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金融危機迴歸模型之建構:論美國次級房貸風暴的衝擊 / Constructing the Regression Model of the Financial Crises : The Impact of the Subprime Mortgage Crisis in U.S.盧孟吟, Lu,Meng Yin Unknown Date (has links)
過去三、四十年來世界各地發生金融危機的頻率較從前高出許多,探究原因後可以發現,與各國陸續開放金融自由化以及國際金融市場快速成長有極大的關係。除此之外,在各國中,金融危機的發生通常具備一些共同特徵,諸如危機發生時會導致資金外流、匯率大幅貶值、股市重挫、產出減少、進出口減少…等影響。因此,面對這一波次級房貸風暴,本研究也即將檢視美國在總體經濟數據上各方面的表現,希望能利用1970年以來已開發國家和開發中國家歷年來所發生的貨幣、銀行危機下所代表的各種總體經濟數據,經過轉化整理後,透過Logistic迴歸模型建立一個迴歸方程式,以了解金融危機的發生與實質匯率、進出口…等其他解釋變數之間的關聯,並利用此模型探測現階段次級房貸風暴對美國可能引發金融危機的機率值,以探討其合理性。 / We find that the frequencies of the financial crises are higher for the past forty years in the world. It is due to the financial liberalization and international financial markets which grow rapidly. Besides, financial crises usually company with some common characteristics such as capital outflow, the depreciation of the foreign exchange, the shock of the stock market, the decreasing of the production and so on. Therefore, in order to understand this financial crisis of the subprime mortgage, this thesis surveys the economic data of developed countries and developing countries from 1970s and figures out the performances of these countries under balance-of -payments crises or banking crisis. We use the logistic regression model and transform the data to construct a regression model. After understanding the relationship between the explaining variables, we use this model to predict the probability of possible financial crisis in U.S. under the subprime mortgage crisis and then discuss the rationality of those predicted values.
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生態傾銷下最適關稅協定之研究吳吟咨 Unknown Date (has links)
在世界及地區性貿易組織的努力下, 近來關稅等貿易障礙已經普遍降低。但與此同時, 環境品質向下沉淪的疑慮也隨之而來。儘管相關的討論不在少數, 但大部分著重於外生貿易障礙調降下的策略性環境政策, 以及其對應之福利變動; 或是在合作與非合作環境政策下, 同時決定環境與貿易政策, 然而也相對較少將環境階段的扭曲納入貿易政策制定的考量中。因此, 本文旨在探討若將生態傾銷的誘因納入考量,並改採序列賽局分別決定最適環境稅與關稅時, 貿易政策合作下所制定之最適關稅協定為何?
另一方面, 我們也觀察生產性跨國污染的大小對最適關稅的影響, 並發現當污染不具跨國外溢效果時, 此時不論環境政策合作與否, 最適關稅應對該污染性財貨提供進口補貼。相對地, 若跨國污染超過一定程度時, 除非環境政策能夠合作, 否則此時應對其課徵關稅, 以避免過度生產減損社會福利。 / By constructing a reciprocal-dumping model, we investigate a second-best tariff agreement when considering the linkage between the trade and the environmental policy. Though there has been much discussion about the linkage, most existing literature rarely considers the distortion when setting a trade agreement. We also take the transboundary strength of production pollution into account.
Our results show that: (1) in the absence of transboundary pollution, the optimal tariff should be an import subsidy. Thus, whether both countries coordinate on their environmental policies or not, a bilateral reduction in tariffs will enhance the global welfare. (2) On the contrary, if the transboundary pollution is sufficiently strong, then the second-best tariff should be positive,
while the first-best level is negative. In this situation, trade liberalization might decrease global welfare.
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亞太區域整合之研究-亞太經濟合作會議二十週年的回顧與展望陳良沛 Unknown Date (has links)
成立於1989年的亞太經合會是亞太區域唯一的官方區域整合機制,其「開放性區域主義」的特質,是過去區域整合機制所未曾提出與採用。惟亞太經合會特殊的組織架構與運作程序是否能夠提供會員國進一步合作的機制與意願,經常受到挑戰與考驗。今年適逢亞太經合會成立廿週年,正可用以作為研究亞太區域整合的典型案例,以對亞太地區整合的過去、現在與將來可能之發展有一綜合性的探究。
本論文在結構上設定基本前提為:亞太區域面臨歐盟、北美自由貿易區的區域整合所帶來的壓力,使得各國致力內部調整及經濟發展,藉由經貿相互往來的活動增進彼此間之依存度,而衍生希望藉由亞太經合會這一亞太區域最大的區域組織,來尋求區域整合,以形成競爭優勢;並冀藉國際關係區域整合相關理論與經驗,探討以下兩個問題:
一、以亞太經合會為例,析論亞太區域現有整合機制,面臨之問題及解決之途徑為何?
二、從亞太經合會未來定位發展,預測亞太區域整合可能途徑與方式?
本論文研究發現亞太區域未來仍舊繼續朝向多邊整合機制發展,仍難以出現一個類似北美、或歐盟的整合機制。而亞太區域整合未來發展趨勢為:(一)在區域經濟整合的建構過程中呈現多頭馬車角逐競爭的現象;(二)亞洲化與次區域間雙邊化的發展趨勢;(三)多組區域貿易安排同時發展、相互交錯的趨勢;(四)從認同的角度觀之,當今亞太區域經濟整合的過程亦呈現亞洲主義與亞太主義競合的趨勢;(五)美國的立場對亞太區域整合發展扮演關鍵性角色;(六)市場驅動為主導結合政府區域合作政策亦將決定亞太區域整合發展的路徑。上述的發展趨勢亦成為亞太經合會在未來進行亞太區域整合、推動亞太自由貿易區將面臨的整合問題,如何在諸整合機制的競合關係中,繼續推動整合進程,考驗亞太經合會各經濟體的智慧。
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論費率自由化對產險公司車商通路行銷策略之影響-以個案公司分析 / The Affects of the Car Dealer Marketing Strategy after the Rating Liberalization – Analysis Study for specific insurer陳德惠, David Chen Unknown Date (has links)
探討費率自由化第三階段實行兩年多來,汽車保險面臨費率自由化、及遵守保險業自律公約情況下,產物保險公司因應車商通路新競爭與新需求之行銷策略相關議題,藉由個案公司的分析探討,了解整體車商通路保險的現況與問題,提出有效建議車商通路汽車保險的關鍵成功行銷策略,並藉此拓展車商通路業績並達成利潤目標,以符合保險經營所要求的穩健性原則並創造保險公司、監理機關、車商通路與消費者多贏之態勢。 / 探討費率自由化第三階段實行兩年多來,汽車保險面臨費率自由化、及遵守保險業自律公約情況下,產物保險公司因應車商通路新競爭與新需求之行銷策略相關議題,藉由個案公司的分析探討,了解整體車商通路保險的現況與問題,提出有效建議車商通路汽車保險的關鍵成功行銷策略,並藉此拓展車商通路業績並達成利潤目標,以符合保險經營所要求的穩健性原則並創造保險公司、監理機關、車商通路與消費者多贏之態勢。
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貿易自由化下環保標章制度之效果分析 / The effect of eco-label under trade liberalization蕭文棟 Unknown Date (has links)
隨著經濟的快速發展,人類活動對環境的衝擊日趨嚴重,為了抑制環境的損害,近年來,環保標章逐漸成為各國政府採用的新興環境管制工具,而目前大部分文獻著重於分析環保標章是否對消費者的行為模式產生改變及是否有效發揮減少污染排放與提升社會福利的效果,至於實行後有關貿易效果的部分,較少著墨。因此本文主要探討國內市場、廠商結構有所不同,但皆已實施環保標章制度的情況下,環保標章與非環保標章產品廠商之最適價格、產量及利潤,以及因貿易自由化造成關稅的下降,對於污染稅與國內環境品質的影響為何?
本文以垂直差異化模型,描述消費者行為,並建立一個多家非環保標章廠商與一家環保標章廠商於本國市場進行價格競爭的兩國兩廠商理論模型。發現本國廠商為環保標章廠商時,不論在本國觀點或全球觀點下,將對汙染進行課稅,且關稅的下降將促使本國政府提高汙染稅,環境品質會因關稅下降而惡化。本國廠商為非環保標章廠商時,在本國觀點下,將對汙染進行補貼,關稅下降促使本國政府提高汙染補貼,同樣使得環境品質因而惡化;然而,在全球觀點下,將對汙染進行課稅,關稅的下降促使汙染稅跟著調降,環境品質因此而獲得改善。 / Due to the rapid economic development, the environment has got worse. This fact makes eco-label become a new environmental instrument which used by many countries in recent years. Recently, the economists want to figure out the influence of the eco-label. Those researches mainly focus on whether the eco-label changes the consumer behavior patterns and whether it can effectively reduce pollution emissions and improve social welfare. However, in those papers, the effect on trade is less mentioned. This paper focuses on the optimal price, quantity and profit of firms with and without eco-labels, as well as how the decline in tariffs caused by trade liberalization will influence the pollution tax and the domestic environmental quality.
In this paper, we use the vertical differentiation model to describe consumer behavior. What we set here is when the local company is the eco-label product maker, the foreign company will produce non-green products, and vice versa. We found that when local company is the eco-label product maker, no matter in a domestic point of view or from the global perspective, the pollution will be taxed, and the decline in tariffs will raise pollution tax, so the deterioration of environmental quality. When local company is not eco-label product maker, there are two different consequences: in domestic view, the pollutions will be subsidized. We also can see as the tariffs declines, the government will raise its pollution subsidy, which will make the deterioration of environmental quality. From the global perspective, the pollution will be taxed, the decline in tariffs will lead to the reducing of pollution tax, so will improve the quality of the environment.
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全球化下台灣與南韓國家角色轉變之比較研究 / Globalization and the transformations of state role -- South Korea and Taiwan compared郭瑀筑, Kuo, Yu Chu Unknown Date (has links)
本論文採取歷史制度主義作為研究途徑,分析相關研究文獻,以台灣的經建會與南韓的經濟企劃院為例,探討身處全球化浪潮下,台韓兩國國家角色轉變之過程。在全球化的脈絡下,本論文以台韓兩國隨著民主化與自由化的發展,歷經威權體制轉型時期、亞洲金融危機發生階段與危機結束後,政府中制定與推動經濟政策者,即台灣的經建會與南韓的經濟企畫院,對於經濟政策之作為,分析兩國國家角色的轉變、原因及所產生的影響。
自90年代開始全球化的影響力遽增,台韓兩國歷經政治民主化與經濟自由化,使國家角色由過去威權體制時期的政府領導且高度介入的地位,因自由市場體制所致而失去領導能力之模式,至歷經1998年亞洲金融危機時期,兩國政府為因應危機引發經濟成長減緩等問題,使國家角色領導能力更為減弱,至亞洲金融危機結束後2000年,台灣面臨首次政黨輪替以及南韓經濟開始復甦的情況下,兩國國家角色對於經濟政策的領導能力,再次產生轉變,台灣的情況因朝野對立而引發政治失序,使經濟政策窒礙難行,國家角色主導經濟發展程度更為減弱,南韓則由於全球化與自由化的影響,財閥完全主導經濟發展的方向,使政府退位為管理者的角色。 / This research adopts the approaches of historical institutionalism and literature analysis to provide a comparative study of the transformations of the state role in South Korea and Taiwan in an attempt to shed a light on the study of the relationships between globalization and state role. Focusing on the economic policies of government, this dissertation examines the transformations of state role in South Korean and Taiwan since the two countries embarked upon economic liberalization and political democratization in the 1990s in the broad context of globalization. The impact of the transformations of state role upon their respective politico-economic developments will also be discussed. It is argued that under the impact of globalization, South Korea’s and Taiwan’s development trajectories are similar. However, different politico-economic institutions impact upon the economic policies of government in the two countries, hence the state role. It is nonetheless observed that the advancement of globalization, the state role of South Korea and Taiwan should supervise economic development in order to weather the global financial storm.
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論費率自由化對產物保險公司商業火災保險自留業務風險管理之影響-以個案公司比較分析 / The affects of the commercial fire insurance net retention risks management after the rating liberalization – analysis study for specific insurer鄭理中 Unknown Date (has links)
回顧自2002年4月1日起台灣開始實施費率自由化以來,在政府金融監督管理委員會的輔導下,朝著開放的方向邁進,先是費用總量管制,附加費用率之引進,及允許費率有限度的偏離等,都是在第一與第二階段施行,而巨大保額部分亦在第一階段就已開放,做為產險費率自由化的準備。第三階段,住宅與商業火險及任意車險費率可由產險業者自由訂定,消費者選擇產險公司投保時,費率選擇將更多樣化。
本論文重點在探討費率自由化對產物保險公司商業火災保險自留業務風險管理之影響,並進而剖析產險業為因應未來競爭與環境變遷,其商業火災保險自留業務之經營策略。且隨著全球氣候變遷與產業結構可能改變及產險監理政策之調整,產險業在風險評估與核保、資產的管理及新市場與新產品的開發,必須做整體政策及策略性的改變,才能因應未來改變所帶來的挑戰。
本研究結果發現,雖然台灣產險業面對費率自由化、環境與監理政策之調整與改變,在可預見之未來將面臨更複雜與更艱難的經營挑戰,惟就整體而言,簽單保費自留比例自2003年27.16 %一路攀升至2009年之44.33 %。且由個案公司分析可知,其在商業火險費率自由化實施後,特別是進入費率自由化第三階段,皆大幅提升其自留保費比例,以提升公司之自留風險承擔能力,期以提昇專業及獲利能力。因全球氣候變遷致近年天災事故頻仍,在加上重大工安事故頻傳;且商火巨大保額業務承保範圍較中小型保額業務完整(多為全險式保單),而保險公司承保費率(特別是天災保險)又明顯不足,使近2年整體商業火災保險及其天災險損失率急速攀升,上述情形正考驗著加速提升自留保費比率之產險公司自留風險管理(特別是天災風險)能力及獲利。
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中國大陸建立自由貿易協定之比較研究 / Comparative Study of China's Free Trade Agreements with Pakistan, ASEAN, and Singapore王議賢 Unknown Date (has links)
在二次世界大戰後,國際社會上出現了許多形式的國際合作,然而直至1980年代以前,中國與各種貿易自由化的形式都保持著一定距離。1980年代後,隨著中國的改革開放,中國開始積極融入國際社會貿易自由化的浪潮當中。1990年代以來,「自由貿易協定」(free trade agreement)做為貿易自由化的具體形式之一,亦成為中國所積極關切的目標。至2014年,中國已與十二個國家、經濟體完成了自由貿易協定的簽署,同時也正與許多國家進行相關商議,欲求建立更多、更廣泛的自由貿易協定。
本研究乃是從上述的背景中提出欲探討之主題:「哪些因素使得中國能成功地與其它經濟體建立自由貿易協定?」應此,本研究的內容主要分成以下部分:首先,本研究提出以「貿易緊密度、貿易型態距離、議題設定」三個自變項綜合而成的研究設計,用以檢視並研析中國的各個自由貿易協定。其次,本研究選定中國與巴基斯坦、東協、新加坡所簽訂的自由貿易協定做為重點個案,以上述的研究途徑分別研析此三個個案。最後,本文在整合並比較對此三個個案的研究結果後發現:第一,「貿易緊密度」為中國得以順利與他國建立自由貿易協定的重要基礎;第二,中國能否與他國成功建立自由貿易協定,亦取決於雙方在「貿易型態」上是否存在共同的利益動機與偏好;第三,雙方在自由貿易協定建立中的「議題設定」,有助於強化及鞏固雙方貿易深化的政治正當性。本研究乃希望能藉由上述的論述鋪陳,進一步豐富對於中國融入國際貿易自由化的相關研究成果。
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台灣產險市場費率自由化下之市場競爭研究 / A staudy of under deregulation, market competition of Taiwan non-life insurance廖士傑, Jeff Liao Unknown Date (has links)
我國在2002年正式成為WTO 之成員,為開放保險市場與國際金融保險市場接軌,同年我國開始實施三階段的產險市場費率自由化。
然而,費率自由化實施,市場競爭更甚以往,時有所聞產險業者的惡性價格競爭與保險經紀人影響商業保險市場價格。
而本文以「台灣產險市場費率自由化下之市場競爭研究」為題,試圖瞭解我國產險公司在市場激烈競爭下卻未如國外市場(例如日本)大規模進行同業合併以降低營運成本,壯大經營規模以增加競爭力的原因,並分析保險經紀人如何影響市場價格造成市場競爭加劇的原因與實務上保險經紀人對商業保險安排承保能量架構的費率操作說明;最後就現行相關監理法條之可行改進方案做一建議與結論,希望對國內產險業有所助益。 / In 2002, Taiwan became a member of the World Trade Organization. In keeping with the spirit of this organization the government has devoted itself to building an open financial and insurance market which implemented deregulation of non-life insurance rates by three phases in the same year.
Under deregulation, the rates reduction of Non-life insurance creates more competition within the industry; we often hear that non-life insurers do destructive competition and non-life insurance brokers influence commercial insurance market price deeply.
The title of this paper “A study of under deregulation, market competition of Taiwan non-life insurance” is aimed to understand the reason why under deregulation, there is no series of mergers or alliances among Taiwan non-life insurance industry for reducing cost, enlarging scale to enhance competitiveness like those taking place overseas such as Japan. This thesis also analyzed how non-life insurance brokers use influence on market premium rates which caused market competition even severely and illustrated non-life insurance brokers using capacities to control commercial property insurance rates by practice experiences. Lastly, conclusive remarks and recommendations are made to the related regulation. Hopefully these suggestions would be helpful to the industry.
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蘇聯末期公民社會萌芽之研究 / The Research of an Emerging Civil Society in late USSR羅彥傑, Lo, Yen-Chieh Unknown Date (has links)
自一九七○年代中期南歐、拉丁美洲與蘇聯暨東歐各國相繼爆發民主浪潮以來,「公民社會」(Civil Society)即成為政治與社會學界探討的焦點。「公民社會」有賴於對個人結社言論自由、公共參與自由和政治參與自由的保障,因此其具有國家及社會走向自由化的意函。由於自由化往往先於民主化,在研究極權與威權國家民主轉型的過程中,「公民社會」便正好可作為研究一國走向民主化的起點。在世界各國民主轉型的例子中,蘇聯的民主轉型過程顯得與眾不同,這一方面是因為蘇聯本身是多民族帝國,境內民族問題嚴重,另一方面是因為蘇聯作為全球第一個、也是實施最久的社會主義國家,其擁抱的極權主義體制對國家與社會之間的關係產生深刻的影響。
本論文主要是採用新制度主義(new institutionalism)的研究途徑,來探討蘇聯末期公民社會萌芽的來龍去脈。在解釋蘇聯公民社會的特殊發展經驗中,一反過去較常被使用的現代化理論或菁英途徑,而是側重於新制度主義下的非正式規則(或制度)因素,譬如歷史、文化與傳統等。第一章專門介紹「公民社會」概念的歷史演進過程與各種意涵;第二章敘述俄羅斯歷史上三種可能有利於或不利於「公民社會」特殊傳統,包括集體主義、保守主義與專制主義;第三章探討蘇聯在戈巴契夫領導下所進行的「公民社會」制度創新;第四章續探討公民社會在蘇聯的實踐情況;第五章則對蘇聯末期萌芽的公民社會進行反省、檢討與比較,說明其特色;第六章為結論。
本論文得出的結論是,蘇聯雖然在一九八五年戈巴契夫上台前已有「公民社會」萌芽的「要素」,但當時的社會還不是真正的「公民社會」。真正的公民社會要等到戈巴契夫上台推行一連串改革開放的措施後,才算真正萌芽扎根。不過,不論是和同一時期西方抑或東歐的公民社會比較,蘇聯末期萌芽的公民社會都顯得相當薄弱與不穩,這主要是由於蘇聯暨俄羅斯長久以來的傳統文化不利於公民社會的發展。此外,民族主義浪潮也衝擊到公民社會的發展,凸顯民族主義與公民社會之間的深刻矛盾,這一點也說明了蘇聯公民社會所獨有的困境。 / Since South Europe, Latin America and the Soviet bloc began the democratization in 1970s, civil society has become the focus of the politics and sociology of academic circle. Civil society depends on the assurance of the association freedom, speech freedom, public participation freedom and political participation freedom, implying that the state and society are being or have been liberalized. Because liberalization always goes ahead of democratization, civil society happens to be used as a starting point of research of post-Communist transition. The USSR’s case seems so different with others, not only it as a multi-nation empire, but also it as the first and long-enduring socialist country in the world.
The thesis adopts the approach of new institutionalism to discuss the process of an emerging civil society in late USSR. Instead of the modernization theory or elite approach that are often used, the new institutionalism, especially in informal institution, seems to be the most persuasive in explaining the USSR’s case. The first chapter introduces the historical evolution and various meanings of civil society’s idea. The second specifies three historical traditions in Russia that may help or damage the development of civil society, including collectivism, conservatism and absolutism. The third talk about the institutional innovation of civil society by Mikhail Gorbachev. The fourth pays attention to the real situation in USSR’s civil society. The fifth reconsider, review and compare the USSR’s civil society with the East European and the west ones. The sixth is my conclusion.
My conclusion is that although the USSR has had the “elements” of an emerging civil society before Gorbachev appeared on the stage in 1985, the society has not been a “real” civil society yet. A real civil society has not taken root until Gorbachev put a series of reforms into practice. Nonetheless, being compared either with the west or the East European ones, the USSR’s civil society seems very fragile and unstable, because the Russian particular tradition and culture prohibit the civil society from development and consolidation. In addition, the nationalist wave put impact on the development of civil society, highlighting the deep contradiction between nationalism and civil society. This point also underlines the dilemma of the USSR’s civil society.
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