Hållbarhetsrapporter utförs årligen av företag i enligt svensk lag. Rapporten kommunicerar hur företagens hållbarhetsarbete har genomförts under det senaste året. Detta innebär att företag ges utrymme att presentera sitt hållbarhetsarbete och på så sätt välja hur budskapet ska kommuniceras. Det är dock inte givet att det uttryckta budskapet nödvändigtvis är det som är av intresse, utan vad som är det underliggande budskapet. Den teoretiska utgångspunkten för uppsatsen har varit teori som behandlar hållbarhetskommunikation tillsammans med en fördjupning av moraliska känslor av stolthet och skuld. Syftet med denna studie har varit att undersöka hur företag kommunicerar underliggande känslor kring stolthet och skuld i sin hållbarhetsrapportering, och hur kommunikationen om hållbarhet påverkar gestaltningen av företags hållbarhetsarbete. Detta genom att svara på forskningsfrågorna: hur kommunicerar företag underliggande känslor av stolthet i hållbarhetsrapporter​, hur kommunicerar företag underliggande känslor av skuld i hållbarhetsrapporter samt hur bidrar denna kommunikation av känslor till gestaltningav företagets hållbarhetsarbete? En form av netnografisk undersökning genomfördes på hållbarhetsrapporterna med hjälp av nyckelord. Utifrån denna undersökning identifierades flertal sammanhang där stolthet och skuld kunde utläsas. Resultaten bearbetades sedan genom innehållsanalys, vilket möjliggjorde eftersökningar av mönster samt tolkningar av det underliggande kommunicerade budskapet. Samtliga företag visade efter analys på underliggande känslor av stolthet och skuld med varierande grad av övermodig stolthet och autentisk stolthet, samt både skuld med och utan spår av empati. Analys av resultat medförde slutsatsen att tolkningen av företagens hållbarhetskommunikation är komplex. Gestaltning av underliggande känslor genom kommunikation av hållbarhetsarbete påverkar hur budskapet kring hållbarhet uppfattas. / Sustainability reports are carried out annually by companies according to Swedish accounting law. The report communicates how companies sustainability work has been performed during the past year. This facilitates the companies to present their sustainability work and thus to choose how the message is to be communicated. However, it is not given that the expressed message is necessarily what is of interest, but what lies beneath the message. The theoretical background for this essay has been theory which processes sustainability communication along with a deepening of moral feelings of pride and guilt. The purpose of this study has been to examine how companies communicate underlying feelings of pride and guilt in their sustainability reporting, and how the communication of sustainability affects the perception of the companies' sustainability work. This by answering the research questions: how does underlying themes of emotions show pride in companies' sustainability reporting ,how does underlying themes of emotions show guilt in companies´ sustainability reporting and how does this communication of emotions contribute to the figuration of the company’s sustainability work? A form of netnographic survey was conducted on sustainability reports using keywords, which resulted in several contexts where pride and guilt could be found. The results were then processed through content analysis, which allowed the search for patterns and to interpret the underlying communicated message. By analysis, all companies showed underlying feelings of pride and guilt, with varying degrees of hubristic pride and authentic pride, as well as guilt with and without traces of empathy. Discussion of results and analysis accounted in the conclusion that the interpretation of companies' sustainability communication is complex. The figuration of underlying emotions through communication of sustainability affects how the message of sustainability is perceived. This report is written in Swedish.

Software development can be a difficult and time consuming task. In addition, producing good code is even more difficult. Poor design and implementation choices in software code can result in an end product that is both difficult to understand and difficult to maintain. A collective name for implementation and design choices that is considered to have a negative impact or indicate something negative in software code is Code smells. In this study, we identify 34 unique code smells through a systematic literature study. The results are then ranked and validated with interviews with people who work or have worked with Javascript in a professional environment at some point during the past five years. The end result is a ranked list of 32 code smells that are applicable to Javascript. The result shows that the five highest ranked code smells are Variable name conflict in closures, Depth, Argument Type Mismatch, Duplicated code and Excessive global Variables.

Syftet med uppsatsen är att utifrån en enskild persons sociala situation som ogift mor undersöka hur hennes liv gestaltades. Med utgångspunkt i den ogifta modern Anette Larssons identitet undersöks hur ett liv formades under nittonhundratalets två första decennier i mötet med en stenhuggarmiljö på Sturkö i Karlskrona skärgård, och under påverkan av samhällets lagar och av moderniteten i ett framväxande demokratiskt samhälle samt av familjens och släktens frireligiösa kultur. Studien bygger på dokument från bland annat Arkivcentrum Syd, Blekinge museum, baptistförsamlingen i Karlskrona och dagstidningarna Blekinge Läns Tidning och Wecko-Posten. De teoretiska begrepp som används är den övergripande diskursen som innehåller moderniteten, samhällets lagar och etiska idéer i den frireligiösa rörelsen, genus och kön med fokus på den ogifta modern och den syndiga kvinnan, mötet och dialogen vad gäller stenhuggaridentiteten, egensinne och skötsamhet i samband med begreppet klass, samt sociala nätverk kring familj och släkt. Uppsatsens slutsats är att den ogifta modern Anette Larsson formande sitt liv i epicentrum av den moderna världen i en sekulariserad skötsam arbetarklass, men där samhällets lagar utgick från en religiös föreställningsvärld, där syndabegreppet var i fokus och skam- och skuldbelade kvinnan, men där den egensinniga stenhuggarkulturens hedersbegrepp, som byggde på ansvar och lojalitet, förminskade syndens konsekvenser / The essay deals with the shaping of the social situation of an individual as an unmarried mother. The identity of the unmarried mother Anette Larsson is examined and her life which was formed during the first two decades of the twentieth’s century in a stone-cutter environment in Sturkö in the archipelago of Karlskrona, and under influence of the laws of society and the coming of modernity in a growing democratic society, together with the culture of her non-conformist baptistic family. The study is based on documents from Arkivcentrum Syd, Blekinge museum, Karlskrona nonconformist baptistic congregation, and the daily news-papers Blekinge Läns Tidning and Vecko – Posten. The theoretic concepts which are used are the Order of discourse, which means modernity, the laws of society and nonconformist ethic ideas, gender and sex with focus of the unmarried mother and the sinful woman, meeting and dialogue in stone-cutter environment, class and self-will and diligence, and the social network about family. The conclusion of the essay is that the unmarried mother Anette Larsson shaped her life in the epicentre of the modern world in a secularized diligenced working-class, where the laws of society were founded in a religious world of ideas, and where women got the blame and disgrace for a child born out of marriage. But the concept of honour in the self-willed stone–cutter culture, which had its origin in responsibility and loyalty, reduced the consequences of the sin.

There has been an increase in the deadly violence with firearms and with that an increase in drug dealing. Because of that politicians have toughed up the debate on how to deal with it, where longer and harder punishments seem to be the way to go. The persons who are most likely to get caught up in the violence are men in the ages 15-29 years old, where not only drugs are the main reason, but also the socioeconomic- and demographic differences in our country will be a factor. The retributive justice system is still the dominating one, but reparative justice is getting bigger within Sweden too, it’s just not yet on the same level as in other countries. The purpose of this thesis was to know more about the experiences and challenges that the professionals have that work with reconciliation and mediation. A qualitative method with semi structured interviews has been used to interview two professionals working at Försoningsgruppen and two professionals working at Medlingsverksamheten in Lund. To analyze the results I used theories about shame, guilt, the other and theories about moral and empathy. The results from the interviews showed that to be able to reconcile, the person who has done wrong needs to be able to feel guilt and to take on genuine and full responsibility for their actions. It also showed that the person that has done wrong needs to take on a new identity, an identity of both being a human and a human that has done harm to another person. They need to become the other, and that is one hard thing to accept.

ABSTRACTIn the autumn of 2017 361 testimonies of sexualized violence and abuse from women, previously or currently active in the Church of Sweden, were published under the hashtag #vardeljus as a part of #metoo. Neither the church nor theology can ignore or avoid the subject after this publication. However, despite this obvious need to address #vardeljus theologically, there has been a lack of theological reflection within a Swedish context. Indeed, the questions of if and how theology continue to contribute to the legitimation and maintenance of structures that enable sexualised violence and how theology can help women exposed to sexualised violence remain largely unanswered. This study therefore aims to provide some answers. Firstly, it seeks to identify what needs are expressed in the testimonies from #vardeljus by examining the theological conclusions about these, as drawn by Anne Sörman, from a feminist theological perspective. Secondly, it analyses whether contemporary interpretations of original sin by Lutheran theologians Eva-Lotta Grantén and Anna Karin Hammar contain useful, relevant, and sufficient resources to meet these demands and acknowledge women who experienced sexualised violence in church environments. Thirdly, this study contributes to the future shaping of theology by concluding which complements are needed to ensure that theological interpretations of sin, such as for example those by Grantén and Hammar, are relevant also for women subjected to sexualized violence. By using feminist theological textual analysis, where key themes as represented by Susan Frank Parsons, Sólveig Anna Bóasdóttir, Rita Nakashima Brock and Rebecca Ann Parker are defined and used, this study queries whether these needs are acknowledged and met in interpretations of original sin by Grantén and Hammar. In this examination their usage of such theological concepts as original sin, sin, accountability and guilt are weighted against the #vardeljus-experiences of sexualised violence in order to establish whether original sin is a concept suitable for acknowledging women and including them in theology. Grantén and Hammar attempt to make original sin a useful and understandable concept for contemporary believers, although they differ in their interpretations of this concept. Grantén considers that original sin entails guilt which primarily concerns and affects the relation between an individual and God and only secondarily interhuman relationships. Hammar argues against the usage of original sin and guilt and instead proposes to use destruction and (original) accountability as contemporary-friendlier alternatives. However, neither Grantén, whose main concern is to study original sin as a cause to the existence of sin and evil, nor Hammar, who applies a more consequence-directed approach, manages to adequately acknowledge or adapt their interpretations after women’s experiences of being victims to sexualised violence. This study concludes that if contemporary interpretations of original sin aren’t supplemented with interpretations that illuminate differences within a group where everybody is a sinner, acknowledge women as victims, emphasise the need of identifying and holding perpetrators accountable, and, at the same time, offer tangible help to victims, then the resources that the concept of original sin offers are neither helpful nor relevant to women that are victims of sexualised violence.

Skuldbegreppet används inom olika områden. I Bibeln och andra mytologiska berättelser finns temat skuld beskrivet. Inom psykologin vrider och vänder man på skam- och skuldbegreppet inom flera olika inriktningar som psykoanalysen och existenspsykologin.  Syftet med denna uppsats i en komparativ litteraturstudie är att undersöka och belysa emotionen skuld ur olika perspektiv, och söka förståelse kring hur bearbetning av skuld påverkas av respektive perspektiv. Genom att jämföra tre samtida författare, Marianne Lerner, psykoterapeut som får representera psykologin. Harlan J. Wechsler, representerar judisk teologiskt perspektiv, och Rollo May, psykolog, som får stå för den existentiella inriktningen. Emotionen skuld är en komponent i varje enskild människans liv, som var och en hanterar både på ett medvetet och ett omedvetet plan. Skulden samverkar med andra emotioner och har en positiv och en negativ sida. Alla tre inriktningar har ett spänningsfält mellan temat god-ond som behöver internaliseras och samverka inom psyket i varje enskild människas liv. Förmågan att ta ansvar sker genom acceptans (existentialismen/May) integration av skuld (psykologin/Lerner) och att göra bättring (judisk teologi/Wechsler).

Prostitution är ett omdebatterat ämne över hela världen, där Sverige har en kontroversiell lag som syftar till att skuldbelägga sexköparna istället för de som befinner sig i prostitution. Trots detta tenderar individer i prostitution att fortfarande bli stigmatiserade för sin situation i Sverige. Denna studie syftar därför till att undersöka hur stigmatisering påverkar individers förutsättningar att lämna prostitution utifrån yrkesverksammas uppfattningar med en utgångspunkt i Howard Beckers stämplingsteoretiska perspektiv om avvikande beteende, symbolisk interaktionism och master status. Studien antar en kvalitativ ansats med semistrukturerade intervjuer med fem yrkesverksamma som arbetar med att möta individer som befinner sig i prostitution. Resultatet visar att samhällets stigmatisering av individer i prostitution försvårar förutsättningar att lämna prostitution genom att de stereotypa bilderna bidrar till skuld- och skamkänslor och bristande sociala relationerna för individerna, som hindrar dessa från att få stöd och hjälp. De stereotyper som framkommer i intervjuerna är bilden av prostitution som något som antingen sker under tvång, respektive är något glamoröst och frivilligt. Till följd av stereotyperna och den stigmatisering som dessa medför, skapas ett socialt utanförskap för individer som befinner sig i prostitution, där dessa uppfattas som avvikande från samhällets överenskomna regler. Sammantaget påverkar stigmatiseringen hela individens liv, där skuld- och skamkänslorna som uppstår kan försvåra för individer att lämna prostitution.

The aim of this study was to examine the problems behind disclosure and why children do or do not tell about the sexual abuse. The empirical base of this thesis was six autobiographies. Aspects of guilt and shame in relation to the disclosure process were the main topics in this study. Also, the difficulties with disclosure as well as the surrounding conditions that facilitate the disclosure are mentioned. The following difficulties were found: guilt/shame, denial of the sexual abuse, fear for the disclosure’s consequences, the lack of support from family and surroundings, distorted reality perception/the normalization process of violence, the power imbalance between perpetrator and victim. Regarding conditions that facilitate the victims’ disclosure, the following aspects were found: internal factors, surrounding conditions and evidence of the sexual abuse. In addition, these theories were applied: the affect theory and the normalization process of violence.

Grooming, sexuella övergrepp onlina, ökar och enligt forskning tillskrevs dess offer mer negativa attityder i kontrast till offer som utsatts för sexualbrott som skett i verkligheten. Studiens syfte var att undersöka skillnader i studenters attityder gällande en flicka som utsatts för grooming kontra sexuella övergrepp utan initerad kontakt online. Även könsskillnader i negativa attityder undersöktes. Fyra enkäter med olika scenarion besvarades av 290 studenter mellan 17-59 år. Resultatet visade att mer negativa attityder tillskrevs offret som utsatts online i jämförelse med offret som utsatts för övergrepp utan initierad kontakt online. Män påvisade mer negativa attityder än kvinnor i samtliga scenarion. Resultaten överensstämmer med tidigare forskning. Att bemötas av negativa och skuldbeläggande attityder från omgivningen kan utöver de personliga konsekvenserna leda till att färre anmälningar görs, vilket följdaktligen bidrar till att fler gärningsmän går fria.

This dissertation deals with pawning primarily from the perspective of the pawners. It utilises two samples from the ledgers of a municipal pawnshop in Borås in western Sweden, from 1922/23 and 1932/33. Its aim is to deal with the relation between the material and financial side of pawning as well as the causes behind pawning. One of the results of the study is that most pawn loans were very small, which means that pawning probably was connected to income insufficiency. It showed that weekly repeated pawning, which has been proposed in previous research as a common pattern, was nearly non-existent. Instead, most pawners were occasional customers at the pawnshop. It was shown that certain collateral (such as clothes and decorative objects) affected the length of the redemption time. This meant that pawners had the ability to redeem a pledge quickly – if they had a need for the item. However, at the same time, pawns could remain for a long time in the pawnshop, which indicates that repaying the loan was difficult for the pawner. Otherwise, they should have acted to minimise the interest they had to pay for the loan. For the pawner the payment of the loan likely meant foregoing much needed consumption in the present. According to this study, variability of income was a more important cause for pawning than the size of income. Pawn loans likely countered short-term variation in income or expenditures. However, it could not help against long-term unemployment. The study also investigated if pawning was affected by the life cycle, but found no clear relationship. The study showed that most of the customers at the pawnshop were male, which goes against most of the previous research. Another of the study’s result was that women’s pawning, but not men’s pawning, was connected to the presence of children in the household, and women had also more children than men did. Having many children had also an effect on women’s pawning, but not on men’s. The study considers that it seems like women pawned more due to family needs than men did.