A presente dissertação aborda a situação de conflito prolongado estabelecido na Colômbia a partir da metade do século XX e o impacto que esse embate entre grupos guerrilheiros, grupos paramilitares e o poder estatal tem na população local. A Colômbia é um dos países com o maior número de deslocados internos e refugiados do mundo, demonstrando a centralidade que a temática das migrações tem no cotidiano de sua população. A abordagem aqui empreendida trabalha com deslocados colombianos que pediram refúgio no Equador e necessitaram buscar um terceiro país para serem reassentados, nesse caso no Brasil e, mais especificamente, o Rio Grande do Sul. Diante disso, questiona-se como viver em um país em que há um conflito prolongado influencia no processo de socialização dos indivíduos? Como o medo socialmente construído pela constante presença e ameaça de tal conflito, conforma a trajetória dos indivíduos e faz com a migração seja uma estratégia presente em suas vidas? E, por fim, como o medo continua operando e mobilizando a vida dos refugiados reassentados? Objetiva discutir as principais correntes teóricas que abordam a questão migratória, focando na contribuição que a percepção da violência como fator migratório traz ao campo de discussão das migrações; contextualizar o conflito na Colômbia e analisar como se dá o processo de refúgio no Equador e de reassentamento de refugiados colombianos no Brasil. A partir da trajetória de vida de uma amostra com seis reassentados, buscar apreender como o conflito experienciado em seu país de origem afetou e influenciou suas vidas, objetivando identificar como o medo, enquanto construção social,fez parte da socialização dessas pessoas e de como segue fazendo parte de suas vidas no país de primeiro asilo e no país de reassentamento. As hipóteses que norteiam esse trabalho são que os indivíduos expostos a situações de conflito prolongado desenvolvem disposições para migrar, que são adquiridas ao longo do processo de socialização através do contato com diferentes grupos e espaços, tornando temas como conflito, violência e migração recorrentes nas diferentes esferas da vida social; em sociedades que enfrentam conflitos prolongados, a violência sistematicamente impetrada contra as populações e seus ecos na vida social, faz com que seja desenvolvido um medo coletivo. Esse medo, socialmente construído, influencia na trajetória de vida dos indivíduos, que buscam migrar como estratégia de sobrevivência; o indivíduo que foi socializado nessas condições acaba carregando consigo tal medo socialmente construído e em muitas situações, acaba reproduzindo nas sociedades de acolhida, atitudes e reações pautadas em suas experiências pregressas. Para que seja empreendida tal análise serão utilizados os conceitos de medo socialmente construído, socialização, habitus e estratégia. É uma pesquisa de caráter exploratório e os procedimentos metodológicos utilizados foram a pesquisa bibliográfica e entrevistas em profundidade, além da coleta de dados qualitativos que visam identificar a trajetória. Tais dados foram interpretados á luz da análise de conteúdo. / The present dissertation approaches the situation of extended conflict established in Colombia since de middle of the 20th century and the impact that this brunt between guerrilla groups, paramilitary groups and the state power have on the local community. Colombia is one of the countries with the largest number of internally displaced and refugees in the world, demonstrating the centrality that the theme of migration have on the daily life of its population. The approach here undertakes works with displaced Colombians who requested refugee on Equator and needed to seek a third country to be resettled, in this case in Brazil and, more specifically, Rio Grande do Sul. Given this fact, it's questioned how living in a country where there is a prolonged conflict influences the process of socialization of the individuals? How the fear socially constructed by the constant presence and threat of such conflict conforms the trajectory of the individuals and makes the immigration a present strategy in their lives? And, lastly, how the fear keeps operating and mobilizing the lives of the resettled refugees? It is intended to discuss the main theoretical currents that approach the migration matter, focusing on the contribution that the perception of violence as a migratory factor brings to the field of migration discussion; contextualize the conflict in Colombia and analyze how the process of refuge in Equator and resettlement of Colombian refugees in Brazil happens. From the life trajectory of a sample of six resettled, seek to learn how the conflict experienced in their country of origin affected and influenced their lives, aiming to identify how the fear, as a social construction, took part of the socialization of those people and how it keeps being a part of their lives in the country of first refuge and in the resettlement country. The hypotheses that guide this work are that the individuals exposed to the extended conflict situations develop willingness to migrate, which are acquired along the process of socialization through the contact with different groups and spaces, making subjects such as conflict, violence and migration recurrent on different spheres of social life; in societies that face extended conflicts, the violence systematically filed against the populations and its echoes on the social life, develops a collective fear. This fear, socially constructed, influences the life trajectory of the individuals which seek to migrate as a survival strategy; the individual that was socialized on those conditions ends up carrying with such fear socially constructed, and in many situations, ends up reproducing in the host society attitudes and reactions based on their previous experiences. To undertake this analysis, it will be used the concepts of socially constructed fear, socialization, habitus and strategy. It’s a exploratory research and the methodological procedures used were bibliographical researches and in-depth interviews, in addition to qualitative data collection, aimed to identify the trajectory. These data were interpreted in the light of the content analysis. / La presente tesis aborda la situación de conflicto prolongado establecido en Colombia a partir de la mitad del siglo XX y el impacto que ese embate entre grupos guerrilleros, grupos paramilitares y el poder estatal tiene en la población local. Colombia es uno de los países con mayor número de desplazados internos y refugiados del mundo, demostrando la centralidad que la temática de las migraciones tiene en el cotidiano de la población. El enfoque aquí emprendido trabaja con los desplazados colombianos que pidieron refugio en Ecuador y necesitaron buscar un tercer país para su reasentamiento, en este caso Brasil y, más específicamente, en Rio Grande del Sur. Desde esta realidad, se cuestiona: ¿Cómo vivir en un país, a partir de la influencia de un conflicto prolongado en el proceso de socialización de los individuos?, ¿Cómo el miedo socialmente construido por la constante presencia y amenaza de tal conflicto, conforma la trayectoria de los individuos y hace que la migración sea una estrategia presente en sus vidas?, Y finalmente, ¿Cómo el miedo continúa operando y movilizando la vida de los refugiados reasentados? Se pretende discutir las principales corrientes teóricas que abordan la cuestión migratoria, enfocando en la contribución que la percepción de la violencia como factor migratorio trae al campo de discusión de las migraciones; contextualizar el conflicto en Colombia y analizar cómo se da el proceso de refugio en Ecuador y de reasentamiento de refugiados colombianos en Brasil. A partir de la trayectoria de vida de una muestra con seis reasentados, buscar aprender cómo el conflicto vivido en su país de origen afectó e influenció sus vidas, objetivando identificar cómo el miedo, en cuanto construcción social, formó parte de la socialización de esas personas y de cómo sigue siendo parte en sus vidas en el país de primer asilo y en el país de reasentamiento. Las hipótesis que orientan este trabajo son: que los individuos expuestos a situaciones de conflicto prolongado desenvuelven disposiciones para migrar, adquiridas a lo largo del proceso de socialización a través del contacto con diferentes grupos y espacios, surgiendo temas como conflicto, violencia y migración habituales en las diferentes esferas de la vida social; en sociedades que enfrentan conflictos prolongados, la violencia sistemáticamente impregnada contra las poblaciones y sus ecos en la vida social, hace que sea expandido un miedo colectivo. Ese miedo, socialmente construido, influye en la trayectoria de vida de los individuos, que buscan migrar como estrategia de sobrevivencia; el individuo que fue socializado bajo esas condiciones acaba llevando consigo tal miedo socialmente construido y que en muchas situaciones, acaba reproduciendo en las sociedades acogedoras, actitudes y reacciones pautadas en sus experiencias pasadas. Para que sea emprendido tal análisis serán utilizados los conceptos de miedo socialmente construido, socialización, habitus y estrategia. Es una investigación de carácter exploratorio y los procedimientos metodológicos utilizados fueron la investigación bibliográfica y entrevistas en profundidad, además de la colecta de datos cualitativos que visan identificar las trayectorias. Tales datos fueron interpretados a la luz del análisis del contenido.

Submitted by Mariana Assumpcao (maghizzi@gmail.com) on 2018-08-29T03:35:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 State-Of-The-Art Practices Being Reported by the PRME Champions Group - A Reference to Advance Education for Sustainable Development_Mariana Assumpcao_2018.pdf: 4548141 bytes, checksum: 8ed554ba741dffca269c8a36802c13ac (MD5) / Rejected by Simone de Andrade Lopes Pires (simone.lopes@fgv.br), reason: Prezada Mariana, Recebemos o seu trabalho na biblioteca mas será necessário fazer alguns ajustes. Estou encaminhando por e-mail as alterações necessárias. Por favor, faça as alterações e submeta novamente o trabalho na biblioteca digital. 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No. of bitstreams: 1 State-Of-The-Art Practices Being Reported by the PRME Champions Group - A Reference to Advance Education for Sustainable Development_2018.pdf: 4587968 bytes, checksum: 9f93d7aab79b6eeafed4e925d67c24f9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-05-28 / This study aims to offer a diagnostic of the 'state-of-the-art' practices being reported throughout the Sharing Information Process (SIP) by the Champions Group, a group of schools that are signatories of the Principles of Responsible Management Education (PRME, a United Nations Global Compact initiative), committed to spearheading transformational change toward more socially and environmentally responsible leadership. The study also suggests an analytical model - based on qualitative research and documentary analysis – to define the study sample, investigate data, identify patterns, organise and codify a large amount of information within all reports searched. The analytical model represents a framework in which the result is a collection of practices being reported, functioning as a useful guide and practical reference for higher educational institutions – signatory or otherwise – when promoting or advancing transformational change in their business model. The framework could also be valuable for Graduate Schools – or even Primary Schools to High Schools – considering the urgency of the 2030 Agenda, especially its 4.7 target, referred to as 'An education for sustainable development and global citizenship'. / Este estudo propõe um diagnóstico do que seria o estado da arte das práticas sendo reportadas através dos relatórios SIP (Sharing Information Process) pelo Champions Group, um grupo de escolas de negócios que são signatárias do Principles of Responsible Management Education (PRME, uma iniciativa da Organização das Nações Unidas pelo Pacto Globa) e que se comprometeram a liderar mudanças transformacionais em direção a formação de lideranças mais responsáveis quanto a aspectos sociais e ambientais. O estudo também sugere um modelo analítico – baseado em pesquisa qualitativa a análise documental – para os processos de definição da amostra de pesquisa, de investigação de informações, identificação de padrões, organização e codificação de uma vasta quantidade de dados contidos no total de relatórios pesquisados. O modelo analítico representa um framework no qual o resultado corresponde a compilação das práticas reportadas, representando um guia útil e uma referência prática para instituições de ensino superior – signatárias ou não do PRME – quando estiverem promovendo ou avançando em mudanças transformacionais de seu modelo de negócio. O framework pode também ter valor para escolas de Graduação – ou mesmo para escolas de ensino fundamental e ensino médio – considerando a urgência destacada na Agenda 2030, especialmente na meta 4.7, que faz referência a 'uma educação para o desenvolvimento sustentável e para a cidadania global'.

The overarching aim of this study was to examine female social workers’ (ie. drug counselors’ and members of treatment staff’s) perception of the sexuality of girls and boys. The results indicate that the IPs define female high risk sexual behavior differently than male high-risk sexual behavior. For females, the mere act of having sex with multiple men in combination with drug use was considered problematic, while for males, the question was whether he was having protected sex. A history of CSA was considered to affect the sexuality of both the female and male vignette characters, but in different ways: the male character was seen to punish himself through multiple sexual partners while the female was seen to be unable to make informed sexual decisions or even to enjoy sex. Finally, the concept of sexual exploitation was analyzed and found to be inconsistently used not only by the IPs, but also in the research literature. In the discussion, it is stressed that social services and treatment personnel need to be clear about what they mean by sexual exploitation of girls. Paying undue attention to a girl’s sex life will not help her in any significant way. Instead, social workers should help girls use their gifts and strengths to express their innermost being, helping them find their voice. / Det övergripande syftet med denna studie var att undersöka kvinnliga socialarbetares (det vill säga drogbehandlares och behandlingspersonals) uppfattning om tonårsflickors och tonårspojkars sexualitet. Resultaten indikerar att intervjupersonerna definierar sexuellt högriskbeteende annorlunda hos flickor och pojkar. För flickor uppfattades det som problematiskt att ha sex med flera män i kombination med narkotikabruk, medan det för pojkar handlade om huruvida de hade skyddat sex. En historia av sexuella övergrepp i barndomen ansågs kunna påverka sexualiteten hos både kvinnliga och manliga vinjettkaraktärer men på olika sätt: den manliga karaktären ansågs bestraffa sig själv genom många sexuella partners medan den kvinnliga upplevdes oförmögen att fatta informerade sexuella beslut eller ens njuta av sex. Slutligen analyserades begreppet sexuellt utnyttjande och visade sig användas inkonsekvent inte bara av intervjupersonerna, men också i forskningslitteraturen. I diskussionen betonas att socialtjänst och behandlingspersonal måste klargöra vad de menar med sexuellt utnyttjande av flickor. Att ge otillbörlig uppmärksamhet åt en tonårsflickas sexliv hjälper henne inte på något väsentligt sätt. Istället bör socialarbetare hjälpa flickor att använda sina talanger och styrkor för att uttrycka sitt innersta väsen och därmed hjälpa dem finna sin röst.

Cette thèse a pour objet de décrire l’argumentation des élèves dans dix « cafés scientifiques » sur l’eau potable ayant eu lieu en 2011-2012 dans quatre écoles au Mexique, aux USA et en France. Il s’agit d’environnements éducatifs semi-formels (activité organisée à l’école mais extracurriculaire). Cette démarche est détaillée dans une première partie, avec la présentation des divers ancrages théoriques qui l’ont inspirée, issus de la linguistique interactionnelle, des études de l’argumentation, et de plusieurs traditions de recherches en éducation ; puis la définition des principales questions de recherche ; et enfin une présentation détaillée du corpus d’analyse.Au niveau mésoscopique, est proposée dans la partie II une analyse de la qualité des interactions lors du travail en petits groupes d’élèves, inspirée de la typologie des types de discours de Mercer (1996). Le discours d’exploration est appréhendé à partir de 5 indicateurs adaptés à la situation pédagogique, et attesté dans les trois pays. Ses frontières avec le discours d’accumulation et le discours de dispute sont précisées. Enfin, l’ensemble de la typologie est questionnée et affinée, à l’aune de cas problématiques interrogeant les unités d’analyse pertinentes et l’alternance entre les différents types de discours. La partie III analyse plutôt le travail de construction des arguments par les élèves, à l’échelle microscopique, à partir de trois grands types de ressources : savoirs, principes généraux incluant lois, normes et valeurs, et émotions. Un relevé exhaustif des éléments de savoir-croyance et des principes généraux utilisés par les élèves est réalisé. Est ensuite proposé un modèle du recours à ces principes dans l’interaction argumentative, inspiré de celui de la structure conversationnelle de l’argumentation de Muntigl et Turnbull (1998). Enfin, trois études de cas donnent à voir le fonctionnement discursif de la mobilisation des émotions à des fins argumentatives, à partir d’outils proposés par Plantin (2011). Dans la partie IV, à l’échelle macroscopique, les dix débats réalisés sur les différents terrains sont comparés. Le cadrage du débat est caractérisé sur le plan de l’orientation thématique vers des domaines de savoir et celui de la préférence pour certains modèles cognitifs de l’eau. Est également étudiée la façon dont les élèves construisent l’objet de discours « eau » et le présentent préférentiellement sous certains éclairages (Grize, 1990, 1996), phénomène analysé à l’aide d’outils textométriques. Les résultats des votes d’opinion individuels et par groupe réalisés tout au long des débats sont enfin présentés. L’ensemble de ces éléments (11-14) convergent pour décrire le travail discursif des élèves comme l’activation et le renforcement de scenarios d’affrontement entre argumentaires typiques. Ainsi, chaque sous-corpus national se caractérise par un scenario argumentatif propre, qui domine les débats, même si d’autres scenarios, minoritaires, cohabitent avec lui.Finalement, ce travail offre un modèle cohérent de l’argumentation des élèves, qui permet de caractériser à différents niveaux ces scenarios argumentatifs. / This thesis aims at describing students’ argumentation in ten « scientific cafés » about drinking water organized in 2011-2012 in Mexico, the USA and France. These events can be characterized as a semi-formal educational context (at school but an extra-curricular activity). Part I begins with a literature review of theoretical backgrounds in interactional linguistics, argumentation studies, and education research. The main research questions and the empirical data used in the study are then presented.Part II reports an analysis of the quality of students’ interactions at the mesoscopic level, while they are working in small groups, based on Mercer’s talk typology (1996). Exploratory talk is evidenced in each of the three countries, and is analyzed with 5 indicators taking into account the specificities of the pedagogical situation. The boundaries between exploratory talk, cumulative talk and disputational talk are discussed. The whole typology is refined, with the presentation of problematic atypical cases, raising the issues of the relevant unit of analysis and the alternation between different types of talk. Part III consists of an analysis of students’ work of building up their arguments at the microscopic level. To do so, they use 3 types of resources: knowledge, general principles (including laws, norms and values), and emotions. An inventory of the knowledge-belief elements and general principles used by the students is presented. An interactional model of the argumentative use of these general principles is then proposed, based on Muntigl and Turnbull’s model of the conversational structure of argumentation (1998). Finally, three case studies describe the role of emotions in students’ argumentation, using Plantin’s conceptual and methodological tools (2011).In the last chapter, Part IV, the ten debates are analyzed and compared at the macroscopic level. They are characterized by their tendency for orientation of the discourse towards disciplinary knowledge fields and their preference for certain cognitive models of water over others. There is also an analysis of how the students build « water » as a discourse object (“objet de discours”), and present it in specific lights (“éclairage”) (Grize, 1990, 1996). This analysis depends notably on the use of textometric tools. Results of individual and group opinion votes during the cafés are also presented. These three sets of results converge to give a global picture of students’ discursive work as the activation and strengthening of typical scenarios of opposing arguments. Each national sub-corpus has a specific, preferred argumentative scenario, which dominates the debates, even though there are alternative minority scenarios coexisting with the dominant scheme.In summary, this thesis offers a coherent model of students’ argumentation, and permits the characterization of such argumentative scenarios at different levels.

D’essence interétatique, le droit international public semble fermer ses frontières à toute responsabilité des entreprises transnationales. Cette imperméabilité à la reconnaissance d’une responsabilité juridique per se des pouvoirs économiques globaux n’a cependant pas empêché l’ordre international d’être réactif et d’évoluer en douceur. Face à l’apparition de plusieurs scandales liés à de graves violations des droits de l’homme, notamment dans le cadre des chaînes d’approvisionnement globales, il n’était plus concevable pour l’opinion publique de laisser les entreprises transnationales profiter du vide juridique existant. D’un cafouillis normatif émerge une régulation globale fortement imprégnée par le mouvement de responsabilité sociale des entreprises (RSE). Cette institutionnalisation de la RSE s’appuie sur plusieurs instruments normatifs parmi lesquels les principes directeurs des organisations internationales occupent une place centrale. Ces principes ont vocation à guider les actions des entreprises indépendamment de leur localisation géographique par le biais d’une sorte de toile normative uniforme pour tout le globe. En revanche, la mise en œuvre de cette régulation globale de la RSE n’est possible que par les pressions des acteurs sociaux (société civile et marché) qui tendent à promouvoir la responsabilité des entreprises et facilitent ainsi la transformation de la nature de ses normes. Des normes d’origine privée tendent progressivement à devenir une valeur incontournable dans la gouvernance des chaînes d’approvisionnement globales. En intronisant la RSE dans les relations contractuelles, cette gouvernance signerait l’avènement de nouvelles formulations de la RSE. Cette normativité nouvelle et innovante entend dès lors combler l’espace normatif inoccupé par les États. / Destined, in essence, to regulate interstate relations, public international law seems closed to the idea of recognizing liability of transnational corporations. However, this imperviousness to recognizing legal responsibility per se of global economic powers has not prevented a soft evolution of the international order. Following several scandals related to violations of human rights, some in the context of global supply chains, civil society could no longer allow transnational companies to take advantage of the existing legal vacuum. As a result, a global regulation strongly influenced by the trend of corporate social responsibility (CSR) emerged from a normative muddle. This institutionalization of CSR is based on several instruments, including guiding principles on Business and Human Rights which occupy a central position in this regulatory trend. It is intended that these principles will apply as a uniform, global normative canvas. Therefore, they should guide actions of companies regardless of their geographic location. The implementation of this CSR global framework is possible due to substantial pressure exerted by non-governmental actors, such as civil society and the market. These actors seek to promote CSR and facilitate the transformation of this regulation. Particularly, private standards are playing an increasingly important role in the governance of global supply chains. By establishing CSR in contractual relations, this governance would mark the advent of new regulatory tools which seek to fill in the public law gaps.

La thèse aborde la problématique des usages de l'eau dans un archipel ouest-africain semi-aride, pauvre, vulnérable, où la question des ressources hydriques a toujours posé de graves problèmes, que cinq siècles de colonisation n'ont pas résolu. Dans un monde ouvert, interdépendant, où les questions de durabilité environnementale, de production agricole, de sécurité alimentaire et de lutte contre la pauvreté et pour le développement sont des enjeux majeurs pour la planète et ses habitants, la gestion intégrée des ressources en eau (GIRE) constitue une solution intéressante pour une économie cap-verdienne de l'eau répondant à ces défis.L'objectif de la thèse est de contribuer à la mise en œuvre de la GIRE sur le territoire de la République du Cap-Vert. Elle s'interroge sur le « modèle transféré » des barrages hydrauliques, avec l'exemple de celui de Poilão, dans la Ribeira Seca de l'île de Santiago, premier barrage construit au Cap-Vert, avec l'aide de la coopération chinoise. Elle examine le rôle et les effets de l'irrigation, les impacts de sa réalisation sur l'environnement local, ainsi que les problèmes socio-économiques entraînés par l'usage de l'eau dans le bassin versant de la Ribeira Seca. La thèse s'interroge sur la question de la gouvernance juridique, réglementaire et institutionnelle de l'eau au Cap-Vert, avec des comparaisons internationales. Enfin, elle propose un modèle de gestion de l'eau inspiré de l'approche GIRE. / This thesis deals with the problem of water use in a poor, vulnerable, semi-arid West African archipelago where the issue of water resources has always posed major problems, problems which five centuries of colonization were unable to solve. In an open, interdependent world in which issues of environmental sustainability, agricultural production, food security and the fight against poverty and in favor of development are major challenges for the planet and its inhabitants, integrated water resources management (IWRM) constitutes an interesting solution for an economy of water that responds to these difficulties in the country.The objective of the thesis is to contribute to the implementation of integral water resource management in the territory of the Republic of Cabo Verde. It questions the “adopted model” of hydraulic dams, with the example of the Polião Dam in Ribeira Seca valley, on the island of Santiago, the first dam built in Cabo Verde, with the help of the People’s Republic of China. It examines the role and effects of irrigation, the impacts of engaging therein on the local environment, and the socio-economic problems caused by water usage in the Ribeira Seca watershed.The thesis also uses international comparisons to raise questions related to the legal, regulatory and institutional governance of water in Cabo Verde. Finally, it proposes a water management model inspired by the Integrated Water Resources Management approach. / A presente tese aborda a questão do uso da água num arquipélago Oeste Africano semiárido, pobre, vulnerável, onde a questão dos recursos hídricos sempre levantou problemas graves, que cinco séculos de colonização não conseguiram resolver. Num mundo interdependente e aberto, onde as questões de sustentabilidade ambiental, a produção agrícola, a segurança alimentar e a luta contra a pobreza e pelo desenvolvimento são as questões fundamentais para (a preservação) do planeta e seus habitantes, a gestão integrada dos recursos hídricos (GIRH) é uma solução interessante para uma economia cabo-verdiana da água que responda a estes desafios.O objetivo desta tese é o de contribuir para a implementação da GIRH no território da República de Cabo Verde. A tese questiona sobre o "modelo transferido " de barragens, como por exemplo o da Barragem de Poilão na Ribeira Seca, na ilha de Santiago, a primeira barragem construída em Cabo Verde, com a ajuda da Cooperação chinesa. A tese examina o papel e os efeitos da irrigação, o impacto da sua implementação no ambiente local, assim como os problemas socioeconómicos causados pelo uso da água na bacia hidrográfica de Ribeira Seca.A tese interroga-se sobre a questão da governança jurídica, regulamentar e institucional da água em Cabo Verde, usando o direito comparado internacional. Finalmente, a tese oferece um modelo de gestão da água, com base na abordagem GIRH.

Ce mémoire vise à produire des énoncés théoriques par une synthèse des connaissances sur les enjeux controversés dans le cadre de l’enseignement de l’histoire au secondaire. Nous posons au corpus de la recherche les questions suivantes : Comment le contexte influence-t-il le traitement scolaire des enjeux controversés ? Comment se manifestent les différentes approches pédagogiques et quels sont leurs effets sur les élèves ? Notre synthèse révèle que le traitement des enjeux controversés est limité par différents facteurs contextuels, comme la mémoire collective, la pression normative et la pression sociale. Puis, elle révèle aussi que les discussions sur des enjeux controversés contribuent au développement des habiletés intellectuelles, des compétences citoyennes et des connaissances lorsqu’elles s’opèrent selon certains critères. / The purpose of this thesis is to produce theoretical statements by gathering the available knowledge from the existing body of research on the teaching of controversial issues in high school history classrooms. We ask the following questions: How does context influence the school treatment of controversial issues? What are the possible approaches and how do they affect students? Our work reveals that school treatment of controversial issues is limited by contextual factors such as collective memory, normative pressure and social pressure. It also reveals that discussions of controversial issues contribute to the development of intellectual abilities, citizenship skills and knowledge when they follow certain criteria.

Syftet med studien var att undersöka de tre brottsförebyggande åtgärdsförslagen för socialt utsatta grupper i socialt utsatta områden presenterade av regeringen i 34-punktsprogrammet. Detta via en jämförande analys av texten i förhållande till Brottsförebyggande Rådets kunskapsöversikt inom samma problemområde. Denna undersökning grundar sig i frågeställningarna om vilka åtgärder 34-punktsprogrammet och Brottsförebyggande rådets översikt presenterar samt hur de överensstämmer vad gäller åtgärdsmål och målgrupp. Underlaget för studiens bakgrund ger läsaren förutsättningar att förstå brottsprevention i förhållande till brottsförebyggande åtgärder, 34-punktprogrammets innebörd och centrala aktörer i det brottsförebyggande arbetet. Med stöd av studiens tematiska innehållsanalys har flertal gemensamma teman återfunnits där samverkan och ökad kunskap varit betydande i brottsförebyggande arbetet mot gängkriminaliteten i socialt utsatta områden. Studiens resultat har däremot visat på att det råder en viss diskrepans vad gäller definitionen av socialt utsatta grupper och socialt utsatta områden samt en vaghet om hur 34-punktsprogrammet förhåller sig till Brå’s kunskapsöversikt. Studiens resultat möjliggör förslag på vidare forskning i form av jämförelse med internationell forskning. Ännu ett förslag är att undersöka huruvida en gemensam definition av brottsförebyggande arbete påverkar beredningen av kriminalpolitiska åtgärdsförslag. Ett slutligt aktuellt förslag är även att undersöka effektiviteten av åtgärderna för att tillhandahålla information om huruvida åtgärderna är tillämpningsbara inom svensk kriminalpolitik. / The purpose of the study was to examine the three crime prevention measures for socially vulnerable groups in socially vulnerable areas presented by the government in the 34-point program. The purpose is fulfilled by a comparative analysis of the 34-point program in relation to the Crime Prevention Council's research review within the same problem area. This study is based on what measures the 34-point program and the Crime Prevention Council's research review present, as well as how they correspond in terms of action goals and target group. The basis for the study's background provides the reader with the prerequisites to understand crime prevention in relation to crime prevention measures, the meaning of the 34-point program and key actors in crime prevention work. With the support of the study's thematic content analysis, several common themes have been found where collaboration and increased knowledge have been significant in crime prevention work against gang crime in socially vulnerable areas. The results of the study, on the other hand, have shown that there is a certain discrepancy regarding the definition of socially vulnerable groups and socially vulnerable areas, as well as a vagueness about how the 34-point program relates to Crime Prevention Council's research review. The results of the study enable proposals for further research in the form of comparison with international research. Another proposal is to investigate whether a common definition of crime prevention work affects the preparation of criminal policy measures. A final current proposal is also to investigate the effectiveness of the measures to provide information on whether the measures are applicable in Swedish criminal policy.

This master thesis aims to investigate participatory art with focus on socially engaged art. The study is based on  Hannah Arendt’s theories of plurality, the public space and the work of art as a ”thought-thing” where the sensory experiences are central. The human’s social life is based on appearances, and individuals appear in front of each other. These appearances are based on a variety of perspectives. The purpose of the essay is to understand what vulnerability means for the art form, and how we as viewers can approach the artwork. By taking a theoretical point of view, the process draws support from Arendt's claim about the work of art as a ”thought-thing”. This is also the method for the thesis where the thought and it’s exploration have a central place and contribute to an organic process. This process follows the events that occur in the outside world like a ”train of thoughts” that connects and develops as a chain.          During this process there have been two great world events that have affected peoples freedom and ability to meet: the pandemic and the war between Russia and Ukraine. This led to the study being influenced by art initiatives linked to Ukraine.           The study begins with identifying the roles and perspectives in the artwork and then continues to discuss how to approach the analysis. This led to see the artwork as several parts that form a whole with the conclusion that the hermeneutic circle would form an appropriate method. The spectator’s pre-understanding is the starting point of the interpretation and helps to reach a deeper understanding of the subject. Finally the analysis results in an interpretation of the French artist JR’s work The Resilience of Ukraine that takes place in Liviv in March 2022. This participatory artwork illustrates the Ukrainian people’s situation in the war between Russia and their country.           The conclusion of the study is that it is important to see whose vulnerability it is that shapes the artwork and that vulnerability is an aesthetic perspective that enables a deeper understanding of the world. The spectator is an active agent that takes part in the appearances even when not formally invited to join the event. With it’s pre-understanding and ability to interpret, the role activates and the spectator gains a deeper understanding of the situation or the artwork. It is the ability to gain deeper understanding that is central for the spectator.

Bientôt, les robots ne travailleront plus de manière isolée mais avec nous. Ils entrent peu à peu dans notre vie de tous les jours pour coopérer, assister, aider, servir, apprendre, enseigner ou même jouer avec l'homme. Dans ce contexte, nous considérons que ce ne doit pas être à l'homme de s'adapter au robot. Au contraire, le robot doit être capable d'intégrer, dans ses stratégies de planification et de décision, différents facteurs d'effort et de confort et de prendre en compte les préférences et désirs de l'homme ainsi que les normes sociales de son environnement. Tout en respectant les principes de sécurité réglementaire, le robot doit se comporter, naviguer, manipuler, communiquer et apprendre d'une manière qui soit pertinente, acceptée et compréhensible par l'homme. Cette thèse explore et définit les ingrédients clés nécessaires au robot pour développer une telle intelligence socio-cognitive. Elle définit également un cadre pour l'interaction homme-robot permettant de s'attaquer à ces challenges dans le but de rendre le robot socialement intelligent / Robots will no longer be working isolated from us. They are entering into our day-to-day life to cooperate, assist, help, serve, learn, teach and play with us. In this context, it is important that because of the presence of robots, the human should not be on compromising side. To achieve this, beyond the basic safety requirements, robots should take into account various factors ranging from human’s effort, comfort, preferences, desire, to social norms, in their various planning and decision making strategies. They should behave, navigate, manipulate, interact and learn in a way, which is expected, accepted, and understandable by us, the human. This thesis begins by exploring and identifying the basic yet key ingredients of such socio-cognitive intelligence. Then we develop generic frameworks and concepts from HRI perspective to address these additional challenges, and to elevate the robots capabilities towards being socially intelligent