Resultat av forskningsstudier som visar på att formativ bedömning har positiva effekter på elevers lärande har fått stor spridning i världen och inte minst i Sverige. Kunskapsbedömningar i skolan görs med olika syften. När bedömningar görs för att stötta och utveckla elevers lärande talas det om formativ bedömning och när bedömning görs för att stämma av elevers kunskaper mot betygskriterier benämns det som summativ bedömning. Båda typerna av bedömning behövs men forskningsstudier har gjorts som indikerar att betygsfokus och digitala lärplattformar kan utgöra hinder för en formativ bedömningspraxis. Forskning som undersöker hur elever och lärare uppfattar och använder sig av formativ bedömning i ämnet samhällskunskap på gymnasiet har gjorts i begränsad omfattning. Så är det även vad gäller forskning som undersöker hur formativ bedömning uppfattas av elever och lärare i samhällskunskap under ett läsår präglat av en blandning av när- och distansundervisning under en pandemi.  Syftet med undersökningen är att ta reda på hur elever och lärare uppfattar formativ bedömning i samhällskunskap. Syftet är också att undersöka hur de uppfattar formativ bedömning under ett läsår präglat av en blandning av när- och distansundervisning.   De frågeställningar som formulerades för att uppnå syftet besvarades genom att kvalitativa intervjuer genomfördes med elever som studerar Samhällskunskap 1b med olika lång erfarenhet av gymnasiestudier samt med deras lärare. Resultatet av intervjuerna analyserades med hjälp av fem nyckelstrategier som Paul Black och Dylan Wiliam utformat utifrån sin forskning om lärande och bedömning. Dessa strategier beskrivs som användbara verktyg i undervisningen för att kunna besvara frågor om var eleven befinner sig i lärandeprocessen, vart eleven är på väg och hur eleven ska ta sig dit.   Resultatet av undersökningen visar att den digitala lärplattform som elever och lärare använder sig av är ett gynnsamt verktyg för att synliggöra för eleverna och för läraren var eleverna befinner sig inlärningsmässigt i förhållande till målen. Undersökningen visar också på att eleverna uppfattar lärarens återkoppling som användbar för att ta sig vidare i lärandeprocessen. Den skriftliga återkopplingen eleverna får tillsammans med ett betygsliknande omdöme uppfattas av eleverna som en indikation om var eleven befinner sig, vart den är på väg och hur den ska ta sig vidare, vilket uppskattas av eleverna. Följaktligen visar resultatet av den här undersökningen att de formativa och summativa kunskapsbedömningarna harmonierar väl med varandra. Kamraters återkoppling värderas inte lika högt som lärarens då kamraten inte uppfattas som lika kompetent i ämnet som läraren. Resultatet av undersökningen visar att eleverna tränas i att kunna göra självbedömningar men att de uppfattar sig olika mycket som ägare av sitt eget lärande beroende på om de är första- eller andraårselever.   Resultatet visar att läraren upplevt att muntlig återkoppling blivit svårare att ge under de förutsättningar som ges under pandemin och att träning i kamratbedömning inte är något som prioriterats i någon större utsträckning under dessa ovanliga omständigheter. Avslutningsvis visar resultatet av undersökningen på den potential de digitala verktygen har för en formativ bedömningspraxis då undervisningen kombineras av när- och distansundervisning. / Results from research studies showing the positive effects of formative assessment on students’ learning have spread across the world and in Sweden. Assessment of student achievement has two different functions depending on why the assessment is made. When the goal is to monitor learning the assessment is formative and when the goal is to evaluate what the student has learnt at the end of an instructional unit by comparing it to some standards it is summative. Both types of assessments are needed but some research studies indicate that formative assessment practices may be impeded by excessive focus on grades and by the design of digital learning platforms. Not many research studies have been made examining formative assessment practices in social studies at upper secondary school. Nor have many research studies been made that examine formative assessment practices and how they are perceived by students and teachers a school year during a pandemic.   The aim of the study is to find out how formative assessment in social studies is perceived by students and teachers at upper secondary school. The aim is also to examine how they perceive formative assessment practices a school year during a pandemic with a mix of on-site and distance learning.   A qualitative method was used to answer the research questions. Two groups of students from different grades studying the same core course “Samhällskunskap 1b” and their teacher were interviewed. The data gathered from the interviews were analyzed with Paul Black’s and Dylan Wiliam’s five strategies formed on the basis of their research on learning and assessment. These strategies are described as useful tools in education to answer questions about where the student is in his/her learning process, where the student is going and how to get there.   The result of the study shows that the digital learning platform that the students and their teacher use is a beneficial tool for them to visualize where the student is in the learning process in relation to the learning goals. Furthermore, the result shows us that the students perceive the feedback that they receive from their teacher as useful in guiding the student where to go next and how to get there. The written feedback combined with a summative-like assessment helps the students taking the next step in the learning process. Consequently, this study shows that formative and summative assessments harmonize. Peer assessment is not as much valued by the students as the formative assessment they receive from their teacher, since they do not regard their peers being sufficiently qualified to give feedback. The result of the study shows that students do get training in making self-assessments. However, students in second grade consider themselves as owners of their own learning to a greater extent when compared with students in first grade.   The result shows us that the teacher perceives that opportunities to give students oral feedback have diminished during the pandemic and that the practice of peer assessment has been given less priority during these extraordinary circumstances. Finally, the result shows us the potential of digital tools being used for formative assessment practices when education is a combination of learning at school and online.

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The purpose of this paper is to examine how teachers for the younger ages perceive the conceptof social issues and what subject-specific didactic considerations they make regarding them intheir social studies teaching. The research questions that the paper aimed to answer are whatsubject-specific didactic considerations teachers for the younger ages make in their teaching ofsocial issues, and what role does the teacher believe they take or should take in social studiesteaching. Previous research regarding teaching social issues has examined the teaching of olderstudents. This, together with the few descriptions in the policy documents regarding socialissues for younger students, is the basis for the interest to fulfill this study.The method is based on a phenomenographic research approach and empirics were collectedthrough qualitative semi-structured interviews. A total of six teachers were interviewed, withformal qualifications in the subject of social studies. Their answers were then analyzed basedon the theory within the phenomenographic research approach and Vygotsky's socioculturalperspective.The result consists of three qualitatively different categories that describe the teacher'sperception of the concept of social issues and teaching of the content including the purpose andmethod. The results show that teachers work with social issues from a democratic perspective,a values-based perspective and based on current events.

The purpose of this master thesis has been to investigate how private economics is taught in social studies teaching for grades 4-6 through teachers' descriptions of personal finance as part of the social studies subject's civic education assignment. The purpose has also been to investigate how and in what way teachers use teaching materials in their teaching of personal finance. The selected research and literature for the degree project deal with the subject social studies and the civic education assignment, the curriculum and syllabus, social science didactic research and teaching of economics in general and personal finance in particular. Furthermore, research and literature on teachers' difficulties with the subject of personal finance and the use of teaching aids in the subject of social studies are also presented. Little research can be found regarding the teaching of personal finance, especially for younger ages such as grades 4–6, which strengthens the relevance of investigating the purpose of this master thesis.  The theoretical perspectives used as a starting point for analyzing the empirical work of the master thesis are Dewey's pragmatic perspective and Vygotsky's socio-cultural perspective. The survey was conducted using qualitative semi-structured interviews as a method. The survey involved six respondents, all of whom are active social studies teachers in grades 4-6. The results show that the respondents see a clear and important purpose of the teaching to enable the students to become responsible adult citizens who can make wise financial decisions. Furthermore, it appears from the results that teaching materials are common in the teaching of personal finance. The respondents mainly link the concept of personal finance with household or an individual's financial planning.  A conclusion that can be drawn from the results of this master thesis and the previous research is that even though personal finance teaching is a relatively new social science didactic research area, its relevance increases when research emphasizes the importance of teaching being a part of schools’ mission to succeed in their civic education. In step with this, personal finance is given more space in the syllabus for social studies, which is an important factor in the work with a school where students are given the right conditions for adult life.

Syftet med undersökningen är att finna olika arbetsmetoder som lågstadiepedagoger i årskurserna 1–3 använder i sin samhällskunskapsundervisning om nyheter. Undersökningen reflekterar även om vilka möjligheter och hinder som lågstadiepedagoger möter i sina arbetsmetoder när det kommer till nyhetsundervisning. Arbetsmetoderna skulle därmed kunna bidra till kunskap- och lärandetillfällen som man själv kan använda i sin egen undervisning. Forskning har visat att det finns ett begränsat antal undersökningar utförda på lågstadiet med yngre elever inom samhällskunskapsämnet. Forskningen som finns har bland annat belyst hur lågstadielärare arbetar med samhällskunskapsämnet i bredare omfång. En större mängd forskning finns för de äldre årskurserna då forskare bland annat undersökt hur elever förstod information i tidningsartiklar, nyheter kopplat till bilder samt hur elever i olika åldrar uppfattade sanna och falska nyheter. För denna undersökning har metoderna observation och kvalitativ intervju använts där fyra observationstillfällen och sju intervjuer med lågstadiepedagoger som undervisar i årskurserna 1 – 3 blivit utförda. Teorin som använts i denna undersökning var det sociokulturella perspektivet. Analyser och diskussioner har sedan blivit utförda med stöd av teorin och den tidigare forskningen där resultatet grundat sig i lågstadielärarnas utsagor.Undersökningens resultat visar hur lågstadielärare inkluderar nyhetsprogrammet Lilla aktuellt som en del av sin samhällskunskapsundervisning om nyheter. Lilla aktuellt har ett stort fokus i klassrummen och lärarnas arbetsmetoder relaterat till nyhetsprogrammet skiljer sig beroende på vilken skola de arbetar på samt vilken elevgrupp som klassen består av. I samband med nyhetsundervisning har samtliga lärare prioriterat muntlig kommunikation som tillvägagångsätt då man antingen tillsammans i helklass eller i mindre grupper samtalat om nyhetsinnehåll. En del lärare lägger större tyngd på att diskutera nyhetsinnehåll på ytan medan andra vill att eleverna ska gräva djupare för att förstå nyhetens bakgrund, händelse och lösning. / The purpose of this paper was to find different teaching methods that is used by primary school teachers in grades 1 – 3 in their social studies instruction regarding news. This paper would also inform the possibilities and the obstacles that the primary school teachers face with their own teaching methods when it comes to news education. The teaching methods would thereby contribute to knowledge- and learning opportunities that other teachers can use in their own classrooms. Research has shown that there are limited number of surveys done in social studies education for lower grades with younger children. The research that can be found has shown with a wider range how primary school teachers educate the students in social studies. A bigger amount of research can be found for older students in news teaching and some of this research show how students understood the information in articles, the connection between news and pictures and also what students in different ages could understand with true and fake news. The methods that have been used for this paper are observation and qualitative interview and the total of four observations and seven interviews with primary school teachers that teach in the grades 1 – 3 have been collected. The theory that has been included in this paper is the sociocultural perspective regarding teaching methods. With the support from the theory and previous research has statements from the primary school teachers been analyzed and discussed.The result of this paper has shown that primary school teachers include the news program Lilla aktuellt as a part of the social studies when it comes to teaching about news. The news program Lilla aktuellt has a big focus in classrooms but the teachers’ teaching methods related to this varied based on the school and the groups of students. The most common teaching methods when it comes to news education has shown to be oral communication either in smaller groups or with all the students together. Some teachers put energy in the basic information regarding news, for example the event, while others think it is important for the students to learn the whole picture like the news background, event and the solution.

The aim of this study is to examine how the teaching of democracy in social studies has been influenced by generative AI. To achieve the objectives of this study, interviews were conducted with high school social studies teachers who reflected on their experiences with this technology. The theoretical framework of the study is based on Robert Dahl's criteria for a democratic process, from which a selection was made. The study's findings, analyzed using Dahl's framework, led to the study's conclusions. The conclusions indicate a diverse range of opinions among the respondents, with difficulty in reaching a consensus, and often individual teachers are divided in their views on generative AI. Many recognize both the advantages and disadvantages of using generative AI in education, particularly regarding democracy.

Denna samhällskunskapsdidaktiska studies syfte är att undersöka vad samhällskunskapslärare själva upplever som de viktigaste påverkansfaktorerna för transformeringen av samhällskunskap som skolämne till samhällskunskap som undervisning utifrån didaktiska frågor som Vad?, Hur? och Varför?, samt hur detta upplevs förändrats över en tidsperiod om cirka tjugo år eller mer. Studien bygger på hermeneutisk-fenomenologisk livsvärldsansats där fenomenologisk beskrivning och hermeneutisk tolkning är centralt. Empirin utgörs av intervjuer med tio samhällskunskapslärare med lång yrkeserfarenhet från högstadium, gymnasium eller vuxenutbildning. Resultatet tematiseras utifrån inspiration från ramfaktorteoretiska utgångspunkteri fyra dimensioner av påverkansfaktorer, vilka är Den personliga dimensionen, Den didaktiska dimensionen, Den styrande dimensionen och Den samhälleliga dimensionen. Var och en av dessa dimensioner delas upp i ett antal variationer. Dimensionerna är konstruerade utifrån principen om det personligt nära till det samhälleligt distanserade. Utöver dessa dimensioner har en aspekt på dessa lagts till. Det är Den elevnära aspekten vars innehåll utgörs av eleverna som påverkansfaktor för hur undervisningen blir. Lärarna i studien pratar aldrig om eleverna som påverkansfaktor utan att koppla detta till någon av de fyra dimensionerna. Slutsatser som dras i studien är att de tio lärarna alla har mycket olika berättelserom vad de uppfattar som viktigaste påverkansfaktorer. Några lägger mest fokus på sin personliga bakgrund eller personliga intressen. Andra fokuserar mer på didaktiska idéer, på styrdokument eller på organisatoriska ramar. Studien visar också att lärarna alla har en eller ett par dominerande dimensioner som dels syns mest i berättelsen, dels också påverkar hur de pratar om de andra dimensionerna. Lärarnas berättelser visar även att de upplever att undervisningen och vad som påverkar denna påtagligt förändras över tid. Studiens viktigaste bidrag är kanske att den exemplifierar teoretiska perspektiv. Inte minst genom att belysa att vad som påverkar undervisningen i ett ämne är så komplext att den ramfaktorteoretiska byggnadsställningen måste anpassas efter den specifika undersökningen med dess frågeställningar och undersökningsmaterial. / The purpose of this research in social studies didactics is to examine what teachers in social studies perceive as the most important influencing factors for the transformation from social studies as school subject to social studies as classroom teaching, based on didactic questions as; What?, How? and Why?, and how this is perceived has changed over a period of about twenty years or more. The study is based on the hermeneutic-phenomenological life-world approach, where phenomenological description and hermeneutic interpretation are central. The empirical data consist of interviews with ten teachers in social studies with extensive professional experience in lower secondary school, upper secondary school or adult education. The result is thematically based on inspiration from frame factor theory in four dimensions of influencing factors, which are; The personal dimension, The didactic dimension, The governing dimension and The societal dimension. Each of these dimensions is divided into a number of variations. The dimensions are designed on the principle of the personally close to the societal distanced. In addition to these dimensions, an aspect of these is added. It is The pupil aspect, whose content pupils as influencing factor. The teachers in the study never talk about pupils and their influence on the teaching without connection to any of the four dimensions. Conclusions drawn in the study is that the ten teachers all have very different stories about what they perceive as the most important influencing factors. Some places the greatest emphasis on their personal background or personal interests. Others focus more on didactic ideas, on policy documents or on the economical and organizational framework. The study also shows that all the teachers have one or two dominant dimensions as most visible, that also affects the way they talk about the other dimensions. The teachers’ stories also show that they perceive that the teaching and what impact this change appreciably over time. The study’s most important contribution is perhaps that it exemplifies theoretical perspectives, for an example highlighting that the frame factor theoretical scaffolding must be adapted to the specific study and its issues and research materials.

There is a constant struggle for teachers to find new methods that generate learning. Every student learns differently and not everyone benefits from the traditional learning methods that teachers have used for centuries. Therefore, teachers must now variate their teaching methods so that every student gets the same opportunity to learn. This study aims to explore the possibility to use song lyrics as a didactic tool to bring in a practical element in the subject of social studies. Furthermore, the purpose of this study is to see how the students experience this kind of practical element in a theoretical school subject. At last, this study is interested in finding out if this kind of didactic tool and teaching method is an effective way to generate learning. To answer these questions the study uses three qualitative methods - a lesson study, group interviews and a survey. Earlier research has found that is it positive to connect the teaching materials to something that the students can relate to since this can create interest and motivation. The use of song lyrics in this study hopes to use something familiar to the students and connect this to social studies. By analysing collected data using two scientific theories, we can conclude three things. First of all, song lyrics can be used to provide a clear and realistic connection to society. Secondly, the participating students overall seemed to enjoy using song lyrics as a didactic tool. Finally, the study can conclude that song lyrics can generate learning since it creates interest among the students.

This essay, conducted through semi-structured interviews with five upper secondary school students, aim to analyze and understand if and how their perceived motivation to social studies changed due to distance teaching during the covid-19 pandemic as well if and how their motivation has changed since returning to school post-pandemic. The theory of self-determination works as the cornerstone which is complemented by two relational theories in relational pedagogy as well as the zone of proximal development in addition to the concept of self-regulation. The result shows that the students’ perceived motivation was affected negatively by studying and attending lectures away from the ordinary school environment, caused by a loss of interest for the subject which in turn is a result of less varied teaching as well as a loss of peer-pressure which works as a motivational factor for many of the students. However, the study also shows that their perceived motivation increased once returned during their final year of school, which in turn is a result of an increased interest in the subject caused by relational aspects such as being able to engage verbally during lectures as well as to a larger degree being able to use the teacher as well as each other as a resource to enhance their learning. These are aspects which were hindered by distance learning, which also stresses the importance of relations for enhanced learning.

Intercultural learning is an aspect in all matters of teaching, including civics. Although it is not specified “how” intercultural learning should be included or defined in civics. In the curriculum LGR 11 for the elementary school the concept of intercultural learning is explicitly included but in GY 11 for the upper secondary school its excluded, at least explicitly. Furthermore, there is ambiguities about the definition of intercultural teaching. Although tolerance, equality, and social justice are aspects that intercultural teaching strives to develop. In relation to the report ICCS 2016 attributes such as tolerance, values and understanding norms in other cultures indicated to be somewhat lacking in students, attributes that intercultural learning is supposed to develop. The purpose of this master thesis is to interview upper secondary school teachers in civics about their perception of intercultural learning, in what ways intercultural learning occurs in teaching and how the teachers perceive support for intercultural learning in GY 11. To study this, I have used semi-structured interviews. Their answers were later analysed through three theoretical aspects based on Lahdenperäs (2004) definition of intercultural learning. These are student-active and experience-based teaching, culture contrastive perspective and emotionally process one’s own ethnocentrism. The result show that intercultural learning is unusual when the interviewed teachers reflect upon their teaching planning. The teachers did not or only barely understood the concept of intercultural learning. After the interviews were analysed, it showed a mixed result about how teachers reflect and understand intercultural learning and how they include it in their teaching. Sometimes the teachers mentioned aspects that indicate the use of intercultural learning and at other times responses indicated otherwise, even aspects that intercultural learning is supposed to oppose. Perceived support about intercultural teaching in the curriculum GY 11 deemed to be somewhat lacking and could be improved upon. Although the teachers mentioned that it might be difficult to include more aspects in the curriculum due to the overload in work it might cause. The results also showed that intercultural teaching might be an area to study further upon because of the interesting reflections by the teachers, that might aid the understanding of how intercultural teaching could be included in teaching. / Interkulturellt lärande är en aspekt som ska ingå i all undervisning, däribland i samhällskunskapsdidaktiken men hur det ska inkluderas och definieras är inte tydligt. I läroplanen LGR 11 finns interkulturellt lärande explicit inkluderat, dock i GY 11 saknas begreppet trots att det är ett ämne som ska inkluderas i all undervisning. Interkulturellt lärande är ett otydligt, brett begrepp som det råder osäkerheter kring i forskning. Interkulturellt lärande ska dock inkludera moment som utvecklar kunskaper kring tolerans, social rättvisa, jämlikhet med elevers olika erfarenheter och utbytet av perspektiv. I relation med egenskaperna interkulturellt lärande ska utveckla så kan betydelsen av interkulturellt lärande ställas mot ICCS 2016 som visade brister hos elevers kunskaper inom områden berörande tolerans, värderingar och normer. Examensarbetets syfte är att ta reda på aktiva samhällskunskapslärares uppfattningar om interkulturellt lärande, hur lärarna inkluderar det i sin undervisning och vilket uppfattat stöd i GY 11 erbjuder, genom semistrukturerade intervjuer. Svaren analyseras med hjälp av tre teoretiska aspekter skapade genom Lahdenperäs (2004) definition av begreppet interkulturellt lärande. Dessa utgångspunkter är: Studentaktiv och erfarenhetsbaserad undervisning, kulturkontrastivt perspektiv och känslomässig bearbetning av sin egen etnocentrism. Resultatet visar att interkulturellt lärande är ett ovanligt begrepp att ta hänsyn till i samhällskunskapsundervisningen. Endast en av lärarna kände till begreppet ”interkultur” och kunde ge en generell förklaring av dess definition, dock inte ”interkulturellt lärande”. Analysen visar ett blandat resultat över huruvida lärare reflekterar kring interkulturellt lärande i undervisning. Samtliga lärare gav respons som indikerar på att de emellanåt hade aspekter som berör interkulturellt lärande dock samtidigt gavs aspekter som interkulturellt lärande ska motverka såsom bearbetningen av etnocentrism. Upplevt stöd från läroplanen om interkulturellt lärande kan utvecklas, då det ansågs som ett viktigt ämne men att det finns annan problematik, såsom tidsbrist för ytterligare tillägg i undervisningen. Dock utifrån analysen kunde en slutsats dra att det är ett område som är av värde att studeras vidare inom då intressanta uppfattningar av lärarna visade på faktorer som kan vara användbart i reflektioner om interkulturellt lärande i undervisning.