Syftet med studien är att synliggöra och bilda förståelse för vad elever anser att lärare i fritidshems uppdrag är. Frågor som vi vill besvara i studien är hur elever uppfattar vad läraren i fritidshemmets uppdrag är, samt vad elever uppfattar att det viktiga i fritidshemmets uppdrag är. Studien har genomförts med en kvalitativ metod i form av gruppintervjuer med elever som är inskrivna på fritidshem på två olika skolor. Resultatet visar att eleverna anser att lärare i fritidshemmets uppdrag är socialt och att de finns där för elevernas skull. Elever vill att lärare i fritidshem ska prata lugnt, vara snälla och lyssna på dem. De tycker att fritidslärare inte ska vara för stränga eller bli jättearga. Uppdraget innefattar planering, att hjälpa till i den obligatoriska skolan, hålla i ordning i lokaler samt hjälpa till när elever gör sig illa eller hamnar i konflikt.

Radek Vorlíček ABSTRACT The dissertation explores the dynamics of social marginality and dominance in educational settings. It explores social distance dynamics among pupils in elementary school, and its impact on their position in social hierarchy. I focus on social interaction in a group of children, and record the context in which the inclusion or exclusion of non-dominant identities take place. Special attention is paid to the role of schools in the process of boundary constructions. Larger framework of the research is integration, segregation and assimilation tendencies of school systems. The dissertation is based upon long-term qualitative inductive and ethnographic fieldwork. The central method of my fieldwork is observation. To some extent, the research was conducted in the framework of goffmanian interactionism. The data for this study have been collected over a period of ten months in twelve elementary schools located in various regions of the Czech Republic and Slovak Republic. The dissertation is structured in four parts: (1) Introduction, referring to the aim and structure of the dissertation; (2) Methodology, presenting the research process, strategies and methods as well as data analysis, theoretical and methodological discussions, reflexivity and ethical aspects; (3) Elementary schools in...

In today's mainstream school, which focuses on a common education, the teaching assistant is an indispensable element in the teaching of pupils with special educational needs. This diploma thesis deals with the opinions of primary school principals on the position of teaching assistant at regular primary schools. The theoretical part of the thesis defines common education, which is related to the need for a teaching assistant, further defines the legislative anchoring of this profession, its personal and qualification prerequisites, its scope of work or risks associated with this profession. The last chapter of the theoretical part of the diploma thesis deals with the cooperation of the teaching assistant with individual subjects in the school and outside it. The research part of the work, based on mixed research and using data collection methods "questionnaire survey" and "semi-structured interview" addresses the issue of the role of teaching assistants in mainstream primary schools. The respondents became the principals of ordinary primary schools. The thesis deals with the key activities of teaching assistants, as well as their personal and qualification prerequisites or pitfalls that are associated with this profession. First, the work describes a questionnaire survey, which complements the...

The purpose of this study was to investigate and identify possible relationships between academic achievement, as measured by high school graduation rate and ACT composite scores of individual school districts within the state of Tennessee, and the per-pupil expenditure of each district. Research was conducted to determine whether a significant difference existed in academic achievement measures (high school graduation rate, ACT composite score) among school districts in the state of Tennessee that were classified as above average, average, and below average in relation to their per-pupil expenditure (PPE) in the 2013-2014, 2014-2015, and 2015-16 school years. Ex post facto data were collected from the Tennessee Department of Education website. All pertinent school district information reported appeared on the Tennessee State Report Card website. This publicly reported and available data were collected by accessing the Tennessee State Report Card website. The researcher recorded data related to each school district that reported data in all three of the following categories: per-pupil expenditure, graduation rates, and ACT composite scores. This study examined the relationship of graduation rates to per-pupil expenditure in the 2013-2014, 2014-2015, and 2015-2016 school years. The results indicated that the high school graduation rates during the 2013-2014 and 2014-2015 school year were not significantly affected by per-pupil expenditure. However, significance was found regarding high school graduation rates in the 2015-2016 school year (p =.016). There was a significant difference in the means between the bottom-third (93.537%) and the top-third (90.422%) of per-pupil expenditure levels during the 2015-2016 school year, with the top-third having significantly higher graduation rates. This study also examined the relationship of ACT composite score to per-pupil expenditures in the 2013-2014, 2014-2015, and 2015-2016 school years. The results for all of the research questions indicated that the ACT composite score during all years was not significantly affected by per-pupil expenditure.

La charge de travail cognitive d'un pilote d'aviation, qui englobe sa capacité mentale à effectuer les manœuvres d'un avion, varie selon l’étape de pilotage et le nombre de tâches convergeant simultanément sur le pilote. Cette charge de travail peut entraîner des erreurs de pilotage aux conséquences graves. La plupart des erreurs se produisent pendant la procédure de décollage ou d'atterrissage. Cette étude vise à mesurer et prédire la charge de travail cognitive d'un pilote lors d'une procédure de décollage afin de mieux comprendre et potentiellement prévenir ces erreurs humaines. Pour y parvenir, nous avons créé une solution logicielle pour mesurer et surveiller en temps réel la fréquence cardiaque, la dilatation pupillaire et la charge de travail cognitive d'un pilote. Le logiciel est également capable de déclencher des événements de défaillance pour déclencher une modification de la charge de travail cognitive à la demande. À l'aide d'un casque électroencéphalogramme (EEG) permettant de mesurer l’activité électrique du cerveau, d'un moniteur de fréquence cardiaque, d'un eye tracker et d'un simulateur, nous avons créé une configuration d'environnement où les pilotes devaient faire décoller un avion A320 avec et sans pannes sans le savoir au préalable. Cette étude a rassemblé 136 décollages sur 13 pilotes pour plus de 9 heures de données de séries chronologiques, soit 2 millions de lignes combinées. De plus, nous avons étudié la relation entre la fréquence cardiaque, la dilatation de la pupille et la charge de travail cognitive lors d'une tâche critique. Cette étude a révélé, à l'aide d'une analyse statistique, qu'un moment critique, comme une panne de moteur, augmente la fréquence cardiaque, la dilatation de la pupille et la charge de travail cognitive d'un pilote. Ensuite, cette recherche a utilisé différents modèles d'apprentissage automatique et d'apprentissage en profondeur pour prédire la charge de travail cognitive d'un pilote pendant le décollage. Nous avons constaté qu'en utilisant un modèle d'apprentissage en profondeur long short-term memory empilé, nous étions en mesure de prédire la charge de travail cognitive 5 secondes dans le futur. Le modèle long short-term memory empilé a donné une erreur quadratique moyenne (MSE) de 44,09, une erreur racine quadratique moyenne (RMSE) de 6,64 et une erreur absolue moyenne de 5,28, prouvant qu'il est possible de prédire la charge de travail cognitive. / The cognitive workload for an aviation pilot, which englobes a pilot's mental capacity to perform aircraft's maneuvers, varies according to the piloting stage and the number of tasks converging simultaneously on the pilot. This workload can lead to piloting errors with severe consequences, where most errors occur during the takeoff or landing procedure. This study aims to predict the cognitive workload of a pilot during a takeoff procedure in order to better understand and potentially prevent these human errors. To achieve this, we created a software solution to measure and monitor in real-time the heart rate, pupil dilation, and cognitive workload of a pilot. The software is also capable of triggering failure events to trigger a change in cognitive workload on demand. Using an electroencephalogram (EEG) headset which measures the electrical brain activity, a heart rate monitor, an eye tracker, and a simulator, we created an environment setup where pilots had to take off an A320 airplane with and without failures without priorly knowing it. This study gathered 136 takeoffs across 13 pilots for more than 9 hours of time-series data, or 2 million rows combined. Moreover, we investigated the relation between heart rate, pupil dilation, and cognitive workload during a critical task. This study found, using statistical F-test analysis, that a critical moment, such as an engine failure, augments the heart rate, pupil dilation, and cognitive workload of a pilot. Next, this research utilized different machine learning and deep learning models to predict the cognitive workload of a pilot during takeoff. We found that, when using a stacked long short-term memory deep learning model, we were able to predict future cognitive workload 5 seconds into the future. The stacked long short-term memory model resulted in a mean square error of 44.09, a root mean square error of 6.64, and an mean absolute error of 5.28, demonstrating that it is possible to predict future cognitive workload.

Undersökningens huvudsakliga syfte är att ta reda på hur elever uppfattar experiment och laborationer inom ämnet fysik. Ett annat syfte är att kartlägga elevuppfattningar om grupparbetet inom det laborativt arbete som kan ha betydelse för elevens aktivitetsgrad och lärande. Som grund för detta examensarbete har vi använt oss av en kvantitativ enkätundersökning som genomförts på 250 elever i grundskolans senare årskurser och gymnasieelever som läser natur eller teknikprogrammet. Resultatet av undersökningen visar att eleverna tycker att det är intresseväckande med laborationer, de ser till viss del kopplingar mellan deras vardag och fysikundervisning och de tycker att de lär sig mer genom att laborera. Dessa uppfattningar stämmer väl med vad didaktisk forskning anser vara syften med laborationer. / The survey's aim is to find out how pupils consider laboratory experiments, within the matter of physics. We want to map pupil's views about the group work within it. Thus it can have importance for the pupil's activity and learning. In total 250 pupils in the compulsory education's latter classes and upper secondary pupils that study the matter of physics participated in the questionnaire survey. The result in the survey shows that the students think that it is interesting with laboratory work, they see to a certain extent links between their everyday existence and physics education and they think that they learn more through laboratory work. These views agree well with what didactics research considers being purposes with laboratory work.

Optical testing in adverse environments, ophthalmology and applications where characterization by curvature is leveraged all have a common goal: accurately estimate wavefront shape. This dissertation investigates wavefront sensing techniques as applied to optical testing based on gradient and curvature measurements. Wavefront sensing involves the ability to accurately estimate shape over any aperture geometry, which requires establishing a sampling grid and estimation scheme, quantifying estimation errors caused by measurement noise propagation, and designing an instrument with sufficient accuracy and sensitivity for the application. Starting with gradient-based wavefront sensing, a zonal least-squares wavefront estimation algorithm for any irregular pupil shape and size is presented, for which the normal matrix equation sets share a pre-defined matrix. A Gerchberg–Saxton iterative method is employed to reduce the deviation errors in the estimated wavefront caused by the pre-defined matrix across discontinuous boundary. The results show that the RMS deviation error of the estimated wavefront from the original wavefront can be less than λ/130~ λ/150 (for λ equals 632.8nm) after about twelve iterations and less than λ/100 after as few as four iterations. The presented approach to handling irregular pupil shapes applies equally well to wavefront estimation from curvature data. A defining characteristic for a wavefront estimation algorithm is its error propagation behavior. The error propagation coefficient can be formulated as a function of the eigenvalues of the wavefront estimation-related matrices, and such functions are established for each of the basic estimation geometries (i.e. Fried, Hudgin and Southwell) with a serial numbering scheme, where a square sampling grid array is sequentially indexed row by row. The results show that with the wavefront piston-value fixed, the odd-number grid sizes yield lower error propagation than the even-number grid sizes for all geometries. The Fried geometry either allows sub-sized wavefront estimations within the testing domain or yields a two-rank deficient estimation matrix over the full aperture; but the latter usually suffers from high error propagation and the waffle mode problem. Hudgin geometry offers an error propagator between those of the Southwell and the Fried geometries. For both wavefront gradient-based and wavefront difference-based estimations, the Southwell geometry is shown to offer the lowest error propagation with the minimum-norm least-squares solution. Noll’s theoretical result, which was extensively used as a reference in the previous literature for error propagation estimate, corresponds to the Southwell geometry with an odd-number grid size. For curvature-based wavefront sensing, a concept for a differential Shack-Hartmann (DSH) curvature sensor is proposed. This curvature sensor is derived from the basic Shack-Hartmann sensor with the collimated beam split into three output channels, along each of which a lenslet array is located. Three Hartmann grid arrays are generated by three lenslet arrays. Two of the lenslets shear in two perpendicular directions relative to the third one. By quantitatively comparing the Shack-Hartmann grid coordinates of the three channels, the differentials of the wavefront slope at each Shack-Hartmann grid point can be obtained, so the Laplacian curvatures and twist terms will be available. The acquisition of the twist terms using a Hartmann-based sensor allows us to uniquely determine the principal curvatures and directions more accurately than prior methods. Measurement of local curvatures as opposed to slopes is unique because curvature is intrinsic to the wavefront under test, and it is an absolute as opposed to a relative measurement. A zonal least-squares-based wavefront estimation algorithm was developed to estimate the wavefront shape from the Laplacian curvature data, and validated. An implementation of the DSH curvature sensor is proposed and an experimental system for this implementation was initiated. The DSH curvature sensor shares the important features of both the Shack-Hartmann slope sensor and Roddier’s curvature sensor. It is a two-dimensional parallel curvature sensor. Because it is a curvature sensor, it provides absolute measurements which are thus insensitive to vibrations, tip/tilts, and whole body movements. Because it is a two-dimensional sensor, it does not suffer from other sources of errors, such as scanning noise. Combined with sufficient sampling and a zonal wavefront estimation algorithm, both low and mid frequencies of the wavefront may be recovered. Notice that the DSH curvature sensor operates at the pupil of the system under test, therefore the difficulty associated with operation close to the caustic zone is avoided. Finally, the DSH-curvature-sensor-based wavefront estimation does not suffer from the 2π-ambiguity problem, so potentially both small and large aberrations may be measured.

Fler och fler elever har svårt med att gå i skolan. Problematisk skolfrånvaro påverkar eleven, familjen, skolan och till sist samhället. Skolsköterskans profession utgör en essentiell del för att bemöta och stödja elever genom att uppmärksamma riskfaktorer för ökad frånvaro i skolan och med detta främja elevers hälsa. Syftet med studien är att belysa riskfaktorer kopplat till problematisk skolfrånvaro hos elever i åldrarna 13-18 år. För att få en översikt av forskningsläget genomfördes en systematisk integrativ litteraturöversikt. Litteratursökningen gjordes i databaserna Cinahl och PubMed. Resultatet blev 15 artiklar som beskriver olika riskfaktorer som presenteras i tre kategorier och nio subkategorier. De tre kategorierna blev ”Skolvärldens relationer”, ”Hemmet som plats för trygghet eller utsatthet” och ”Balansera hälsa och ohälsa”. Orsakerna till problematisk skolfrånvaro är komplexa med flertal variationer av riskfaktorer. Som skolsköterska är det en nödvändighet att förstå riskfaktorer som är kopplade till elevens problematiska skolfrånvaro för att arbeta hälsofrämjande. Vid mötet med eleven behöver skolsköterskan förstå elevens livsrytm för att främja hälsa och välbefinnande i en vårdande relation. / More and more pupils are finding it difficult to go to school. Problematic school absence affects the student, the family, the school and ultimately society. The profession of school nurse is an essential part of responding to and supporting pupils by identifying risk factors for increased school absenteeism and thereby promoting pupils' health. The aim of this study is to highlight on risk factors for increased school absence in students aged 13-18 years. A systematic integrative literature review was conducted to provide an overview of the state of research. The literature search was conducted in the Cinahl and PubMed databases. The result was 15 articles describing different risk factors presented in three categories and nine subcategories. The three categories were "School world relations", "The home as a place of safety or vulnerability" and "Balancing health and ill health". As a school nurse, understanding the risk factors associated with a student's problematic school absence is a necessity to work in a health-promoting way. When meeting with the student, the school nurse needs to understand the student's rhythm of life to promote health and well-being in a caring relationship.

The aim of this thesis is to study the Impact of the Digital Education on student understanding using the advanced Eye gaze tracking. The goal of the thesis is to deep dive and understand the student preferences and their understandability on the digital Education content. Along with the understandability, we will be focusing on the concentration levels

I dagens samhälle ökar psykisk ohälsa frekvent, särskilt bland barn och unga som aldrig förr. Det är en komplex samhällsutmaning i Sverige som kräver oerhört mycket resurser, tvärvetenskapliga kunskaper från flera professioner samt insatser från flera aktörer. Samverkan har växt fram som en arbetsmetod för att hjälpa verksamheter att kunna samarbeta tillsammans mot gemensamma mål, som kräver arbete som bedrivs mellan flera olika myndigheter, enheter och samhällsaktörer. Samverkan används i flera områden i människobehandlande yrken där man erbjuder samhälleliga hjälpinsatser och resurser. I arbete med barn med psykisk ohälsa sker en samverkan mellan skolan, BUP, och socialtjänst. Utifrån flera lagverk, samhällsaktörer och verksamheter men även från flera yrkesprofessioner. Denna samverkan är nödvändig men inte enkel att utföra. Samtidigt som samverkan ses vara en lösning för barn i behov, är det inte ovanligt att vissa barn hamnar mellan stolarna under samverkansprocesser. Samverkan i sig är ett omfattande och överskådligt område. I denna studie har vi gått igenom tidigare forskning relevant för ämnet, barnperspektiv, elevhälsa, samverkansteori och aktuella lagverk. I metod delen är syftet att jämföra teori om samverkan med personals upplevelser av samverkan i praktiken. Vi har begränsat oss till personer som arbetar med barn och unga i grundskolan, inom olika arbetsområden för att få en mer nyanserad bild av samverkansarbetet med barn. Vi använde oss av en kvalitativ metod genom semistrukturerade intervjuer och tematisk analys av resultaten. Resultatet som vi fick fram genom denna studie var betydelsen av en tydlig struktur och ledning, med tydlig delegering av arbetsuppgifter och ansvar, engagemang från en ledningsnivå samt i gruppen som samverkar med varan. Engemensam samsyn hade även en stor betydelse för samverkan, eftersom det påverkar samarbetet mellan de olika parterna. Nämnda aspekter är förutsättningar för en gynnande samverkan. / In today's society, mental health issues are increasing frequently, especially among children and young people like never before. It is a complex society issue in Sweden that requires an immense amount of resources, interdisciplinary knowledge from several professions, and efforts from multiple welfare agencies. Collaboration has emerged as a working method to help organizations cooperate towards common goals, requiring work conducted between several different authorities, units, and welfare agencies. Collaboration is used in several areas within public service where social services and resources are offered. In the work with children with mental health issues, collaboration occurs between schools, child and Adolescent Psychiatric (BUP), and social services based on various legislations, public services, and organizations, as well as multiple professional fields. This collaboration is necessary but not easy to execute. While collaboration is seen as the solution for children in need, it is not uncommon that some children end up falling through the cracks during collaborative processes. Collaboration itself is a comprehensive and comprehensible area; in this study, we have gone through previous research relevant to the subject, child perspectives, student health, collaboration theory, and current legislation is mentioned in this research. In the method section, the aim is to compare theory about collaboration with staff's experiences of collaboration in practice. We have limited ourselves to professionals working with children and youth in primary schools, in various work areas, to obtain a more nuanced picture of collaboration with children. We used a qualitative method through semi-structured interviews and thematic analysis of the results. The results we obtained through this study highlighted the importance of a distinct structure and leadership, with a clear delegation of tasks and responsibilities, engagement from a leadership level as well as within the group that collaborates with each other. A shared perspective also had a significant impact on collaboration since it affects the cooperation among the different parties. These mentioned aspects are conditions for successful collaboration.