Studiens syfte är att undersöka olika typer av avbrott i förskolans verksamhet, hur barn reagerar på dessa och vilka maktrelationer som kan skapas i dessa situationer. Barnen i förskolan blir ofta avbrutna i sin lek eller aktiviteter som de håller på med och utifrån ett maktperspektiv har jag undersökt dessa avbrott och barns reaktioner på dessa. För att kunna undersöka detta har jag gjort en kvantitativ studie i form av observationer på en förskola. För att analysera materialet använde jag mig av Michael Foucaults teorier kring makt och tidigare forskning om bland annat makt och motstånd.I min studie har jag sett att barns reaktioner varierar. Ibland följer barnen de förväntningar som pedagogerna har vid ett avbrott och ibland motsätter sig barnen och visar att de har en annan åsikt än pedagogen om vad som ska ske. Motstånden kan vara tydliga och verbala men de kan även vara tysta och lätt missuppfattas som något annat än motstånd. Jag har även sett att vissa barn följer de regler som gäller och styr varandra till att göra det som anses vara rätt.

Det har skett mycket de senaste åren inom tillverkningsindustrin. Kundanpassning med olika tillbehör och önskemål sätter press på företags förmåga att producera. En effektiv och noggrann hantering samt lagring av gods är en förutsättning för att förbli konkurrenskraftig. Det är väsentligt med lagerstyrning för kontroll av verksamhetens in- och utflöden i syfte att uppnå lönsamhet och hög kundnöjdhet. Hallberg-Rassy är skandinaviens största företag inom skeppsbyggnad som alltid levererat i tid. Med en ökad efterfråga och hantering av gods är lagerstyrningen viktig för att bevara kvaliteten. Företaget har uppmärksammat en misshantering av artiklar i främst höglagret som är i behov av ett förbättringsarbete.   Företaget har ett stort centrallager som styrs av affärssystemet Navision. Problemet är att det befintliga affärssystemet inte kan utnyttjas till samtliga lager i verksamheten. Detta för att affärssystemet anpassats för mycket till centrallagret vilket resulterar i att systemets modul inte kan appliceras till företagets höglager. I dagsläget styrs höglagret av ett manuellt system i form av pärmar, där hanteringen leder till missvisande lagersaldon. Vi har med intervjuer och observationer av företaget samt framtagning av relevant teori, tagit reda på vilka faktorer som är anledningen till att manuella lagerrutiner bibehållas. Även vilka åtgärder som ska vidtas för att integrera manuella lagerrutiner i ett modernt lagerstyrningssystem. Men också undersökt vilka komplikationer en sådan övergång medför. Vi kom fram till att Hallberg-Rassy är kvar i manuella lagerrutiner för att integreringen i ett modernt lagerstyrningssystem medför stora kostnader med motstånd och rädsla från arbetarna. Denna integrering kan även medföra eventuella risker för en bristande kunskap av den nya modulen i affärssystemet. Detta sätter krav på utbildning för att upprätthålla hög arbetsmoral som främjar rätt indata till den nya modulen i affärssystemet. / A lot has happened in recent years in the manufacturing industry. Customization with different accessories and wishes puts pressure on companies' ability to produce. Efficient and accurate handling and storage of goods is a prerequisite for staying competitive. It is essential to have inventory management for control of the company's inputs and outflows in order to achieve profitability and high customer satisfaction. Hallberg-Rassy is Scandinavia's largest shipbuilding company that always delivers on time. With increased demand and handling of goods, inventory management is important in order to preserve quality. The company has a large central warehouse that is controlled by the business system Navision, but the problem is that the existing business system cannot be used for all the warehouses in the business. The business system has been adapted too much to the central warehouse, which means that the system cannot be applied to the company's other warehouse. Today is the other warehouse controlled by a manual system in the form of binders, where the handling entails a misleading stock balance. With interviews and observations of the company as well as the development of relevant theory, we’ve found out which factors that are the reasons manual inventory routines are retained. Also, which approach should be taken to integrate manual warehouse routines into a modern warehouse management system. We also investigated the complications of such a transition result. We concluded that Hallberg-Rassy remain the manual storage routines because integration to a modern warehouse management system causes high costs with resistance and fear from the workers. This integration can also pose potential risks for lack of knowledge of the new module in the business system. This requires training to maintain a high work ethic that promotes the right input to the new module in the business system.

Bakgrund. Möten utgör en essentiell funktion för organisationer och är avgörande för genomförandet av arbete. Arbetstid spenderad i möten ökar och möten utgör en stor kostnad för företag. Till följd av covid-19 pandemins framfart har organisationer skiftat till att bedriva möten virtuellt. Denna övergång lyfter frågan huruvida övergången har påverkat hur möten bedrivs, samt hur deltagarna vid virtuella möten upplever effektiviteten.  Syfte. Föreliggande studie syftar till att undersöka hur övergången till virtuella möten har påverkat möjligheten att bedriva effektiva möten. Studien beaktar rutiner och strävar efter att explorativt undersöka den virtuella övergången och vilken effekt den har haft på mötesrutiner.  Metod. Studien är genomförd genom utförandet av intervjuer, observationer, samt granskning av dokument. Totalt genomfördes 11 intervjuer och 4 observationer. Insamlad empiri analyserades genom en innehållsanalys. Kategorier identifierades utifrån empiri där stycken från empirin blev inplacerade.  Resultat. Studiens resultat tyder på att övergången till virtuella möten kan påverkan möteseffektiviteten. Studien har uppmärksammat 16 kategorier som kan påverka möteseffektiviteten. Dessa är: antal deltagare, punktlighet, agenda, dialoger, miljö, förberedelser, prioritering, mötesmedium, förändring, känsla, relation, deltagande, inbjudan till möte, mötesledare, mötesprotokoll, och multitasking. Vidare noterar studien att rutiner i koppling till nämnda kategorier förändrats.  Slutsatser. Studien presenterar fyra övergripande slutsatser. En övergång till virtuella möten indikerar på att: tid spenderad i möten ökar; det blir upp till deltagarna själva att skapa optimala mötesförhållanden; fokus minskar hos mötesdeltagarna; lokala och globala relationer kan påverkas negativt respektive positivt. / Background. Meetings are an essential function of organizations and are crucial to the execution of work. Time spent in meetings is increasing and meetings represent a large cost for companies. As a result of the covid-19 pandemic, organizations have shifted to conducting meetings virtually. This transition raises the question of whether the transition has affected how meetings are conducted, as well as how participants in virtual meetings experience the effectiveness of meetings. Objectives. The study aims to investigate how the transition to virtual meetings has affected the ability to conduct effective meetings. The study pays attention to routines and strives to exploratively examine the virtual transition and what effect it has had on meeting routines.  Methods. The study is carried out through the execution of interviews, observations, and review of documents. A total of 11 interviews and 4 observations were conducted. Collected empirical evidence was analysed through a content analysis. Categories were identified based on empirical evidence, where pieces from the empirical evidence were fitted.  Results. The study's results indicate that the transition to virtual meetings can affect meeting efficiency. The study has drawn attention to 16 categories that can affect meeting efficiency. These are: number of participants, punctuality, agenda, dialogues, environment, preparation, prioritization, meeting medium, change, emotions, relationships, participation, invitation to meeting, meeting leader, meeting minutes, and multitasking. Furthermore, the study notes that routines in connection with the mentioned categories have changed.  Conclusions. The study presents four overall conclusions. A shift to virtual meetings indicates that: time spent in meetings increases; it is up to the participants themselves to create optimal meeting conditions; the focus of the meeting participants decreases; local and global relations can be affected negatively and positively respectively.

This embedded mixed method study addresses the problems teachers have reported in believing themselves capable to implement the Common Core State Standards with students in special education. This study examines the effect professional development on implementing the Common Core State Standards had on the participating teachers’ self-efficacy beliefs. The participants (N=21) in this study were drawn from a 20-day professional development for teachers based on implementing the Common Core State Standards. The instrument used in the study was the Teacher Efficacy Beliefs System-Self. Data were subject to both statistical and qualitative analysis. The results of this study provide insight into the self-efficacy beliefs of the participants during and shortly after professional development about implementing the Common Core State Standards with students in special education. The Wilcoxon test of signed ranks revealed a significant increase in the TEB-S subscale areas of Accommodating Individual Differences and Managing Learning Routines, but not in Positive Classroom Climate. Qualitative analysis of data found both support for the statistical findings and also contradicted the statistical findings. Further qualitative analysis showed that practices presented in the professional development such as using the arts, formative assessment, and technology were effective in maintaining their teachers’ self-efficacy beliefs after professional development. Factors unrelated to the professional development, such as support from administrators and colleagues and poorly working technology were not supportive in carrying over the increase in teachers’ self-efficacy beliefs in implementing the Common Core State Standards with students in special education. The study is framed by Social Cognitive Theory and organized into 5 parts. Chapter I provides an overview of the study. Chapter II includes a review of literature related to teachers’ self-efficacy belief’s Common Core State Standards, and professional development. Chapter III describes the methodology of the study. Chapter IV presents the results of the analysis of data. Chapter IV reports the findings of the study and presents the conclusions of the study and ideas for future research.

[pt] Esta pesquisa investigou as variadas formas de se conceber a (re)construção de tréguas (Truce) nas fronteiras das rotinas de budgeting, sob a perspectiva processual da Dinâmica das Rotinas (Routine Dynamics) (FELDMAN et al., 2016; SALVATO e RERUP, 2018; HOWARD-GRENVILLE e RERUP, 2017). As rotinas de budgeting compreendem o plano financeiro das organizações (MERCHANT, 1998). Podem ser consideradas como interdependentes (KRAMSER e SCHREYOGG, 2016) a diversas Rotinas Organizacionais, visto que os valores definidos no planejamento orçamentário (estimativas de previsões de vendas, alocações de recursos e outros, feitos ex ante) (MERCHANT, 1998; MUCCI, FREZATTI e DIENG, 2016;) podem habilitar ou restringir as atividades cotidianas das outras rotinas. Por meio da abordagem teórico-metodológica da fenomenografia, foram realizadas 22 entrevistas com profissionais diretamente envolvidos nas rotinas de budgeting, enquanto atuantes em diversas Rotinas Organizacionais, em diversas empresas, de diversos setores de atividade. Nas vivências relatadas nas entrevistas, predominaram os conflitos de disputas relacionadas com reduções na alocação de recursos orçamentários, no planejamento orçamentário. A análise dos relatos possibilitou a organização de um Espaço de Resultado, conforme preconizado pela Fenomenografia, que demonstra as três concepções identificadas, sistematizadas de forma inclusiva e hierárquica e explicadas por seis dimensões. O Espaço de Resultado formou a base para o framework teórico apresentado nesta tese, com proposições teóricas inéditas. As três categorias identificadas acerca da (re)construção de tréguas nessas fronteiras foram: a) Sujeição à Autoridade; b) Assimilação Prudente; e c) Interação Participativa. Por sua vez, as seis dimensões explicativas foram: 1. Natureza de Poder; 2. Manifestação da Agência; 3. Comprometimento com a Ecologia; 4. Valorização da Transparência; 5. Configuração dos Ciclos Orçamentários; 6. Influência do Domínio dos Artefatos do Budget. As proposições teóricas desta tese discorrem sobre as possibilidades de as Interações Participativas na (re)construção de tréguas desenvolverem uma Consciência da Complexidade Sistêmica; serem mutuamente constituintes de configuração de competências coletivamente formadas; serem favorecidas pela aprendizagem; além de essas interações no planejamento poderem fortalecer os artefatos enquanto agentes no controle orçamentário. Os resultados desta investigação podem contribuir com a noção de que as mudanças significativas nas rotinas podem romper com as tréguas existentes a ponto de poder despertar os conflitos que estão latentes (ZBARACKI e BERGEN, 2010; PENTLAND e FELDMAN, 2005; SALVATO e RERUP, 2018). / [en] This research investigated the different ways of conceiving the (re)construction of truce at the boundaries of budgeting routines, under the procedural perspective of Routine Dynamics (FELDMAN et al., 2016; SALVATO and RERUP, 2018; HOWARD-GRENVILLE and RERUP, 2017). The budgeting routines comprise the organizational financial plans (MERCHANT, 1998). They can be considered as interdependent (KRAMSER and SCHREYOGG, 2016) to several Organizational Routines, because whatever is decided in budget planning (e.g., sales forecast estimates, resource allocations and others, made ex ante) (MERCHANT, 1998; MUCCI, FREZATTI and DIENG, 2016;), they can enable or disable the daily activities of these other routines. Through the theoreticalmethodological approach of phenomenography, 22 interviews were conducted out, with professionals directly involved in the budgeting routines, while working in several Organizational Routines, in different firms from various industries. The reports conveyed, in general, experiences involving conflicts related to reductions in the allocated resources made in budget planning. As recommended by the Phenomenography, un outcomespace was composed by these reports analysis. It demonstrates three conceptions that were systematized in an inclusive and hierarchical way, while explained by six explanatory dimensions. The outcomespace was the basis to the theoretical framework presented in this dissertation, with unpublished theoretical propositions. The three categories identified that demonstrates the (re)construction of truces in the boundaries are: 1. Subjection to Authority; 2. Prudent Assimilation; 3. Participatory Interaction. In turn, the six explanatory dimensions were: 1. Nature of Power; 2. Manifestation of the Agency; 3. Commitment to Ecology; 4. Transparency Valorization; 5. Budget Cycles Configuration; 6. The Influence of the Budget s Artifacts Domain. The theoretical propositions of this work discuss about the possibilities that the Participatory Interactions in the (re)construction of truce develops a Systemic Complexity Awareness; be mutually constitutive of the configuration of competences collectively formed; be favored by learning; and, besides, these interactions in planning can strengthen artifacts as agents in budget control. This investigation findings may contribute to the notion that significant changes in routines can rupture the existing truces to the point of awakening the conflicts, that are latent (ZBARACKI and BERGEN, 2010; PENTLAND and FELDMAN, 2005; SALVATO and RERUP, 2018).

For almost 30 years, the school subject Swedish as a second language (Sva) has struggled with poor goal achievement, a high proportion of unqualified teachers and a political lack of interest in multilingualism. With large flows of refugees in recent years, there is a considerable number of students in Swedish primary school who are in need of a school subject with clear assessment routines for more effective second language teaching.In order to make visible how assessment routines are used for second language development and thus enable the purpose of this qualitative study, semi-structured interviews have been conducted with seven sva-teachers at six different primary schools in a medium-sized city in northern Sweden. A conventional content analysis has been done based on the transcribed material, through coding and thematization.Based on Vygotsky's sociocultural perspective and Hattie's theory of visible learning, this descriptive study investigates how and why the interviewed Swedish teachers apply continuous assessment of students' second language development.The result shows that even if the sva-teachers in this study use the same assessment tool to make students' progression in the second language visible, it is not certain that the effect of the assessment is the same because the same assessment tool is used for different purposes by different sva-teachers.

Grunden för att skapa säkra och hälsosamma arbetsplatser är systematiskt arbetsmiljöarbete och för att det ska fungera krävs goda grundkunskaper. I det systematiska arbetsmiljöarbetet ingår alla arbetsmiljöförhållanden samt årlig uppföljning, arbetsmiljöpolicy, rutiner, samarbete, uppgiftsfördelning, kunskaper, undersökning, riskbedömning och åtgärder. Det finns en kunskapslucka i hur arbetsmiljöinformation kommuniceras för god hälsa och säkerhet på arbetsplatser och det behövs mer forskning om chefers och medarbetares kunskap om arbetsmiljön. Tidigare forskning visar även att kommuners systematiska arbetsmiljöarbete inte fungerar tillfredställande. Den här studien syftar till att få en förståelse över hur HR, chefer, medarbetare, facklig och politiker upplever att det systematiska arbetsmiljöarbetet kommuniceras och informeras i en kommunal verksamhet. En kvalitativ metod har använts genom tio intervjuer. Empirin har analyserats utifrån en induktiv tematisk analys. Resultatet visar att det inte finns en rutin för hur det systematiska arbetsmiljöarbetet ska kommuniceras och informeras, däremot finns rutiner i hur kommunen ska arbeta med det systematiska arbetsmiljöarbetet genom ett årshjul. Kunskapen om det systematiska arbetsmiljöarbetet är varierande hos de själva, närmast ansvariga och kollegor. Kommunen har forum för att kommunicera och informera om det systematiska arbetsmiljöarbetet samt utbildningar för vissa yrkesgrupper i systematiskt arbetsmiljöarbete. Slutsatsen är att trots att det finns ett arbetssätt, rutiner, forum och utbildning framkom brister och otydlighet i kommunikation och information av det systematiska arbetsmiljöarbetet på olika nivåer. / The basis for creating safe and healthy workplaces is systematic work environment and good basic knowledge is required for it to work well. The systematic work environment includes all work environment conditions and annual follow-up, work environment policy, routines, cooperation, task allocation, knowledge, investigation, risk assessment and measures. There is a knowledge gap in how work environment information is communicated for good health and safety at workplaces and more research is needed on managers' and employees' knowledge of the work environment. Previous research also shows that municipalities' systematic work environment does not work satisfactorily. This study aims to gain understanding of how HR, managers, coworker, trade union and politicians experience the communication and information about the systematic work environment in a municipal organization. A qualitative method has been used through ten interviews. The empirical work has been analyzed based on an inductive thematic analysis. The results shows that there is no routine for how the systematic work environment should be communicated and informed but there are routines for how the municipality should work with the systematic work environment through an annual cycle. The knowledge of the systematic work environment is variable among themselves, managers and colleagues. The municipality has forums to communicate and inform about the systematic work environment and education for some occupational groups in systematic work environment. The conclusion is that although there is a way of working, routines, forums and education deficiencies and lack of clarity became apparent in communication and information of the systematic work environment at different levels.

The healthcare sector is facing several challenges. One of them is that administrative tasks are being pushed into the core operation. This has led to a new concept arising, called “elevation”. This concept has not been analyzed from the field of information systems (IS) before, therefore the aim of the research is to investigate how the distribution of administrative work changes when introducing a new information system in the healthcare sector. To further understand the transformation brought by the introduction of a new IS, this study has also investigated the routine changes for healthcare staff. This study has been conducted using a case study with a regional government in Sweden. Hospital sites and the IT support function have been part of the case. The findings show that the new IS has digitized and slightly changed routine. Furthermore, the new IS has contributed to elevation. By making work easier, flexible and creating more shared responsibility, simpler, administrative tasks have been handed over to core staff. The research contributes to a deeper understanding of what happens to the distribution of administrated tasks when introducing a new IS.

[pt] Em meio a um cenário de dificuldades e desafios para o jornalismo, sobretudo para o jornalismo local, jornalistas e empresas de comunicação apostam em ferramentas e plataformas disponibilizadas pela internet e pelas novas tecnologias digitais para engajar e manter seu público. Um exemplo é a editoria de hiperlocal dos jornais da empresa de notícias carioca Infoglobo, criada em 2017. Este trabalho parte da análise das reportagens produzidas pela editoria para fazer uma reflexão, em termos conceituais, sobre a eficácia dessa estratégia. A partir de uma revisão bibliográfica para definir os conceitos de jornalismo local e de jornalismo hiperlocal, relaciona os pontos de contato e as diferenças entre eles e aplica os conceitos ao trabalho feito pelos jornais da Infoglobo. Faz ainda uma reflexão acerca dos dilemas e dos desafios impostos ao jornalismo local em um mundo interligado pela tecnologia. / [en] Today media players are facing difficulties and challenges - especially those dedicated to local journalism. The response goes through investing on digital tools and platforms, as well as digital technologies, to engage the audience. The creation of the Hyperlocal desk in Infoglobo s newspapers in 2017 is an example. This dissertation proposes a reflection in conceptual terms on the effectiveness of this strategy. It analyzes the reports produced by that new desk team. Starting from a bibliographic review, this study aims to define the concepts of local journalism and hyperlocal journalism. Then seeks for points of contact and differences between these concepts, facing them up to the work done by Infoglobo newspapers. Finally, this work focuses on the dilemmas and challenges faced by local journalism in a world interconnected by technology.

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