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Showing 21 to 29 of 29 (0.03 seconds)| 21 |
ASSESSING SEASONAL DYNAMICS OF SOIL CO2 EFFLUX USING CONTINUOUS MEASUREMENTS IN A TEMPERATE PINE FORESTNicholas, Emily January 2011 (has links)
<p>This study explores the seasonal dynamics of soil CO<sub>2</sub> efflux (Rs) in a temperate pine plantation forest located in Southern Ontario, Canada. Rs was continuously measured from June 15, 2008 to December 31, 2010 at this site using an automated soil CO<sub>2</sub> chamber system. Component analysis of Rs conducted by making continuous measurements in a trenched plot where live roots were excised indicated that heterotrophic respiration (Rh) contributed approximately 72 and 80% (895 and 920 g C m<sup>-2</sup> year<sup>-1</sup>) of annual Rs in 2009 and 2010, respectively. Similarly, continuous Rs measurement in a litterless plot where the surface litter layer was removed contributed 65 and 57% (800 and 655 g C m<sup>-2</sup> year<sup>-1</sup>) of annual Rs in 2009 and 2010, respectively. Results of this study suggested that overall soil temperature was the dominant control on Rs in this forest, except during the severe dry conditions.</p> <p>In order to explore the impact of soil water limitations on Rs a through-fall exclusion experiment conducted from April 1 to July 3, 2009 - the spring and early summer season. Through-fall exclusion caused a large reduction in daily Rs. This experiment further suggested that Rs became less sensitive to temperature and increasingly more sensitive to water as soil water content depleted due to the through-fall exclusion. This study helps to better understand the seasonal dynamics of Rs, and its components and controls in temperate conifer forests in Eastern North America. These forests are considered a large sink of carbon, and changes in Rs dynamics in this region may have implications for the global carbon cycle.</p> / Master of Science (MSc)
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Avaliação quantitativa da função mitocondrial no músculo esquelético em pacientes com distrofia muscular de cinturas / Quantitative assessment of mitochondrial function in skeletal muscle of patients with limb-girdle muscular dystrophyBená, Marjory Irineu 18 October 2018 (has links)
As distrofias musculares de cinturas (DMC) representam um grupo heterogêneo de desordens hereditárias e degenerativas da musculatura esquelética, com evolução progressiva, caracterizadas principalmente pelo acometimento predominante das cinturas escapular e/ou pélvica. São classificadas de acordo com o padrão de herança e o gene envolvido, podendo ser autossômicas dominantes ou autossômicas recessivas. Embora as disfunções mitocondriais tenham sido pouco descritas nas DMC, alguns estudos apresentaram evidências morfológicas e bioquímicas de alterações secundárias na cadeia respiratória mitocondrial. As razões envolvidas em tais disfunções na DMC permanecem pouco compreendidas. Portanto, é imprescindível uma caracterização detalhada da disfunção mitocondrial nos pacientes com DMC para uma melhor compreensão dos processos fisiopatológicos envolvidos na doença. Os objetivos do estudo foram: quantificar a CoQ10 em fragmentos do músculo esquelético de pacientes com DMC; quantificar a atividade enzimática de cada complexo da cadeia respiratória isoladamente; quantificar a atividade dos complexos II+III em conjunto como avaliação indireta da CoQ10; verificar a relação entre a área relativa de fibras musculares no fragmento de biópsia e o grau de disfunção mitocondrial nesses fragmentos; correlacionar a função mitocondrial com parâmetros clínicos de pacientes com DMC. Participaram do estudo 21 pacientes com DMC e 9 controles saudáveis. Os parâmetros clínicos incluídos foram idade no momento da biópsia, idade de início dos sintomas e tempo de evolução da doença. A análise do metabolismo mitocondrial foi realizada por: quantificação da coenzima Q10 nos fragmentos de biópsia muscular e quantificação da atividade dos complexos enzimáticos mitocondriais I, II, III, II+III e IV da cadeia respiratória e da enzima da matriz mitocondrial citrato sintase. Foram correlacionados os parâmetros clínicos, a proporção de fibras na biópsia muscular e os resultados das análises bioquímicas para a caracterização da função mitocondrial. A média dos pacientes com DMC em relação à idade no momento da biópsia, início dos sintomas e tempo de evolução da doença foi de 28,9 anos (DP ±11,7), 16,7 anos (DP ±10,3) e 12,1 anos (DP ±10,9), respectivamente. O grupo controle apresentou média de idade no momento da biópsia de 29,6 anos (DP ±10,3). A dosagem média de CoQ10 nos fragmentos de biópsia de pacientes com DMC foi de 17,9 µg/g de tecido (DP ±9,2) e nos fragmentos dos controles foi de 29,5 µg/g de tecido (DP ±4,4). Não foi observada alteração das atividades isoladas dos complexos enzimáticos da cadeia respiratória. Houve deficiência da atividade do conjunto de complexos II+III nos pacientes com DMC. A média da área ocupada por fibras musculares nos pacientes com DMC foi de 58,5% (DP ±26,1%) e nos controles foi de 76,35% (DP ±1,9%). Observou-se correlação moderada entre a quantidade de CoQ10 e a área relativa de fibras musculares (r= 0,57 e p= 0,007). Não houve correlação da CoQ10 com os parâmetros clínicos. No presente estudo, concluímos que existe uma deficiência secundária de CoQ10 em pacientes com DMC, sendo um achado importante para melhor entendimento do acometimento mitocondrial nessa doença e uma abordagem terapêutica mais eficaz. / The limb-girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD) is a group of inherited and degenerative disorders of the skeletal muscle, with a progressive clinical course and predominant involvement of the scapular and/or pelvic girdles. They are classified according to the pattern of inheritance (autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive) and the gene involved. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been reported in the LGMD, some studies have described morphological and biochemical evidences of secondary mitochondrial respiratory chain alterations in patients with LGMD. The reasons involved in such dysfunctions in the LGMD remain poorly understood. Therefore, a detailed characterization of the mitochondrial dysfunction in patients with LGMD allows a better understanding of the pathophysiological processes involved in the disease. Therefore, a detailed characterization of mitochondrial dysfunction in patients with LGMD is essential for a better understanding of the pathophysiological processes involved in the disease. The purposes of the study were: to quantify CoQ10 in fragments of muscle biopsy of patients with LGMD; quantify the enzymatic activity of each respiratory chain complex isolated; quantify the activity of the II + III complexes together as an indirect measure of CoQ10; to verify the relation between the relative area of muscular fibers in the fragment of biopsy and the degree of mitochondrial dysfunction in these fragments; correlate mitochondrial function with clinical parameters of patients with LGMD. Twenty-one patients with LGMD and nine healthy controls participated in the study. The clinical parameters included were age at the time of biopsy, age of onset of symptoms and time of disease progression. The analysis of mitochondrial metabolism was performed by: quantification of CoQ10 in the muscle biopsy fragments and quantification of the activity of the mitochondrial enzyme complexes I, II, III, II + III and IV of the respiratory chain and the enzyme of the mitochondrial matrix citrate synthase. We analyzed the correlation of the clinical parameters, the proportion of fibers in the muscle biopsy and the results of the biochemical analyzes for the characterization of the mitochondrial function. For the LGMD groups, the mean age at the time of biopsy, onset of symptoms and disease duration was 28.9 years (SD ± 11.7), 16.7 years (SD ± 10.3) and 12.1 years (SD ± 10.9), respectively. The control group presented a mean age at the time of biopsy of 29.6 years (SD ± 10.3). The mean CoQ10 dosage in the biopsy specimens of patients with LGMD was 17.9 ?g / g tissue (SD ± 9.2) and in the fragments of the controls was 29.5 ?g / g tissue (SD ± 4, 4). No alterations were observed in the isolated activities of the enzymatic complexes of the respiratory chain. There was a deficiency of the activity of complexes II + III in patients with LGMD. The mean area occupied by muscle fibers in patients with LGMD was 58.5% (SD ± 26.1%) and in controls it was 76.35% (SD ± 1.9%). A moderate correlation was observed between the amount of CoQ10 and the relative area of muscle fibers (r = 0.57 and p = 0.007). There was no correlation of CoQ10 with clinical parameters. In the present study, we conclude that there is a secondary deficiency of CoQ10 in patients with LGMD, which has important implications in the understanding of mitochondrial involvement in this group of diseases and the development of a more effective therapeutic approach.
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The Role of Mitochondrial Uncoupling in the Development of Diabetic NephropathyFriederich Persson, Malou January 2012 (has links)
Diabetes is closely associated with increased oxidative stress, especially originating from the mitochondria. A mechanism to reduce increased mitochondria superoxide production is to reduce the mitochondria membrane potential by releasing protons across the mitochondria membrane. This phenomenon is referred to as mitochondria uncoupling since oxygen is consumed independently of ATP being produced and can be mediated by Uncoupling Proteins (UCPs). However, increased oxygen consumption is potentially detrimental for the kidney since it can cause tissue hypoxia. Therefore, this thesis aimed to investigate the role of mitochondria uncoupling for development of diabetic nephropathy. UCP-2 was demonstrated to be the only isoform expressed in the kidney, and localized to tubular segments performing the majority of tubular electrolyte transport. Streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats increased UCP-2 protein expression and correlated to increased non-transport dependent oxygen consumption in isolated proximal tubular cells. These effects were prevented by intense insulin treatment to the diabetic animals demonstrating a pivotal role of hyperglycemia. Importantly, elevated UCP-2 protein expression increased mitochondria uncoupling in mitochondria isolated from diabetic kidneys. Mitochondria uncoupling and altered morphology was also evident in kidneys from db/db-mice, a model of type-2 diabetes, together with proteinuria and glomerular hyperfiltration which are both clinical manifestations of diabetic nephropathy. Treatment with the antioxidant coenzyme Q10 prevented mitochondria uncoupling as well as morphological and functional alterations in these kidneys. Acute knockdown of UCP-2 paradoxically increased mitochondria uncoupling in a mechanism involving the adenosine nucleotide transporter. Increased uncoupling via adenosine nucleotide transporter decreased mitochondria membrane potential and kidney oxidative stress but did not affect glomerular filtration rate, renal blood flow, total kidney oxygen consumption or intrarenal tissue oxygen tension. The role of increased mitochondria oxygen consumption was investigated by administering the chemical uncoupler dinitrophenol to healthy rats. Importantly, increased mitochondria oxygen consumption resulted in kidney tissue hypoxia, proteinuria and increased staining of the tubular injury marker vimentin, demonstrating a crucial role of increased oxygen consumption per se and the resulting kidney tissue hypoxia for the development of nephropathy. Taken together, the data presented in this thesis establishes an important role of mitochondria uncoupling for the development of diabetic nephropathy.
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Influence of Oxidative Stress on Muscle and BoneÖstman, Bengt January 2009 (has links)
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) induce oxidative stress and although are primarily recognized for playing a deleterious biological role, they can be beneficial to cell systems. ROS are extremely short-lived and normally tightly regulated by antioxidant defence systems. Cells react to oxidative stress in different ways, which primarily depends on cell type, stress severity, or both. There is a general limitation in extrapolating to humans conclusions drawn from in vitro and animal studies because of important species-specific differences. Therefore, the general aim of this thesis was to study the influence of oxidative stress on human muscle and bone in vivo. In paper I we presented a one-step HPLC method optimized for the simultaneous determination of purine degradation products in small microdialysis samples. The clinical utility of the method was successfully tested in a patient with traumatic brain injury. In paper II we evaluated microdialysis as an in vivo method to characterize the relative kinetics of ROS-related metabolites in human skeletal muscle exposed to ischaemia-reperfusion. Results indicated that microdialysis was feasible and safe to use in monitoring metabolic events during tourniquet-assisted surgery. In paper III we investigated the association between an oxidative stress marker (urinary 8-iso-PGF2α) and bone mineral density (BMD) and whether α-tocopherol modified the association. The main finding was the negative association between 8-iso-PGF2α and BMD and that the association was further dependent on serum α-tocopherol level. In paper IV we performed a randomized controlled trial to evaluate the influence of Q10 supplementation on exercise performance and metabolites of muscular damage. We did not observe any effects on exercise capacity after 8 weeks of Q10 administration. Nor did we find a significant effect on serum markers related to oxidative stress. In conclusion we have studied the influence of oxidative stress on muscle and bone in vivo in humans. The oxidative stress was triggered by four different causes (trauma, ischemia-reperfusion, ageing, and exercise exhaustion).
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Magnesiumbehandling vid migrän : En litteraturstudie om magnesium som förebyggande och anfallskuperande behandling vid migrän / Magnesium in the treatment of migraine : A literature study about magnesium as preventive and acute migraine treatmentCarlsson Jürke, Therese January 2020 (has links)
Migrän är en av de vanligaste sjukdomarna i världen och förekommer hos både barn och vuxna. Den uppskattade prevalensen i Sverige är 15 % och prevalensen världen över är drygt 10 %. Det är idag känt att både gener och miljöfaktorer är inblandade i uppkomsten av migrän men det är dock oklart exakt hur migrän uppstår. Migrän är en kostnadskrävande sjukdom dels i form av behandlingskostnader men även på grund av inkomstbortfall då sjukdomen utgör ett stort funktionshinder. Behandlingsmetoder vid migrän indelas i tre kategorier: icke-farmakologisk, anfallskuperande farmakologisk, respektive profylaktisk farmakologisk behandling. Det finns ett behov av att hitta substanser som ger mildare biverkningar vid migrän, jämfört med de behandlingar som används idag, framförallt eftersom många barn är drabbade. Syftet med examensarbetet var att undersöka om magnesiumtillskott är ett effektivt behandlingsalternativ vid migrän, dels för behandling vid migränanfall och dels som förebyggande behandling av migrän. Då magnesium har en rad viktiga funktioner i kroppen leder låga magnesiumnivåer till ökade risker för sjukdomar och komplikationer. Studier visar att det finns samband mellan brist på magnesium och en ökad sjuklighet med kopplingar till bland annat typ 2 diabetes, högt blodtryck, kardiovaskulär sjukdom, migränhuvudvärk och spänningshuvudvärk. För att undersöka om magnesium kan användas för att behandla migränanfall analyserades fyra olika studier där magnesium har använts som anfallskuperande behandling. För att undersöka om magnesium kan användas i profylaktisk behandling av migrän analyserades även fyra olika studier där magnesium har getts i förebyggande syfte. För sökning efter studier användes databasen PubMed. Magnesiums smärtlindrande verkan i anfallskuperande behandling av migrän var inte övertygande vid jämförelse mot placebo. Av de studier där magnesium användes som förebyggande behandling visade dock samtliga av dessa fyra studier fördelaktiga resultat gällande bland annat migränanfallens intensitet vid jämförelse mot placebo. I två studier där man dagligen använde magnesiumcitrat som förebyggande behandling sågs även signifikanta sänkningar i migränanfallens frekvens jämfört med placebo. De analyserade studierna i detta examensarbete visar att magnesium verkar fungera som förebyggande behandling av migrän. Fler studier behövs för att undersöka om magnesium kan användas som smärtlindrande behandling vid migränanfall. Då det finns ett behov av alternativa metoder för behandling av migrän som ger milda biverkningar motiverar detta till att göra fortsatta studier inom området.
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Traditionellt växtbaserat läkemedel innehållande Tanacetum parthenium som förebyggande behandling av migrän : Reducerar behandling med kosttillskott och växtbaserat läkemedel antalet dagar med migrän? / Traditional herbal medicine containing Tanacetum parthenium as a preventive treatment of migraine : Do treatment with supplements and herbal medicines reduce the number of days with migraine?Cao Dang, Yenline January 2022 (has links)
Bakgrund: Migrän är en sjukdom som orsakar huvudvärksanfall i kombination med illamående och hypersensitivitet. Det är inte helt kartlagt hur migrän uppstår men i genomförda studier har det bl.a. gått att observera en aktivering och sensitisering av det trigeminovaskulära systemet i hjärnan samt en frisättning av inflammatoriska mediatorer och förändrade serotoninnivåer i samband med migrän. Ärftlighet och exponering av olika läkemedel och mat är faktorer som kan öka risken för att drabbas av migrän. Akut intag och överanvändning av smärtlindrande som analgetika och paracetamol kan leda till läkemedelsutlöst huvudvärk. Därför behövs profylaktiska behandlingar studeras för att minska intag av akut smärtlindrande läkemedel men även för att minska lidandet vid migränanfall. Intresset för det växtbaserade läkemedlet Tanacetum parthenium i olika kombinationer tillsammans med tillskott som riboflavin, koenzym Q10, magnesium och 5- hydroxytrypofan har ökat på grund av dess låga biverkningsgrad (Aurastop®, Antemig®). Kombinationen av dessa ämnen fungerar förebyggande vid migrän genom att bl.a. hämma frisättning av inflammatoriska mediatorer och öka syreupptagningsförmågan samt hämma andra cellulära mekanismer som tros leda till uppkomsten av migrän. Även växten Andrographis paniculata ingår i vissa kombinationer vid behandling av migrän (Partena®). Syfte: Syftet med litteraturarbetet var att undersöka om det växtbaserade läkemedlet som innehåller T. parthenium i olika kombinationer tillsammans med riboflavin, koenzym Q10, magnesium, 5- hydroxytrypofan och A. paniculata var effektivt och säkert som förebyggande behandling vid migrän. Metod: Litteratursökningar gjordes i databasen PubMed. Sökorden ”Tanacetum parthenium migraine” och ”feverfew migraine” användes varpå filtrering gjordes med hjälp av urvalskriterier. De kriterier som tillämpades var att det skulle var max 10 år gamla RCT-studier med samma primära utfallsvariabel. På grund av brist på studier med samma primära variabel togs filtreringen på RCT-studier bort. Resultatet av sökningen blev då tre observationsstudier i PubMed och en studie från databasen Scientific research. Studierna hämtades för granskning och sammanställning. Resultat: Samtliga observationsstudier med saknad kontroll kort visade på en reducering av antal migrändagar efter behandling med T. parthenium i olika kombinationer. En del studier undersökte även intag av analgetika och intensitet av smärta innan och efter behandling. Där kunde även reducering av symtom och medicinering observeras efter behandling. Frekvensen av biverkingarna som uppstod i samband med behandling av T. parthenium i kombination med tillskotten var låga. Biverkningarna som förekom var diarré och magbesvär. Slutsats: T. parthenium i kombination med tillskotten riboflavin, koenzym Q10, magnesium, 5- hydroxytrypofan och A. paniculata är säkra och effektiva att använda som förebyggande behandling vid migrän. Vidare bör större RCT-studier göras för att kunna fastställa dess effekt.
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Mechanisms of Carbon and Nitrogen transformations in Forest floors of Beech-, Spruce- and Mixed Beech-Spruce Stands / Mechanismen der Kohlenstoff- und Stickstoffumsetzungen in der Humusauflage der Buche-, Fichte- und Buchen-Fichten-MischbeständenBagherzadeh Chaharjouee, Ali 16 February 2004 (has links)
No description available.
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Development of an inhalational formulation of Coenzyme Q₁₀ to treat lung malignanciesCarvalho, Thiago Cardoso 14 February 2012 (has links)
Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States and its onset is highly incident in the lungs, with very low long-term survival rates. Chemotherapy plays a significant role for lung cancer treatment, and pulmonary delivery may be a potential route for anticancer drug delivery to treat lung tumors. Coenzyme Q₁₀ (CoQ₁₀) is a poorly-water soluble compound that is being investigated for the treatment of carcinomas. In this work, we hypothesize that formulations of CoQ10 may be developed for pulmonary delivery with a satisfactory pharmacokinetic profile that will have the potential to improve a pharmacodynamic response when treating lung malignancies. The formulation design was to use a vibrating-mesh nebulizer to aerosolize aqueous dispersions of CoQ₁₀ stabilized by phospholipids physiologically found in the lungs. In the first study, a method was developed to measure the surface tension of liquids, a physicochemical property that has been shown to influence the aerosol output characteristics from vibrating-mesh nebulizers. Subsequently, this method was used, together with analysis of particle size distribution, zeta potential, and rheology, to further evaluate the factors influencing the capability of this nebulizer system to continuously and steadily aerosolize formulations of CoQ₁₀ prepared with high pressure homogenization. The aerosolization profile (nebulization performance and in vitro drug deposition of nebulized droplets) of formulations prepared with soybean lecithin, dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC), dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) and distearoylphosphatidylcholine (DSPC) were evaluated. The rheological behavior of these dispersions was found to be the factor that may be indicative of the aerosolization output profile. Finally, the pulmonary deposition and systemic distribution of CoQ₁₀ prepared as DMPC, DPPC, and DSPC dispersions were investigated in vivo in mice. It was found that high drug amounts were deposited and retained in the mouse lungs for at least 48 hours post nebulization. Systemic distribution was not observed and deposition in the nasal cavity occurred at a lower scale than in the lungs. This body of work provides evidence that CoQ₁₀ may be successfully formulated as dispersions to be aerosolized using vibrating-mesh nebulizers and achieve high drug deposition in the lungs during inhalation.
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GRAVIDA KVINNORS INTAG AV KOSTTILLSKOTT : En kvantitativ studie med fokus på järn och probiotika / PREGNANT WOMEN´S INTAKE OF DIETARY SUPPLEMENT : A quantitative study focusing on iron and probioticsLange Bålman, Miriam January 2019 (has links)
Sammanfattning Bakgrund Vitamin- och mineralbrister hos gravida kvinnor kan leda till missfall och allvarliga störningar i barnets utveckling. Moderns tarmflora överförs med stor sannolikhet till barnet under förlossningen och kan därför innebära ett viktigt steg i utvecklingen av barnets tarmflora. En tänkbar lösning för att säkra ett adekvat intag kan vara konsumtion av kosttillskott och probiotika. I dagsläget finns osäkra uppgifter om hur många gravida kvinnor som intar tillskott. Syfte Att undersöka hur många gravida kvinnor i Västerbottens län som valde att inta kosttillskott, främst järn och probiotika, samt om det fanns en skillnad mellan olika faktorer och intag. Metod En kvantitativ tvärsnittsstudie där gravida kvinnor (n=1473) från Northpop-studien i Västerbottens län svarade på ett frågeformulär gällande intag av kosttillskott och faktorer som ålder, utbildning, kostregim etc. De statistiska tester som användes var Chi-2-test, oberoende t-test och Mann Whitney U-test. Materialet analyserades i SPSS. Signifikansnivån sattes till p<0,05. Resultat Majoriteten av deltagarna svarade att de intog kosttillskott. Faktorer som ökade intaget av kosttillskott hos gravida kvinnor var högre ålder (p=0,030) jämfört med lägre ålder, högre utbildningsnivå (p=0,006) jämfört med lägre utbildningsnivå och vegetarisk/vegansk kost (p=0,021) jämfört med blandkost. Femtiofem procent uppgav att de intog järntillskott. De faktorer som ökade intaget av järntillskott hos gravida kvinnor var vegetarisk/vegansk kost (p=0,001) jämfört med blandkost. Probiotika intogs av 2 procent. Ett högre intag av probiotika sågs hos personer boende i stadsområde (p=0,024) jämfört med övriga boenderegioner samt de som åt vegetarisk/vegansk kost (p=0,001) jämfört med blandkost. Slutsats Majoriteten av deltagarna intog någon typ av kosttillskott, hälften intog järntillskott och en liten andel intog probiotika. Lågutbildade, yngre, de som äter blandkost och bor utanför stadsområde verkar vara i riskgruppen för att inte inta kosttillskott. / Abstract Background Vitamin and mineral deficiencies in pregnant women can lead to miscarriage and serious disturbances in children’s development. The intestinal flora of the mother is most likely transmitted to the child during childbirth and may lay the foundation for the child's health. One possible solution to ensure an adequate intake may be the consumption of dietary supplements and probiotics. At present, there is insufficient data on supplement consumption among pregnant women. Objective The purpose of the study was to examine how many pregnant women in Västerbotten County chose to consume dietary supplements, mainly iron and probiotics, and whether there was a difference between different factors and intake. Method A quantitative cross-sectional study where pregnant women (n=1473) from the Northpop-study in Västerbotten County responded to a questionnaire regarding consumption of dietary supplements and factors such as age, education, diet etc. The material was analyzed in SPSS with Chi-2-test, independent T-Test and Mann-Whitney U-Test. Using significance level <0.05. Results The majority of participants, 90 percent, responded that they consumed dietary supplements. The factors that increased the intake of dietary supplements in pregnant women were higher age (p=0.030), higher education (p=0.006) and vegetarian/vegan diet (p=0.021). Iron was reported to be consumed by 804 people, 55 percent. The factors that increased the intake of iron supplement in pregnant women were vegetarian/vegan diet (p=0.001). Probiotics were consumed by 25 people, 2 percent. Living in urban areas (p=0.024) and eating vegetarian/vegan diet (p=0.002) increased consumption of probiotics. Conclusion The majority of participants chose to consume some type of dietary supplement, half of the participants consumed iron supplements and a small part consumed probiotics. It appears that pregnant women who are low educated, younger, eating an omnivorous diet and living outside urban areas are in the risk zone for not consuming dietary supplements. / Northpop
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