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企業併購下目標公司董事之受任人義務 / The fiduciary duty of the directors under mergers and acquisitions林芝君 Unknown Date (has links)
現代公司走向公開發行後,公司由廣大而分散的投資股東所有,投資股東雖擁有公司所有權,卻無多餘的心力與能力去參與公司經營,公司經營交由專業經營者,於是產生企業經營與所有分離之情況,在企業經營與所有分離下,股東與經營者間乃出現代理問題,為解決代理問題,本人勢必要付出代理成本,近年來十分熱門的公司治理議題亦致力於降低代理成本問題,並從董事責任之加強著手,故而建立與釐清董事之受任人義務內涵,乃一重要的課題。
董事之受任人義務內涵,可分為注意義務與忠實義務兩個子義務,前者主要著重於董事之行為標準,後者則是關於董事與公司間有利益衝突時,董事應以公司利益為先之義務。本文先就美國相關規定分析介紹,再進一步探討我國公司法就董事受任人義務規範之不足之處,以提出相關建議。接著本文就董事對股東揭露義務將特予介紹,蓋股東必須在充足資訊揭露下才能做出最適的決定,而董事不僅是能以最低成本提供股東資訊者,且從董事與股東之受託人關係觀之,亦可作為應為股東利益最大化而提供資訊之合理性基礎。
董事相關受任人義務內涵在併購過程中是否會有所不同,亦為本文關注之重點,故區分為合意併購與敵意併購兩種情況加以分析。合意併購時著重於探討董事如何於併購過程中為公司及股東爭取最佳的利益,並藉由分析我國實務判決提出若干建議。敵意併購時則著重分析目標公司董事採行之防禦措施適法性,期能藉由參考美國實務上審查標準,將來可引用作為我國處理相關案例之一套準據。 / When corporations go public, a large number of investment shareholders who separate around everywhere own the corporation. Because shareholders don’t have enough time and talent to corporate the company, they deliver the works to professional managers. It appears “Separation of business and all”. At the same time, there come conflicts of interest between the principal and the agent, which called agency problems. In order to produce the agency problems, the principal has to pay for some costs which called agency costs. Recently, the popular corporate governance issue has emphasized the importance of the liabilities of the directors. Hence, to figure out how to build directors’ responsibilities and to know the content of fiduciary duty of the directors is a significant issue.
Fiduciary duty of the directors consists of two sub content: duty of care and duty of loyalty. The former focuses on the level of attention of the directors take when they conduct. And the later focuses on when it faces the conflicts of interest between the company and the directors, the directors should take the company’s interest for priority. In this paper, I try to analysis the lack of the fiduciary duty standard in our country through comparing the U.S relevant standard, and to give some personal suggestion. Then I want to introduce the obligation of disclose of the directors. Because the shareholders need plenty of information to help them making informed decisions. Usually the directors can provide information under relatively low cost, and the fiduciary relationship between the directors and the shareholders gives a good reason to provide any necessary information to improve the shareholders’ best interest.
If the fiduciary duty of the directors would be different during the takeover process is also what this paper wants to emphasize. In this paper I divided takeover into merger agreement and hostile takeover, and discuss under these two kind of takeover how should the directors conduct to meet the duty. When talking about merger agreement I focus on how the directors to seek for the best interest of the company and the shareholders during the whole merger course. And I try to give some suggestion through discussing one court judgment. Finally, when talking about hostile takeover I will emphasize on the anti-takeover conducts which the directors make, and try to analysis these conducts’ legality. Meanwhile I hope that with critiques and dissertations from American scholars and experts as reference can provide our court some useful and specific criterion in the future.
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不同的交易機制對於預測市場運作表現之影響分析:以2009年縣市長選舉為例 / The analysis of different trading mechanisms for prediction market performance: the case of 2009 mayoral elections郭峻宇, Kuo, Chun Yu Unknown Date (has links)
「預測市場」以未來事件為交易標的,透過網路平台彙整即時資訊,運用價格來判斷未來事件的發展,此研究方法同時具有「適當獎懲」與「連續修正」兩項特性。
本研究以文獻分析途徑探究預測市場在不同交易機制下的運作方式與市場價格決定過程,並據此分析不同交易機制之間的差異與影響預測市場運作的因素;除此之外,本研究另以個案研究途徑來探討「連續雙向拍賣」與「市場計分法則」兩個交易機制在價格準確度、市場流動性、價格炒作、參與誘因與莊家風險之間的差異。
本研究發現:若交易機制是連續雙向拍賣,則「0-100型」合約價格的預測準確度較高;若交易機制是市場計分法則,則「落點預測型」合約價格的預測準確度較高。連續雙向拍賣機制具有市場流動性不足的問題;市場計分法則機制面臨莊家風險的危機且不適用於市場競爭度高的環境;而上述兩種交易機制皆會出現價格炒作的現象。 / “Prediction market” is a research method based on immediate information collecting and organizing on the internet platform. With future events as the object of transaction, variations of the price of each transaction thus immediately provide the prediction of the development of future events. Therefore, this method has two properties including “appropriate incentives” and “continuous correction”.
In this study, document analysis is first conducted to review the operation modes of different trading mechanisms for prediction markets and the process of price making. Accordingly, differences between trading mechanisms and the factors that affect the operation of prediction market will also be analyzed. Furthermore, comparisons of the price accuracy, market liquidity, price speculation, incentives and maker risks between "continuous double auction" and "market scoring rule" are discussed in case study.
The findings of this study: if the trading mechanism is “continuous double auction”, the price accuracy of “winner-take-all” contract is higher; if the trading mechanism is “market scoring rules”, the price accuracy of “index” contract is higher. There exists insufficient market liquidity in “continuous double auction;” while in “market scoring rule,” there exists maker risks and it is hard to be applied in highly competitive market. The phenomenon of price speculation exits in both trading mechanisms.
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論刑事訴訟法之勘驗-以勘驗權限分配與勘驗筆錄之調查為中心 / A study on the inspection of the Code of Criminal Procedure - Focusing on the allocation of inspection authority and the investigation of inspection records張建強 Unknown Date (has links)
一、觀念釐清:
1、勘驗之證據方法是指由實施證據調查之主體親自勘驗,而不包括調查勘驗筆錄在內。若實施證據調查之主體未親自對勘驗標的進行觀察、體驗,而僅調查由他人所製作之勘驗筆錄者,將無從直接依其感官知覺作用而獲得證據資料,反之僅是以他人書面轉述之內容作為證據,性質上應屬於文書之證據方法。
2、勘驗權限之有無與勘驗筆錄得否作為證據使用並無直接關係。在偵查階段,勘驗權限之有無主要應著重在強制處分之發動權限;反之審判階段強調證據調查之嚴格性,上述規定均非以賦予勘驗筆錄證據能力為其目的,故自不得以法院或檢察官有勘驗權限,即推論其勘驗筆錄一概具有證據能力。
3、審判中,法院原則上應親自實施勘驗以調查證據,僅於構成實質直接性例外之情形,始得以調查勘驗筆錄取代法院親自勘驗。於個案中已符合直接審理原則之例外情形,始應考量勘驗筆錄是否具有證據能力之問題。
二、勘驗筆錄之證據能力:
1、不論實施勘驗者為法官、檢察官或司法警察(官),其所製作之勘驗筆錄均為傳聞證據,而應受傳聞法則之拘束。其中就法院或法官所製作之勘驗筆錄而言,基於法官公正、中立之定位,應得類推現行法第159條之1第1項之規定,肯定其符合傳聞例外而得作為證據使用,但仍應注意當事人及辯護人在場權之保障。
2、檢察官所製作之勘驗筆錄,應得類推第159條之1第2項之規定,原則上具有證據能力。但基於保障當事人反對詰問權之觀點,偵查中檢察官若無正當理由,仍未通知當事人或辯護人於勘驗時到場者,既無從藉由即時提出意見以確保筆錄之真實性及正確型,應認為該勘驗筆錄具有第159條之1第2項「顯有不可信之情況」,而不應允許作為證據。
3、至於司法警察(官)所製作之勘驗筆錄或勘察報告,除經當事人同意者外,得由製作該勘驗筆錄或勘察報告之司法警察(官)於審判中到庭,具結證述其勘驗筆錄製作之真實,並賦予當事人及辯護人為反對詰問之機會後,肯定該勘驗筆錄或勘察報告具有證據能力。不得以現行法第212條未將司法警察(官)規定為勘驗主體,便認為其勘驗結果絕對不得作為證據。
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論自白信用性之分析與審查標準-以江國慶案為例 / 無陳先成 Unknown Date (has links)
本研究主要是陳述自白濫用之困境與解決途徑。過去法院在審理案件時,相當重視犯人的自白,然而過份強調自白容易違反無罪推定原則及公平法院原則,且易造成誤判。自白信用性應如何確定,一直是刑事法學及偵審實務上最具爭議且影響事實認定之重大的課題,但深入探討此議題的文獻有限。在台灣最著名的冤案之一就是江國慶案,其冤案成因,主要是法院與偵查機關過度依賴江國慶的自白,研究者為監察院調查官,於民國92年奉命調查此案,調查期間因案件需要,遂開始研究此議題。拉丁法諺明確說明「自白是證據之王」。過去常見使用非任意性自白作為裁判基礎,但對於如何獲取自白方式較不被重視,使用酷刑取得非任意性自白很常見。雖然現代社會使用拷問及酷刑方式取得非任意性自白並不多見,但法官與檢察官仍十分重視自白,因與其他證據相較,自白較容易勾畫犯罪事實之全貌,具有較優勢的地位。雖然自白之取得縱未經強暴、脅迫、利誘、詐欺或其他不正方法,然仍有許多案件顯示有虛偽自白情形。到底是何種原因產生虛偽自白,應該用何種分析方式與審查標準評價該自白,首先必須探討國家機關獲取自白之方式與過程對於犯罪嫌疑人心理影響,始能明瞭自白內容其實是偵訊者透過訊問與犯罪嫌疑人溝通互動之產物,存有偵訊者主觀的意念。因此,本研究之目的主要是藉由江國慶案件深入分析自白信用性,並訂定出審查標準。
本文引用日本有關自白信用性之學說、研究結果以及現行實務,配合我國實務現狀,再藉由江國慶案卷證,描繪自白信用性審查標準。江國慶案因受限軍事審判法規定,不得上述上訴最高法院審酌,其中有關江國慶自白部分具有相當疑義,包括自白之成立係在高壓偵訊環境中所生, 自白與證物不一致等。本案為密室偵訊之典型案例,其中雖自白任意性之爭議極大,但因任意性舉證極為困難,導致歷審軍事法院均三言兩語駁回被告有關任意性之調查證據之聲請,此即為自白任意性在實務操作最大的問題;就自白信用性部分,歷審法院認定方式較無標準,這也是我國實務上之通病。綜合文獻及實務,研究者認為在審查自白信用性的標準應包括:(1)自白成立過程 (2)自白內容變動之合理性 (3)體驗供述之陳述 (4)秘密的暴露 (5)自白與客觀證據之一致性 (6)可供證實之物證不存在與欠缺相關情況證據 (7)犯罪嫌疑人對犯行前後偵訊者以外之人言行與被告的辯解等7項標準。
希望藉由本研究所訂定之標準,提供從事司法實務者在審判審案件時有一清晰客觀的標準,以達成維護公共福祉與保障人權。 / The focus of this study was to describe the dilemma regarding the abusive use of confessions and its solution. In the past, a great emphasis has been placed in course on the confessions of the accused. However, an overemphasis on confessions may violate the principles of presumption of innocence and just court, resulting in miscarriage of justice. Determining the credibility of confessions has been one of the most controversial issues in the criminal law and in the investigation and trial practice. However, limited studies have explored on this issue. In Taiwan, one of the most well-known cases of injustice is the case of Chiang Kuo-Ching. The primary reason for the injustice was the over-reliance of the court and investigation agency on the confession of Chiang Kuo-Ching. As an inquisitor at the Control Yuan, the researcher was involved in the investigation of the case of Chiang Kuo-Ching in 2003. During the investigation, the researcher began a more in-depth study on the issue of abusive use of confessions. Latin law principles proclaim that “confession is the king of evidence”. Involuntary confessions have been commonly used in the past as a foundation for judicial judgment. However, the strategies for acquiring confessions were not stressed. Torture was used in the past for the acquisition of involuntary confessions, while it is not a current practice. Currently, judges and prosecutors greatly value confessions due to their greater capacity of providing an overall picture of the criminal facts, as compared to other strategies. In many cases, false confessions are commonly present. To understand the causes of false confessions and to develop standardized determining criteria for false confessions, it is critical to explore the psychological impacts of the processes and strategies of acquiring confessions on the criminal suspects. Such exploration will provide an understanding that a confession is the product of the interactive communications between the investigator and the suspect, involving the subjectivity of the investigator. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to analyze the credibility of confessions and to develop an evaluation criteria based on an analysis of the case of Chiang Kuo-Ching.
A Japanese theory of credibility of confessions, research findings, current practice in Taiwan and the case of Chiang Kuo-Ching were used to develop credible evaluation criteria for confessions. Due to the restriction from the military trail law placed on the case of Chiang Kuo-Ching, appeal to the Supreme Court was not permitted. Several elements of the confession of Chiang Kuo-Ching were questionable, such as the highly stressful interrogation environment for the confession, and the inconsistency between the confession and evidences. The case of Chiang Kuo-Ching is a typical case of secret interrogation, which generates great controversial on the voluntary nature of confessions. Due to the difficulties in obtaining evidences for voluntary confessions, the requests to acquire evidence for voluntary confessions were denied by the military court. This is the greatest problem related to the practical operation of voluntary confessions. Currently, there are no standardized evaluation criteria to review the credibility of confessions, which has been a common issue in the practical judicial operation. Derived on the literature and practice experiences, the researcher proposed the application of seven criterions in the evaluation of the credibility of confessions: (1) process of acquiring confessions, (2) rationality of changes in the contents of confessions, (3) existence of criminal experiences, (4) exposure of secrets, (5) consistency between the confessions and objective evidences, (6) lack of evidence to proof the crime of the accused, and (7) the words and actions of the suspect toward the individuals other than the investigators before and after the crime, and the argument of the defendant.
The finding of this study will provide an objective and standardized criteria for judicial practice for the purposes of protecting public welfare and human right.
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表見證明之研究 / A Study on “Prima-Facie Beweis”邱玉樺 Unknown Date (has links)
本論文所研究者係一特殊之間接證明,所謂間接證明,乃證據法則中舉證方式之一種,其特殊之處,則須配合經驗法則之運用。在不同程度之經驗法則運用下,間接證明可以區分出不同之種類。如果存在典型事象經過蓋然性之經驗法則,而使法院推定某一待證事實之存在時,即使系爭事實並未被具體明確的證明,亦不違法。此與一般之間接證明就有所區別,因為依據特殊的間接證明,某種程度上,事實之認定仍然值得信賴,進而達到舉證責任減輕,或者使法官避免為真偽不明判決之效果。
這樣特殊之間接證明,在德國法上有「表見證明」,在日本法上有「暫時推定」,在英美法上有「事實說明自己」,以上特殊之證據法則都係從判例法上發展而成的,可見此種特殊之間接證明有存在之意義與必要性。本論文即針對相關之問題與爭議提出整理與討論,並研究相關制度在我國實務上之發展情形,希冀能為民事程序法上之證據活動,提供一具有安定性之規則與方向去使用相關之制度,同時達到追求個案正義之目的。
綜上所述,本文將以表見證明為研究之核心,試從間接證明、舉證責任之分配、自由心證、事實上推定以及實體法規範體系等角度,探討表見證明於我國證據法上之定位(請參酌第二章、第三章、第四章);同時以英美法上之事實說明自己原則作為比較之對象(請參酌第五章);並且說明實務上在特殊之現代案件類型中,運用相關制度之問題與實益(請參酌第六章),期能探求表見證明制度於我國證據法上之適當性、適用依據、適用範圍並類型化個案;最後,將實務判決中運用經驗法則之用語與表見證明制度之要件、效果等相互對照,以統整回顧整本論文之研究成果(請參酌第七章)。
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市場交易淺薄下之錯誤評價及其校正-以預測市場為實證基礎吳偉劭 Unknown Date (has links)
預測市場的研究近年來在學界逐漸受到重視,因為它利用價格具有訊息加總的功能,每每創造出良好的預測績效,但一個預測市場的建立在諸多原因下,通常不易吸引大規模的參與者,例如為免觸犯法令規定,以虛擬貨幣代替真錢進行交易,在缺乏真實貨幣的獲利誘因下,很難有效吸引參與者,即便真能以真實貨幣交易,若實驗的議題並非一般大眾感興趣的話題也不易吸引多數人參與,在這種情況下無法避免要面臨市場交易過於淺薄的問題,雖然不少文獻標榜淺薄市場不會影響預測市場的預測精準度,但並不表這是一個可以置之不理的問題。
本文以預測市場預測2006年北高市長選舉為實證基礎,闡明淺薄市場對價格產生的影響,以及這些影響將導致對未來事件的錯誤評價與推論,要避免這種錯誤的評價與推論唯有設法消除淺薄市場引發的干擾,因此我們提出了五種可以消除這些干擾的方法並從中選擇一較佳者。如同一般文獻的讚揚,我們再次從預測市場獲得精確的預測效果,同時證明所謂淺薄市場不影響預測市場的預測精準度前提乃在消除淺薄市場對價格產生的干擾之後才能還原這個真相。
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多重移動平均選股法理論與實證 - 以台灣50、中型100及富櫃50成份股為例 / Theory and Evidence for Multi-period Moving Average Stock Selection - a Case Study of Constituent Stocks from Taiwan 50, Mid-Cap 100 and Gretai 50官佑謙, You-Cian Guan January 1900 (has links)
本文改良金融投資技術分析操作方法中, 傳統的「單一移動平均」選股法為「多重移動平均」選股法, 其係以道氏理論上, 所謂的市場同時存在三種趨勢 (主要趨勢, 次級趨勢, 小型趨勢) 為基礎, 建立多重時間架構, 輔以移動平均線為股價趨勢判斷, 以及葛蘭碧八大法則之股價突破 (或跌破) 判斷原則作為操作訊號, 所彚整而提出。實證上, 採用2014年12月31日台灣證券交易所公告之台灣50、中型100, 以及富櫃50成分股為樣本, 並以2001年1月1日至2014年12月31日為回溯期間。在進行策略交易的模擬分析與績效差異檢定後, 實證結果發現, 多重移動平均選股法投資策略績效, 在統計分析上並無法較單一周期投資策略績效為優, 但卻能有效過濾沒必要的交易行為, 使突破買進之假訊號降低, 間接的降低交易次數及減少交易成本。 / This study enhanced from the traditional single period moving average for stock selection into multiple-period moving average counterpart. The theoretical foundation comes from the Dow Theory, which states that there exist three trends simultaneously, that is, major trend, secondary trend, and minor trend. Also, the Granville Rules suggest stock price breaking out may serve as entry and exit signal for trading. Our sample are grouped into three subsamples, Taiwan 50, Mid-Cap 100, Gretai 50. The sample period ranges from 2001/1/1 to 2014/12/31.
Our empirical backtesting and performance test suggests that, contrary to our expectations, the multiple period method does not outperform its single period counterpart. However, the multiple period stock selection method may filter out false signals, and thereby reduce not only possible price risk associated with noisy trades but the accompanying transaction costs. / 摘要 I
Abstract II
致謝詞 III
目錄 V
圖次 VII
表次 VIII
第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究背景及動機 1
第二節 研究目的 2
第三節 研究對象與範圍 2
第四節 研究流程 4
第二章 文獻回顧 6
第一節 技術分析理論 6
一、技術分析基本邏輯 6
二、技術分析主要的型態類型 7
第二節 移動平均線的原理 9
一、簡單移動平均線的計算 9
二、移動平均線的常見應用 9
第三節 多重移動平均理論及選股法 11
一、多重移動平均的原理 11
二、多重移動平均的選股模式 11
第四節 相關研究文獻回顧與評析 11
一、過去研究文獻 11
二、文獻評析 16
三、本文假說推論 16
第三章 研究方法 17
第一節 傳統移動平均線選股模式 17
第二節 YC指標選股模式 17
第三節 選股模式績效差異檢定 19
第四節 資料來源與變數選取 19
第四章 實證分析 20
第一節 操作策略績效估計 20
第二節 操作策略績效比較 28
第三節 多重策略模型之適性歸納–由規模的角度 36
第五章 結論與建議 43
參考文獻 44
中文部份 44
英文部份 46
參考網址 46
圖次
圖1-4-1 研究流程圖 5
圖2-1-1 型態類技術理論的基本分類 6
圖2-1-2 市場同時存在三種趨勢 7
圖2-1-3 K線的基本構造 8
圖2-2-1 葛蘭碧(Granville)八大法則概念圖 10
表次
表1-3-1 台股之台灣50成分股 2
表1-3-2 台股之中型100成分股 3
表1-3-3 台股之富櫃50成分股 3
表2-4-1 過去研究文獻的整理 14
表4-1-1 台灣50成份股總交易次數及成本 20
表4-1-2 中型100成份股總交易次數及成本 22
表4-1-3 富櫃50成份股總交易次數及成本 26
表4-1-4 單一與多重模式下交易次數與進出場交易成本彚整 28
表4-2-1 台灣50成份股總報酬及總報酬率 28
表4-2-2 中型100成份股總報酬及總報酬率 30
表4-2-3 富櫃50成份股總報酬及總報酬率 34
表4-2-4 單一與多重策略下的平均總報酬與平均總報酬率彚整 36
表4-3-1 多重策略下總報酬率與市值之迴歸分析 36
表4-3-2 多重策略下總報酬率與股本之迴歸分析 37
表4-3-3 台灣50股本前20%成份股之策略績效及差異比較 37
表4-3-4 台灣50股本後20%成份股之策略績效及差異比較 38
表4-3-5 中型100股本前20%成份股之策略績效及差異比較 39
表4-3-6 中型100股本後20%成份股之策略績效及差異比較 40
表4-3-7 富櫃50股本前20%成份股之策略績效及差異比較 41
表4-3-8 富櫃50股本後20%成份股之策略績效及差異比較 42
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數位證據之刑事證據調查程序 / The admissibility of digital evidence in criminal proceedings劉秋伶 Unknown Date (has links)
隨著電腦及網路之普及,數位化生活已成時代趨勢,反映在刑事訴訟程序上,亦有愈來愈多案件以數位證據作為犯罪事實之證明。由於數位證據具有易於修改、無限複製、不易個化製作人、無法以感官知覺理解、可回復以及蒐證困難之特性,因此,在證據調查上具有其特殊性。
本文在第三章介紹美國法對數位證據之調查,第四章討論數位證據與傳聞法則之關係,在適用上,並非所有數位證據均受到傳聞法則之拘束,應區分數位證據之類型而定。就證據方法及證據調查方法部份,我國為因應新型態之證據,於92年2月6日增訂第165條之1,以規範科技視聽設備及電腦資料等新型態證據之調查。惟此規定未區分數位證據之類型,一律要求法院必須於審判期日調查,反而造成訴訟程序之拖延。因此本文第五章探討數位證據應適用之證據方法及證據調查方法。數位證據取得證據資格後,第六章則進一步評價數位證據之證據價值。
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控制權溢價之研究—從凱雷收購東森媒體科技一案出發 / Discussion on control premium – the carlyle group cash-out the Eastern Media international corporation case report陳盈良 Unknown Date (has links)
近年來國內之併購事件隨世界之潮流日趨普遍,然於併購交易中常伴隨著控制權之交易,而我國法規對於控制權和控制股東之定義未明,因而常有不同之解釋空間而有諸多疑問,更遑論進一步討論控制股東之責任或義務。因此,於西元2006年所發生之凱雷收購東森媒體科技一案,論者雖多側重討論所謂「控制權溢價」是否應由全體股東均享,或得由控制股東獨享之議題,然本案實則牽涉議題甚廣,包括控制股東或經營階層的受託義務、公平價格之決定與少數股東之保護等相關問題。
本文認為,控制權之交易在追求效率極大化之同時,仍須於法律追求公平正義下之框架中進行,凱雷收購東森媒體科技案探討的「控制權溢價」存在與否,應僅為評估公平價格的其中一個考量因素。此外,控制權溢價實為一模糊之概念,從經濟學或法律學之角度觀察,其定義與計算方式或有不同,將會有不同的邏輯結果發生。因此,本文將以「控制權溢價」之概念為主軸,貫穿各章節探討控制權交易各層面之問題,並以歐盟與美國德拉瓦州之控制權交易的概念相互比較之,兩者對控制權交易所持立場之不同,因而有不同之法規建構。如歐盟採行之強制公開收購原則,雖直接防堵控制股東利用控制權不當攫取私利,然卻增加了收購成本,從而有礙有效率之控制權交易的進行;反觀美國德拉瓦州,雖允許控制權私利之存在,但亦強調交易程序之公平性,並以各種事前與事後機制,衡平控制股東與少數股東之權益。
本文認為,美國德拉瓦州關於控制權溢價之相關法規範設計較為可採,意即在控制權交易中,應肯認控制權私利的存在以及控制權溢價應可由控制股東獨享之原則,但必須同時強調控制股東之資訊揭露義務以及受託義務之履踐,以確保公平正義之結果。觀察美國法於控制權交易透過法院於具體個案中之細緻處理,我國法規範以及司法實務在相關議題上之論述則似有不足。本文期透過凱雷收購東森媒體科技一案為例,以控制權溢價與控制股東以及小股東之權益衡平為核心,分析美國法院判決及學說理論,並提出本文建議,以作為我國司法實務之基礎。
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董事受託義務與經營判斷法則之研究 / A study on the Fiduciary Duty and the Business Judgment Rule劉耀文, Liu, Yao Wen Unknown Date (has links)
近年來,國際經濟危機層出不窮,產生各式各樣之公司治理問題;全球化之企業經營模式的崛起與迅速發展,企業之經營從國內走向國際,使得公司治理成為國際性之重要議題,美國之公司治理模式的移植亦於世界各國蔚為風潮。
公司治理之架構下,鑑於所有權與經營權分離原則,掌握公司經營權限之董事係公司核心,為避免擴大董事之經營權限的同時,會損及公司與股東之利益,美國法對於董事乃課以受託義務,其內涵包含忠實義務、注意義務與善意義務。然基於商業環境詭譎多變且有限司法審查能力,如董事必須為做出失誤經營決策負擔法律責任,將造成具有能力之人不願意擔任董事而不利於經濟社會之發展,故美國法院判決乃發展出經營判斷法則。經營判斷法則係推定董事係立於充分資訊、出於善意且誠實確信其係為公司之最佳利益,當原告主張董事違反受託義務時,應負有先行舉證證明董事行為不符合經營判斷法則之構成要件。
我國公司法第23條係忠實義務與注意義務之規定,惟對於經營判斷法則尚無明文規範,學說見解對於我國是否應引進經營判斷法則仍有爭議,法院實務雖早已援用經營判斷法則作為公司經營者之責任標準,卻存在諸多誤解導致誤將該法則視為行為標準。因此,似有必要重新審視經營判斷法則之定位,故本文嘗試提出對於經營判斷法則於我國之應用的見解與省思。然經營判斷法則與我國現有法制應如何相互融合仍有待立法配合與後續觀察。 / In recent years, the world has been engulfed by international economic crises, resulting in a wide range of corporate governance matters. The rise and rapid development of the global business model has made the management of enterprises go from a single country toward the whole world, making corporate governance an important international issue. The transplantation of corporate governance of America legal model has emerged as a global trend.
Under the framework of corporate governance and in view of the principle of separation of ownership and control, the directors empowered decision-making authority are the core of the company. To avoid the expanding of directors’ decision-making authority and protect the interests of both the corporation and its shareholders, the directors has fiduciary duty which includes duty of loyalty, duty of care and duty of good faith. However, based on the complexity of the business environment and the limit of the capability of the judicial review, if the directors burden the responsibility for making wrong decisions will make capable people unwell to be directors and affect the development of the economy. The business judgment rule is the presumption that in making decisions not involving self-interest and self-dealing, corporate directors act on an informed basis, in good faith, and in the honest belief that their actions are in the corporation’s best interest.
Article 23 of Taiwan Company Act is the regulation of duty of loyalty and duty of care. However, the business judgment rule is not regulated in Taiwan Company Act. The opinion of whether the business judgment rule should be introduced to Taiwan is still controversial. Therefore, it is necessary to reexamine the position of the business judgment rule in Taiwan legal structure and this article attempts to provide points of view in the issue. Last but not least, the interaction of business judgment rule and Taiwan legal structure still needs the cooperation of the legislation and following observation.
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