民96年5月民法親屬編修法前，我國強制認領制度存有不少爭議與缺失，其乃立於生父之立場，儘量設置多重限制，以阻止非婚生子女取得婚生子女之地位。不過，經過民國96年5月民法親屬編之修法，強制認領制度在我國立法沿革上產生重大變革，不僅刪除有關強制認領請求權行使條件及行使期間之限制，更刪除向來遭受詬病之不貞抗辯規定，同時承認死後認領制度，對於非婚生子女權益之維護，與真實主義之追求，均可獲得保障。不過，就死後認領效力之部分，因受限於民法第1069條但書之規定，被認領人對於已死亡生父之遺產無法享有繼承權，故就結論而言，死後認領對非婚生子女實質意義不大，使得此次修法之規範目的無法達成。因此本文建議，可將同條但書之「第三人」透過目的性限縮之方式排除生父之其他繼承人在外，同時立法論上參照日本民法之規定，設計遺產分割後僅能請求支付相當於應繼分之價額之制度，以權衡遺產分割之安定性與被認領人之利益。 鑑於DNA鑑定技術在現今已成為親子關係解明之最佳利器，於認領訴訟上即應積極運用，課予當事人或第三協力義務，以協助發現真實，達成實體法上之規範目的。例如，在當事人就親子關係之存在已為一定程度之釋明後，DNA鑑定即得作為法院優先調查之證據；在現行法下，為發揮勘驗命令之效用，於當事人無正當理由不從法院所為之檢查命令時，宜於訴訟上依證明妨礙之規定對其為不利之判斷，以達到制裁之效果；甚至在立法論上，基於發現血統真實、保障子女之血統認識權，無論係對訴訟當事人或訴外關係人，皆可考慮採取直接強制之手段以迫其履行協力義務。惟，在積極運用血緣鑑定技術之同時，為兼顧保障檢查義務人之人權，對於使用之時機與手段亦須慎重。例如：原告起訴時須先提出一定之客觀事實而足以懷疑某人為生父，以防止證據無端摸索；義務人有健康受損等正當理由時，得拒絕接受檢查；如立法論上承認對當事人或關係人得採取直接強制之手段，則應注意「直接強制之最後手段性」等。如此一來，方能在兼顧發現真實與保障人權之前提下，達成實體法上之規範目的。 最後，強制認領之變革亦可能對人工生殖政策產生衝擊。亦即，基於民國96年5月民法親屬編修法已承認死後認領，透過類推適用之方式，子女婚生性之問題應可獲得解決，且進而可發生親屬間扶養或代位繼承之效力，因而本文認為，倘若相關制度上之設計能給予該子女一個符合正常人格發展之環境，則在可以符合子女利益之原則下，將來人工生殖法未必無開放死後人工生殖之空間。至於如有法規範外之死後人工生殖子女之出生，在亡父生前同意之前提下，應准許其類推適用民法第1067條規定請求死後認領，以保護留後子女之利益。

併購是企業外部成長的主要方式，但不是每個併購活動都是兩廂情願的，因此，當併購者違反被併購者的意願而為併購行為時，敵意併購就此產生。敵意併購所採取最主要的方式，即為公開收購制度，故本文先介紹歐美主要國家的公開收購制度，再檢視我國現行法下公開收購制度，以瞭解現行公開收購制度的利弊得失。 其次，針對敵意併購的防禦，美國法制上已發展出一系列的反併購法，這些法制雖然有些被聯邦法院宣告違憲，但仍有符合憲法規範者，迄今，已發展到第三代的反併購法。除此之外，企業在實務上也開始發展出各式各樣的防禦措施，有的是在敵意併購者出現前就事先準備，有的是在敵意併購者出現後才緊急採用，無論如何，這些防禦措施在敵意併購盛行的美國，也相對應的發展成熟。然而，在敵意併購還在萌芽階段的我國而言，由於法律的規範，並不是所有的防禦措施皆符合我國法律。更甚者，在現行法的規範下，有些防禦措施雖然符合我國法規範，但卻受到其他的限制而實用性甚低，在現行規範下幾乎沒有行使的空間，因此，本文試探究美國法上幾種基本的防禦措施在我國法上的可行性，期望能獲悉各種防禦措施在我國法上的合法性及可能性。 再者，需先瞭解公司法第二十三條第一項課與董事受任人義務之內涵。公司法對於忠實義務規範的較為具體，即董事在有利益衝突時，需以公司的利益為優先考量，同時又有具體的行為規範，例如公司法第二０六條準用第一七八條利害董事的迴避、第二二三條監察人代董事為行為、第二０九條董事競業禁止、第一九六條董事報酬等具體規範。相較於此，董事的注意義務僅抽象的要求董事在處理公司事務時，需要盡善良管理人的注意義務。然而，對於善良管理人的注意義務內涵為何，則須待法院在具體個案中形成。針對受任人義務，英美法上發展出經營判斷法則，針對董事對公司之經營判斷事項為誠信、無利益衝突、無濫用裁量權、必盡到合理注意時，推定董事之決策為適法，法院不再對該經營判斷事項為事後的審查。 美國法上，在審查目標公司的董事義務時區分為：主要目的審查、Unocal雙叉審查、Revlon案審查標準、Blasius案審查標準及股東外利害關係人利益權衡標準。在我國企業併購法第五條、第六條並沒有規範到目標公司的董事義務，但上開外國標準及企業併購法對董事決策時要求的行為規範，可以做為我國將來立法時的參考。在現行法未規範的情形下，本文認為公司法中未規定的業務決策，未必皆應依照公司法第二０九條規定由董事會決策；並且，公司重大事項應區分為提案權及決策權，而將防禦措施的提案權交由董事會，並將防禦措施的決策權交由股東會決定。董事會在股東會授權下，決定行使何種防禦措施，以迅速、機密之手段達到防禦的目的。因此，董事在提案前需盡到調查之能事，確認敵意併購的結果對公司不利，在股東會同意防禦行為時，所採取的防禦措施應優先保障股東最大利益，以盡目標公司的董事義務。

本論文出自於對於康德道德哲學中同時兼具先驗性與實踐性之二重關係的研究興趣，因而於此藉由釐清康德哲學中的崇高情感與道德法則之間的關連是如何被談論的，嘗試以此整理出一些在理解上的關鍵線索。在這條主軸的引導之下，此處採取對其所涉及的相關文獻研讀與理解作為基本的脈絡開展。本論文並依從前批判期與批判期的區分將概略畫分為兩個部分︰ 第一部分︰一開始即企圖從對康德批判期美學談論的背景進行文獻上的考察，從中導引出對於康德美學與其形上學內在本有的關連，以及對絕對者/超感知者對康德方法論上的影響。接著審視《觀察》作為此時期思想實驗的產物，又是如何在康德自身的評判(即其《評著》)居於一個重要轉向的地位，在其中康德將美感與崇高感與德行關連起來的道德情感論述方，何以導向對主體意識能力的考察，而自由─自我意識與道德法則之間的關連也在這當中被觸及。 第二部份︰主要關注於康德於《基礎》與《第二批判》中「對法則的敬重」的兩重性所關涉到的一種特殊主體意識活動─即「道德意識」─的談論，其具體意涵又何以關連到康德道德性之理性奠基的先驗要求︰「終究只有一個理性」。最後以康德在《第三批判》中對反思判斷力的重新修正、予以審美經驗先驗奠基之架構，重新檢視康德如何以審美判斷─特別是「崇高判斷」─的不確定性概念關連到主體意識能力的提升；並藉由數學崇高與構想力、力學崇高與理性使命之間關係的建立與理解，繼而以此去討論，主體之特有的崇高判斷與道德法則之間本有的奠基性關連，並且何以生命情感作為一種道德意識的洞察能力，可以進行一個既是普遍有效、且與自然達到真正和諧關係的「擴延」；而從這當中誕生出來的道德情感，便根源於意志自由而作為道德行為的發生的關鍵推動力、但其自身卻仍不能作為行為之根據。

為了達到國家追訴犯罪的利益，依據我國刑事訴訟法第176條之1，任何人除非法律另有規定，否則都有「作證義務」－但並不代表證人必須當然忍受國家的任何行為，而在設計證人相關制度時也應考慮證人的主體性感受。本文將以「偵訊中對證人的錄音錄影規定」為研究中心：首先，將說明「偵訊中對證人的錄音錄影」在錄製及其使用上的特性及對證人、其他程序參與者的影響，還有與相關的法院審理原則的關係以及所需要的資源，並以此作為規範需求的討論基礎；再來，將介紹我國目前的制度及實務操作情形，並與外國法制規定交相對照比較；之後將集中在我國及外國法院就「偵訊中對證人的錄音錄影」在審判時作為證據使用的情形討論；最後，欲處理的是「律師把『偵訊中對證人的錄音錄影』用於審判外陳述」的行為應如何看待、規範，並就國內目前所提出的草案及建議，從外國法相關規定的角度出發加以省視該立法建議的合理性。

思及當前捉襟見肘的財政窘境，無可避免地，債台高築的臺灣實陷入飲鴆止渴般以債養債之無限迴圈中，導致政府政策效能不彰、社會福利運作生弊亦無可厚非；於『公共債務法』之財政規範下，臺灣業已瀕臨法定舉債門檻，故不論是對短期政府支出之排擠、扭曲性稅率之稽徵抑或對長期經濟成長的斲傷，皆是身為中華民國國民真正惶悚不安之所在。 職是之故，本研究係採用一納入政府財政部門及貨幣當局之擴充『實質景氣循環模型』，藉以Sidrauski（1967）所提出的貨幣效用函數為出發點，將實質餘額引進理論模型，並透過計量操作捕捉實證期間起於西元1971年第一季迄至2007年第四季之政府政策函數，過程中，我們不難發現政府購買性支出及稅率皆存在相當的持續性，且對政府未償公債餘額之高低作出某種程度的反應。亦即，若政府實施公債融通政策，俾使期初公債餘額較高之際，則本期甚或往後各期的政府支出將遭受抑制和排擠，尤有甚者，政府勢必擬以提高未來稅率以茲挹注該債務之還本付息所造成的財政缺口；是以，本研究著眼於引進公債餘額對政府支出及稅率存在反饋作用下，財政政策與貨幣政策之總體效果及各總體變數之動態調整過程的風貌。即便公債發行或賒借為政府提供一財務週轉工具以裨益財政政策保有更靈活之彈性，然據模型所產生的結果顯示，就長期而論，政府必須維持一穩定之未償公債餘額，即公債水準具備『均數復歸』性質，而該財政目標係透過削減未來政府支出、調整扭曲性稅率及鑄幣稅融通政策方得以達成預算平衡，準此，該設定將造成公債融通之減稅政策對經濟體系具有實質效果，『公債融通』管道亦『非中立性政策』，從而傳統『李嘉圖等值定理』於本模型中無法成立。 就政策面層次而言，本研究試圖放寬『反饋法則』與政策係數之設定，以檢視透過不同程度之政府支出、稅率甚至貨幣供給途徑的改變來平衡因增加公債發行所造成的財政赤字，對經濟體系之長短期效果有何迥異處；是文亦藉由衝擊反應函數分別探討於政府支出增加、減稅措施及貨幣擴張之下，政策的傳遞機制與各總體變數之動態性質，顯然地，就高債務比率前提下，當政府戮力於刺激景氣而欲積極實施立竿見影的總體經濟政策之際，卻常因狃於急效而欲速不達，非但政策效果有限，亦可能使體系落入更為不景氣的田地，從而，財政惡化不啻為經濟危機的導火線也就不言而喻。再者，貨幣政策對體系之實質變數具有一定程度的作用，是故，本模型於短期內無法一窺『貨幣中立性』之堂奧，唯長期始得以復見。總括言之，政府亟須奉『健全財政』為圭臬，擬定政策時更得戒慎恐懼，並適切權衡利弊得失，以茲裨益有更具信心的經濟表現。 此外，本研究亦透過『效準』實驗以評估模型『配適度』之良窳，即便於反覆疊代法下，該模擬表現係瑕瑜互見而不盡完美，卻也大抵符合景氣循環之『典型化特徵』；然就實質景氣循環模型所為人詬病之勞動市場一隅而論，引進公債之反饋法則下的財政政策操作，無疑地改善了傳統工時與工資率動輒高度正相關之本質，從而獲致相對較低之理論相關係數，亦朝實證資料所呈現工時與工資率存在幾近零相關甚或低度負相關之表徵更邁進一大步。 / With current financial difficulties beyond government capability, it is inevitable that the already deep-in-debt Taiwan opted for momentary relief by paying debt through debt financing and ended up in an infinite loop, causing spiral-down performances in government policies and faulty operations of social welfare instruments. Taiwan has been on the verge of reaching the statutory upper limit of debt financing according to “The Public Debt Act” regulations and all nationals are becoming anxious about such impacts as crowding out of short-run government spending, levying of distorting taxes, and damages on long-run economic growth. To better understand the debt’s impacts, this research uses the “Real Business Cycle Model” extended by taking government treasury agency and monetary institution into account. Starting with Money In Utility Function (MIUF) as proposed by Sidrauski (1967) to introduce real money balance into the theoretical model and, in the process of econometric manipulation, to detect empirical governmental policy functions in the period between the first quarter, 1971 and the fourth quarter, 2007, it is not hard to discover that there are considerable persistence in both government purchases and tax rates, with manifestation of certain degree of responses to the total amount of outstanding bonds the government has yet to pay. In other words, a governmental bond financing policy designed to render high initial bonds outstanding tends to cause suppression and crowding out of government spending in current and even later periods. Furthermore, the government is bound to plan on raising taxes in the future in order to cut financial deficit gap caused by paying back the principles and interests of the debt. Therefore, this study focuses on presenting the macroeconomic effects of fiscal policies and monetary policies, as well as the dynamic adjustment processes of macroeconomic variables based on the impact of feedback effect of bonds outstanding on government spending and tax rates. Even thought public bonds issuance or debt financing serves as a governmental fiscal instrument for financial turnover to ensure flexibility of fiscal policies, our model shows that the government should, from a long-run perspective, maintain a stable amount of bonds outstanding. Put in a different way, the level of bonds outstanding shows “mean-reverting” characteristics which rely on future government spending cut, distorting tax adjustment and seigniorage financing policy to achieve balance of budget. As a result, such setup would cause the bond-financing backed tax deduction policies to create practical effects on economies and, as the bond financing instruments are “Non-Neutrality” policies, would render the “Ricardian Equivalence Theorem” invalid in our model. In the policy aspect, this study tries to relax both “feedback rules” and setup of policy parameters for investigating the differences between long-run and short-run effects on the economy by different degrees of changes in government spending, tax rates and even money supply channels which are used to balance the fiscal deficit caused by increased bond issuance. This article also studies, through the impulse response function, the policy propagation mechanism and the dynamics of key macroeconomic variables under the situation of government spending increase, tax deduction and monetary expansion. It is obvious that the government, in the case of high debt ratios and when making all endeavors to spur economy by implementing macroeconomic policies aimed for instant results, is accustomed to seeking quick fixes only to achieve very limited effects, sometimes even to drive the economy into further recession. It is therefore evident that fiscal degradation could lead to economic disaster. Moreover, as the monetary policies have certain degrees of influence on real variables of the economy, this model will not be able to clearly analyze the “neutrality of money” in such a short period of time. The effect will only reveal in the long run. In summary, the government should keep “sound finance” as the highest guiding principle and be extremely cautious in formulating policies in order to weigh all pros and cons discreetly, thus help to achieve a benefiting economic performance that generates more confidence. Furthermore, this study assesses “goodness of fit” of the model through a “calibration” experiment. Although the simulation results show, under recursive method, intermingled good and poor occasions that are beyond satisfaction, they generally agree with the “typical characteristics” of business cycles. However, in the aspect of long-criticized labor market of the real business cycle model, the fiscal policy operation under feedback rules with introduction of public debts for sure has greatly improved on the conventional intrinsic property of high correlation between labor hours and real wage rates, by delivering a relatively low theoretical correlation coefficient, which is a big step towards the empirical results of almost zero or even weakly negative correlation between labor hours and real wage rates.

員工持股計畫是由財經律師Louis Kelso所創，在美國已行之多年，廣為美國企業所採。最早的員工持股計畫是一種為了和平地從資本家手中移轉資本給員工、縮減貧富差距的工具。為了使這個計畫可以持續有效地運作下去，立法者將員工持股計畫為退休金計畫的一種，使員工必須長期持有股票，直到退休。然而在實務運作上，員工持股信託經常被運用為防止敵意併購的工具。尤有甚者，某些公司內部人會利用員工持股計畫為自己取得大量資金、移轉投資風險,但仍可保留對於公司的控制力。這些行為都有可能對股東及員工造成不利的影響，但在現行法制下，只能仰賴司法者透過判決保護這些經濟及資訊上的弱勢族群。 在台灣，員工持股計畫雖然已廣為許多企業所採用，但是發展了將近20年，只能成為另一種員工持有股票的工具。員工擁有的股票數量並不足以使其在股東會上贏得一個受公司內部人重視的地位，也不足以倚賴這些股票作為退休金之用。這種規模上的差異是台美員工持股計畫最關鍵的不同點。小規模雖然使員工持股計畫帶來的優勢少了許多，但相對地也減低許多代理成本，至今未有員工持股計畫侵害大量員工利益的事件爆發。然而這不表示員工持股計畫在台灣就是個可以被忽略的問題，若能在未來建立一套有效率的立法制度，使員工持股計畫的規模擴大，員工將可因此享受到更多公司盈餘，並且使其退休生活受到保障。相對地，參考美國員工持股計畫的問題後，也可以預先設想未來可能發生的弊端，未雨綢繆。本文相信，一個有效率的員工持股計畫，可以實現解決貧富不均的理想。 / Employee stock ownership plan (ESOP) which is created by Louis Kelso is brought to practice for many years. Many enterprises use it as their retirement pension plan. The earliest employee stock ownership plan to transfer the capital frome capitalists to labors and reduce the disparity between the rich and the poor.In order to make the plan work out continueously and effectively, the legislator devise ESOP as a pension fund which makes employee own stock chronically until they retires. However, in practice, ESOP is usually exercised for preventing hostile takeover. Moreover, some company insiders may use ESOP TTO get a great deal of capital and transfer the investment risk, but still own the controlling power to their company. This behaviors will cause some harmful effects to the shareholders and the employees, but in the current legal system,the only one we can depend is the judge who can protect the minority in the economic and the information. ESOP is exercised by many enterprises in Taiwan. But after 20 years, it can only become one of the tools which assist employees to acquire company stocks.The number of shares which employees owns can’t make them have a posi-tion which let the company insiders take account in the shareholder committee and have enough amounts for their retirement pensions.This disparity in scale is the keypoint what is different between Tiwan and the U.S. ESOP. Althoygh small scale makes the adventage of ESOP decrease, it reduce lots of agency costs. To this day, there’re not any events which injure the interests of employees by ESOP. Never-theless, it doesn’t mean that ESOP in Taiwan is a issue which can be neglected. If we can establish an efficient legal system and extend the scale of ESOP, employees can obtain more company interests and have a security of their retirement life.In the opposite, after researching the problem of the U.S. ESOP, we can assume the culpably misconduct which will happen in the future and repair the house before it rains。Ｉ believe that a efficient ESOP can realize the ideal to solve the problem of uneven distribution of the wealth.

企業因為經濟自由化、貿易國際化潮流之影響，逐漸成為資本集中與技術密集之經營型態。為求擴充生產規模、增加產品種類、分散投資風險、拓展國際市場等目的，因而成立新公司或兼併其他公司，或購買其他公司之股份，或母公司與子公司交叉持股，而形成關係企業之組織型態，已成為普遍趨勢。職是，關係企業之經濟發展與經營模式，已然占有重要之地位。 關係企業具有特殊屬性，舉凡管理組織、生產規劃、人事制度、市場行銷、財務風險、獲利能力、公共事務與社會歸屬，均有相當程度之影響力。我國公司法對於關係企業專章之規範，仍有不足之處，導致受一九九八年亞洲金融風暴影響所及，爆發若干關係企業之經營弊端，其中以股票流通市場之證券交易違法行為，最為嚴重。綜觀其原因，除肇始於東南亞金融危機及國際不景氣環境外，亦顯示關係企業在股票市場存有許多問題，諸如負責人欠缺誠信、掏空公司資產，造成企業發生危機，發生多起上市或上櫃公司之經營弊端，嚴重損害公司、股東權益與債權人利益，並衝擊社會投資人與整體經濟，值得探討研究。 本論文研究方向，以法制理論、比較法學及實證案例為基礎，論述關係企業證券交易之違法行為，以股票流通市場為中心，並闡述近年來若干重要之關係企業案例，分析法院裁判之論處法律邏輯。包括關係企業之市場操縱行為（違約交割、沖洗買賣、相對委託、連續交易炒作行為）、關係企業「護盤」之違法性、關係企業之內線交易行為，等重要項目。亦討論關係企業藉由無形資產之高估或低估而買賣有價證券之非常規交易行為，兼述國際會計準則公報之規範，佐以實際案例研究。此外，亦闡論關係企業財務預測制度與證券交易違法行為之牽連、證券投資人之保護。 本論文內容之參考文獻資料，包括學位論文（例如前輩先進之博碩士論文）、教授學者之著作書籍、著名期刊與國內外網站資訊。所參考資料則以我國與美國法制文獻為主，至於其他國家之部分，則略以要旨參酌。最後，再針對作者執業律師參與關係企業案例之辯護瞭解，提出若干防弊機制之建議，俾供各界參考。 / UNLAWFUL ACTS BY AFFILIATED ENTERPRISES RESPECTING SECURITIES TRANSACTIONS WITH A FOCUS ON THE STOCK EXCHANGE MARKET Abstract Due to the impact of economic liberalization and trade internationalization, operations of enterprises have gradually become capital-intensive and technology-intensive. In order to increase production, expand product line, spread out investment risks, and develop international markets, enterprises have established new companies, merged with others, and purchased shares of other companies, or have engaged in cross-holding of shares between parent companies and subsidiaries. As a result, the formation of affiliated enterprises has become a popular trend. The economic development and business model of affiliated enterprises have likewise become important issues. Affiliated enterprises have their unique attributes; their management organization, production planning, personnel policy, marketing, financial risks, profitability, public affairs, and social affiliation have significant impact on enterprises. Due to inadequacies in the regulations on affiliated enterprises in Taiwan’s Company Law, several affiliated enterprises were exposed to have engaged in fraudulent business operations as a result of the 1998 Asian financial crisis. Among these, most serious were cases involving unlawful securities transactions in the stock market. An analysis of the factors leading to such anomaly shows that in addition to the Southeast Asian financial crisis and international economic slowdown, problems caused by of affiliated enterprises in the stock market, such as integrity and credibility issues on the part of the persons-in-charge and their swindling of company assets, resulted in corporate crises. Many incidents of business malpractices in public or OTC companies occurred, severely undermining the interests of companies, shareholders, and creditors, as well as those of the public investors and the overall economy. All these are worthy of further exploration and study. This paper uses legal theories, comparative jurisprudence, and empirical studies to discuss the unlawful activities in securities transactions by affiliated enterprises. This paper focuses on the stock market to explain the major cases involving affiliated enterprises in recent years and to analyze the legal grounds in the court’s decision on punishment. The cases covered include market manipulation by enterprises, default of securities delivery, wash sales, matched order, manipulation of series of transactions, the unlawfulness of stock market intervention by affiliated enterprises, and insider trading by affiliated enterprises. In addition, this paper discusses the transaction anomalies resulting from overvalue or undervalue of intangible assets by affiliated enterprises. Regulations on the International Accounting Standards gazette are explained and supplemented by actual case studies. In addition, this paper explores the inter-relation between financial forecast systems in affiliated enterprises, unlawful activities in securities transaction, and investor protection. Reference literature used in this paper includes academic dissertations, publications by professors and scholars, periodicals, and information from local and foreign Web sites. Reference materials are based primarily on literature on Taiwan and U.S. laws, supplemented by summary of information from other countries. Finally, recommendations of mechanisms to prevent malpractices are put forward, drawing on the author’s experience as defense lawyer for affiliated enterprises.