016 (has links) Depuis le sinistre du pétrolier Torrey Canyon, l'OMI a élaboré les Conventions CLC, SNPD et hydrocarbure. Celles-ci ont mis en place les régimes d'indemnisation des dommages par pollution causés par les navires. Les victimes de la pollution peuvent agir en responsabilité contre le propriétaire du navire ou directement contre l'assureur du propriétaire du navire pour les dommages par pollution (y compris les frais de nettoyage). Selon ces conventions internationales, le propriétaire du navire est en droit de limiter sa responsabilité dont l'indemnité est calculée en fonction du tonnage du navire en cause. De plus, le fonds FIPOL, créé par la convention portant création du fonds FIPOL, prend le relais de la convention CLC lorsque l'indemnité dépasse la limitation de responsabilité prévue par cette dernière convention. Mais est-ce que ces conventions prévoient une indemnisation suffisante pour les dommages par pollution ? Et existe-t-il des conflits entre les conventions internationales ? Il est vrai que la plupart des pollutions marines de faible ampleur sont suffisamment indemnisées. Mais tel n'est pas le cas pour les pollutions majeures. De plus, les conventions CLC, SNPD et hydrocarbures de soute n'ont pas prévu des champs d'application identiques. C'est ainsi que ces conventions internationales sont susceptibles d'être en conflit dans le cas où la pollution est causée par les substances polluantes transportées par le navire et les hydrocarbures de soute du navire en cause. La présente thèse a pour objet de présenter les régimes internationaux de responsabilité civile du propriétaire du navire en matière de pollution marine et essaie de proposer une solution pour résoudre les conflits entre les conventions internationales / Since the Torrey Canyon oil spill, the International Maritime Organization began drafting three international conventions (CLC, HNS and bunker oil conventions) to establish civil liability for compensation for ship-source pollution damages. Claims for compensation for pollution damages (including clean-up costs) may be brought against the owner of ships which caused the damages or directly against the owner's insurer. The ship-owner is normally entitled to limit his liability to an amount which is linked to the tonnage of his ship. Furthermore, the IOPC funds which was set up in 1992 under the IOPC convention 1992 is able to compensate the victims when compensation under the CLC 1992 is not available or not adequate. But do these international regimes work well ? And are there conflicts between the International conventions ? Certainly, the most of loss resulting from oil spills from sea can be compensated by the CLC/ IOPC system. But the compensation under CLC/IOPC is not able to be enough for the major pollution events. If the CLC, HNS and bunker oil Conventions don't set up the same scopes, these International Conventions might be in conflict in case of transportation of dangerous goods or hazardous goods by sea, because the spill of the bunker oil and the hazardous goods would cause a major marine pollution. This paper gives an overview of international liability and compensation regime, and tries to give a proposal to resolve the conflicts between the international conventions Pollution marine Transport d'hydrocarbures Hydrocarbures de soute Principe Pollueur-Payeur Limitation de responsabilité Fonds d'indemnisation Préjudices écologiques Marine pollution Polluter pays principle Shipowners' strict liability Limitation of liability Compensation Funds Ecological damages.
589	Etude sur les clauses limitatives ou exonératoires de responsabilité / Limitation and exclusion clauses Leveneur-Azémar, Marie 14 September 2016 (has links) Présentes dans de nombreux domaines, les clauses limitatives de réparation et les clauses exonératoires de responsabilité constituent une pratique très courante. Si elles se rencontrent le plus souvent en matière contractuelle, ces conventions peuvent également aménager la responsabilité extracontractuelle d’un potentiel responsable qui connaîtrait déjà la victime éventuelle, tel un voisin ou un cotraitant dans la réalisation d’un ouvrage. Malgré leur utilité et leur fréquence pratique, ces clauses pâtissent aujourd’hui d’un régime incertain, qui suscite nombre d’interrogations, tant en matière contractuelle qu’extracontractuelle. Pour savoir si une clause limitative ou exonératoire de responsabilité peut jouer en faveur du responsable, il faut dans un premier temps vérifier sa validité. Or, tant les droits spéciaux (droit des transports, droit de la consommation…) que la jurisprudence (notamment l’arrêt Chronopost) ont porté de multiples atteintes aux règles classiques de validité de ces stipulations. Il est dès lors nécessaire d’instaurer des directives renouvelées afin de clarifier cette question primordiale. Dans un second temps, il n’est pas certain que la clause relative à la responsabilité, pourtant valable, puisse déployer tous ses effets. L’efficacité de ces stipulations revêt ainsi une grande importance. Cependant, là encore, les règles de paralysie en cas de faute qualifiée du responsable, ainsi que celles qui gouvernent l’opposabilité des clauses aux tiers victimes d’un dommage causé par un manquement contractuel, méritent d’être rénovées pour balayer les incertitudes qui jalonnent aujourd’hui la matière. À l’heure où le droit de la responsabilité civile est en passe d’être réformé, cette étude propose un nouveau régime applicable aux clauses relatives à la responsabilité pour que la notion recouvre sa fonction de véritable outil de prévisibilité pour les parties. / Limitation and exclusion clauses constitute a very common practice in many areas. Although they are more often used in the contractual field, these agreements can also change tort liability of a potential tortfeasor who would already know the potential victim, as a neighbour or a consortium member. Nowadays, despite their utility and practical frequency, these stipulations suffer from an uncertain regime, that gives rise to questions, as much in contractual field as in tort field. Firstly, to know whether an exclusion clause can be invoked by the responsible, we need to verify its validity. Yet, both laws in different fields (transport law, consumer law …) and case law (especially the famous Chronopost case) have affected the classic rules of validity of these stipulations. There is therefore a need to establish new guidelines to clarify this important question. Secondly, it is not certain that the exclusion clause, however valid, will apply. The effectiveness of these provisions is also of great importance. Nevertheless, the rules governing the paralysis in case of gross fault from the responsible and those who regulate the enforceability of clauses to third parties, victims of a damage caused by a breach of contract, should be renovated to sweep away the uncertainties that confuse the subject. At a time when French civil liability law is about to be reformed, this study proposes a new regime for exclusion and limitation clauses in order to restore their true function of foreseeability for parties. Clause limitative de réparation Clause limitative de responsabilité Clause exonératoire de responsabilité Réparation Droit des contrats Droit de la responsabilité civile Clause abusive Déséquilibre significatif Faute dolosive Opposabilité Limitation clause Exclusion clause Damages Contract law Contractual liability Tort law Unfair terms Transport law Significant imbalance Deliberate fault
590	Responsabilité civile et responsabilité pénale : à la recherche d'une cohérence perdue / Civil liability and criminal liability : in search of lost consistency Dubois, Charlotte 02 December 2014 (has links) La responsabilité civile est traditionnellement attachée à la réparation des préjudices individuels. Pour sa part, le droit pénal est présenté comme la branche du droit qui assure la protection de l’intérêt général par la sanction de comportements attentatoires à un socle commun de valeurs sociales. Cette distinction de finalités justifie une hiérarchie des disciplines qui se traduit par une primauté accordée au droit pénal. Pourtant, on se propose de démontrer que le législateur, au même titre que le juge d’ailleurs, semble s’engager dans une direction contestable en considérant qu’il y a une différence de degré entre droit civil et droit pénal là où existe en réalité une différence de nature. De ce postulat inexact naît une confusion généralisée qui conduit chaque discipline à s’approprier les considérations de l’autre : le droit civil devient punitif tandis que, dans le même temps, le droit pénal accorde une place sans cesse accrue à la réparation du préjudice. Ce mouvement nous semble porteur d’un double danger : en premier lieu, le droit pénal délaisse sa fonction protectrice de l’intérêt général lorsqu’il s’attache à réparer des préjudices purement individuels ; en second lieu, le droit civil punitif, délié des garanties fondamentales dont est assortie la matière répressive, peut se révéler être une menace pour les libertés individuelles. Ce mouvement croisé des deux disciplines met en péril la cohérence de leurs régimes respectifs : leurs influences réciproques doivent être révélées afin de mieux cerner les faiblesses du droit de la responsabilité et de proposer des remèdes en vue d’assurer un agencement cohérent et complémentaire des responsabilités civile et pénale. / Studying two separate disciplines, such as Civil and Criminal liability, it would not be expected to find any interactions between them: Civil Law repairs the damage caused to private interests; while Criminal Law punishes, thereby ensuring public interests. These differences in purpose justify a hierarchy of disciplines resulting in the supremacy of Criminal Law over Civil Law. However, it will be shown that the legislature and the judge are going in the wrong direction by considering that there is a difference of degree between Civil Law and Criminal Law where there is actually a difference in nature. This incorrect assumption has given rise to a widespread confusion where each discipline takes ownership of the considerations of the other: Civil Law becomes punitive, while, at the same time, Criminal Law becomes increasingly compensatory. The present work aims to denounce a double danger: first, Criminal Law abandons its protective function of public interests when it attempts to repair purely individual damages; second, a punitive Civil Law, detached from the fundamental safeguards that are attached to criminal matters, may prove to be a threat to individual freedoms. This cross-movement between the two disciplines jeopardizes the consistency of their respective systems: reciprocal influences must be revealed in order to better understand the weaknesses of legal liability and to propose remedies that ensure a consistent and complementary arrangement of legal rules. Responsabilité civile Responsabilité pénale Peine privée Primauté du pénal Place de la victime au procès pénal Réparation Principe de légalité Dépénalisation Droit pénal réparateur Droit civil punitif France Civil liability Criminal liability Private penalty Supremacy of criminal law Place of victim in criminal proceedings Compensation of damages Principle of legality Decriminalization Compensatory criminal law Punitive civil law France

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