技師服務具有高度專業性與技術性，且與一國基礎建設具重大關係，攸關人民生命財產安全，往往受到各國政府之管制。各國為確保技師服務提供之品質，通常對於技師服務進行證照管制，令技師服務之提供限於取得該國技師資格與執業執照者始得為之。有關技師資格與核發執業執照之規定通常散落於各國國內規章中，該等國內規章之適用勢必將對技師服務貿易產生影響。 在世界貿易組織(World Trade Organization，以下簡稱WTO)之服務貿易總協定下(General Agreement on Trade in Services)，WTO會員基於自願性之基礎對各項服務部門之市場開放提出承諾，技師服務屬於專業服務之範疇，亦包含於會員可能提出開放承諾之範圍內。由於各會員國內規章之規定並不須納入會員服務貿易特定承諾表內，因此若欲了解技師服務貿易自由化之情形，除須檢視各國對於技師服務所為之開放承諾外，亦應瞭解國內規章對於技師服務貿易所造成之限制。 本文以技師資格相關之國內規章為出發點，探討國內規章對於技師服務貿易自由化所產生之影響，並針對目前國際間有關技師資格之相互認許進行討論，最後對於未來技師服務貿易自由化提出建議。 / Engineering services, with high professional specialty and technical background, plays an essential role in national infrastructure and is fatal to public security. To ensure the quality of the services provided, national governments usually implement the license regulation on engineering services. Only those who obtain the engineer qualification and acquire the license can practice their own specialty. The requirement for engineer qualification and license issuing, containing in the domestic regulations, will definitely have the impact on trades of engineering services. Under the General Agreement on Trade in Services of the World Trade Organization (hereinafter the “WTO”), WTO members make market-access commitments on a number of service sectors on the basis of voluntary. Since engineering services belongs to the category of professional services, it may also be the subject included in the commitments made by members. Since members have no obligations to inscribe domestic regulations in their schedules of specific commitments, with the purpose to understand the practical trade liberalization of engineering services, we should not simply focus on the commitments made by members, the limitation to trade of engineering services caused by domestic regulations should also be taken into consideration. This thesis initiates with the relevant domestic regulations of engineer qualification, observing how those regulations would affect the trade liberalization of engineering services. It accordingly discusses the nowadays international mutual recognition system of engineer qualification, and ends with some suggestions and thoughts regarding the future trade liberalization of engineering services.

第一章 緒論 分三節－－一、研究動機；二、研究方法；三、研究架構。 第二章 從民生主義觀點論公營事業的地位 分五節－－一、民生主義基本的經濟觀 點：（一）計劃性自由的經濟制度；（二）生產與分配並重的發展策略；（三）經濟 發展的目標－－均富。二、公營事業的意義；三、公營事業存在的原因：（一）公營 事業的理論基礎；（二）公營事業存在的理由；（三）公營事業與民生主義基本的經 濟觀點。四、公營事業與節制資本：（一）節制資本的意義與方法；（二）公營事業 與節制資本的經濟目標。五、公營事業與發達國家資本：（一）開發中國家的資本問 題；（二）公營事業發達國家資本的限制。 第三章 我國公營事業的發展 分四節－－一、我國公營事業經營的理由：（一）法 律方面；（二）政治方面；（三）經濟方面；（四）社會方面；（五）國防方面。二 、我國公營事業的發展：（一）大陸時期；（二）遷台迄今。三、我國公營事業的經 營制度；四、我國公營事業經營的現況：（一）公營事業的範圍和比重；（二）公營 事業的規模；（三）公營事業的產出及所得分配。 第四章 從民生主義觀點檢討我國公營事業的經營 分五節－－一、民生主義與幾個 主要國家的經驗：（一）中山先生對公營事業經營管理的看法；（二）世界主要國家 公營事業的新趨勢。二、我國公營事業經營的績效：（一）公營事業的經濟能力；（ 二）公營事業的成長率；（三）公營事業的資本形成′（四）公營事業的產業聯鎖效 果；（五）公營事業與人才培育及技術進步；（六）公營事業創造的就業機會。三、 我國公營事業發展的問題：（一）人事；（二）組織體系；（三）財務；（四）法令 規章；（五）會計、審計；（六）預算；（七）考成。四、公營事業開放民營的商榷 ：（一）公民營範圍的界定；（二）公營事業開放民營的原則。五、改進我國公營事 業的建議：（一）經營觀念；（二）確定經營範圍；（三）人事；（四）組織體系； （五）會計、審計；（六）財務；（七）法令；（八）考核。 第五章 結論。

本篇論文旨在開放經濟體系下，以貨幣分析法、資產選擇分析法、國際收支分析法之 三種理論，探討市場匯率之決定及影響之因素；當國際收支失衡時，貨幣當局運用何 種干預政策，使經濟體系達到最適狀況。全文分為五章討論。 第一章為緒論。 第二章乃在貨幣分析法下，探討在基本假設下及放棄某些假設時，匯率之決定；實施 干預時，影響匯率的程度。 第三章乃在資產選擇分析法下，探討匯率之決定及影響的因素；干預政策對匯率有影 響。 第四章是在國際收支分析法下，討論匯率之決定，干預政策對匯率有影響。 第五章則為結論。

本研究旨在了解國中英語教師對九年一貫課程之態度與實踐，以期了解基層英語教師如何看待九年一貫課程改革以及他們如何在教室中實施這套新課程。同時，本研究希望藉由國中英語教師對九年一貫課程之態度與實踐，再一次檢視九年一貫課程改革的現況。 本研究採取質的研究方法，以台北市2名公立國中英文教師為研究對象。研究過程採取觀察、訪談、文件分析等方式為主要資料蒐集來源。資料的涵蓋面向包含：(1) 教師對九年一貫課程之態度；(2) 教師對九年一貫英語課程之態度；(3) 教師對英語教科書之態度；(4) 考試及測驗對教師之影響；(5) 教師的教學技巧與能力；(6) 教師的專業發展。經由這些資料，本研究討論了三個與九年一貫相關的議題：(1) 教師的教學自主權；(2) 教師的專業發展；(3) 教科書的開放政策。 本研究並根據以上三個議題的討論結果，進一步提供相關建議，以作為教育行政單位、學校單位、國民中學英文領域教師及未來研究的參考。 / The purpose of this study is to present the results of junior high school EFL teachers’ attitudes toward Grade 1-9 Curriculum and their classroom practice. This study aims to reveal how junior high school EFL teachers view Grade 1-9 Curriculum and how they implement this new curriculum in their classrooms.This study also offers another chance to take a look at the current situation of the implementation of Grade 1-9 Curriculum. This study adopts a qualitative research method and selects two participant teachers in a well established junior high school to serve as cases which work for in-depth understanding of teachers’ attitudes and their classroom practice. In this case study, data-gathering methods include interview, observation, and document analysis. The collecting information is presented in six dimensions: (1) teachers’ attitudes toward Grade 1-9 Curriculum, (2) teachers’ attitudes toward Grade 1-9 English Curriculum, (3) teachers’ attitudes toward English textbooks, (4) the influence of examinations and tests on teaching, (5) teaching skills and abilities, and (6) teacher professional development. Based on the above information, this study discusses three concerns related to Grade 1-9 Curriculum: (1) teacher autonomy, (2) professionalism, and (3) the policy of liberation of textbooks. Finally, some pedagogical implications and suggestions stemmed from the previous discussions are proposed to serve as a reference for the central authority, school administrators, junior high school EFL teachers, and future research on Grade 1-9 Curriculum.

確定給付制的退休金計畫，退休金成本提存的適當與否，關係到基金長期的財務健全及未來員工權益的保障，而我國公務人員退撫基金關係到廣大公務人員的權益，也影響到政府的財政支出，所以對公務人員退撫基金更有精算的必要，以確保提撥率之適當而不至於對政府財政增加額外負擔。 本論文從人口面的角度出發，以我國公務人員退休撫卹基金為實證分析之研究對象，探討人口面的假設對於公務人員退撫基金提撥率，未來各項給付支出的影響，包括從經驗資料中取樣，探討大小不同的樣本建立之服職表，於計算提撥率的差異，並利用混成模型建立新進成員假設，以開放團體模擬基金成員結構，在某些固定假設之下，模擬未來五十年的基金資產與現金流量情況。 根據本研究結果指出，利用不同取樣所建構的服職表，計算出之提撥率差異甚大，顯示小型的退休金計畫並不適宜以自身的經驗資料作為精算評價的基礎。另外，以常態分佈的混成模型建立公務人員新進假設，在人數設限成員群體的假設下作開放團體模擬的結果，顯示公務人員年齡結構在未來有逐漸老化的趨勢，在本文所採的假設下，基金資產將先增後減而於民國121年破產。在現行的公務人員退休撫卹制度下，要避免基金破產之情況發生，唯有提高提撥率、提高基金資產報酬率、或壓低薪資成長率。 第一章 緒論 第一節 研究動機與目的 第二節 研究範圍與限制 第三節 研究架構與內容 第二章 退休金精算考慮之因素 第一節 退休基金精算系統的概念及文獻回顧 第二節 精算假設 第三節 精算成本法 第三章 基金成員結構分析的理論基礎 第一節 服職表的編製 壹、 模型建立 貳、 修勻方法 參、 程式演算過程 第二節 混成參數模型的建構 第三節 基金成員新進參數模型的建立 第四節 基金成員新進、脫退隨機過程 第四章 公務人員退撫基金精算模擬 第一節 公務人員退撫基金給付規定 第二節 公務人員退撫基金精算評價系統簡介 第三節 公務人員退撫基金精算評價之實證 壹、 取樣差異對於提撥率的影響 貳、 開放團體模擬基金成員結構和財務預估 第五章 結論與建議 第一節 結論 第二節 對後續研究的建議 附錄A：估計粗脫率之程式 附錄B：修勻程式(Whittaker法) 附錄C：估計常態混成模型參數之程式 附錄D：公務人員新進成員年齡、職等分佈模擬之程式 附錄E-1：服職表1 附錄E-2：服職表2 附錄E-3：服職表3 附錄E-4：服職表4 附錄E-5：服職表5 附錄E-6：服職表6 附錄E-7：服職表7 / The adequacy of the plan contribution for a defined benefit pension scheme is directly related to its financial soundness and the plan member’s benefits. Due to uncertainty of the plan’s turnover, the service table plays an important role in actuarial valuation and cash flow projection. In this study, Taiwan public employees retirement system is studied to monitor the solvency issue due to bias in selecting the service tables. Tai-PERS is designed to provide retirement and ancillary benefits to 271,215 government employees. Its financial soundness is especially vital to the government annual balance. The plan contribution and projected cash flows of Tai-PERS are investigated using various sampling results. The distribution of the new entrants is assumed to follow the mixture model to describe the recruiting results. Then dynamic simulations under the open group assumption are performed to predict the future fund assets and cash flows. The results show significant differences in employing various service tables. Hence selecting proper demographic assumptions is particular important in pension valuation. Under our approach, the workforce of Tai-PERS is aging given the current plan population. Based on the given scenario, the projected plan assets increase and then decrease to be insolvent in 2032. Some interesting results are also discussed.

逐漸崛起的網際網路經濟在科技及商業環境的快速變化中促使軟體開發程序漸漸進化成因應需求而調整式的程序，敏捷開發程序的演化在過去十幾年已幫助許多網際網路商業設立而且使其可以保持競爭力。 採用敏捷開發程序的網際網路商業組織較具有彈性，可以在任何軟體開發的階段中對於針對需求的改變而改變軟體的開發。主要加快軟體完成的因素是保持一個輕量級並有密切及通暢溝通的團隊。快速的軟體開發週期以及原形的開發使得初步可行性研究較簡單，也因此可以幫助需求單位提早測試軟體並提早提供回饋。 開放原始碼技術能幫助敏捷組織創新。知識轉移與技術管理在沒有很多文件紀錄的敏捷軟體開發環境中也扮演非常重要的角色。 處於隨時因應需求而敏捷調整步調成為組織的核心競爭力。組織的文化與價值需要根據組織要求的敏捷特性來調整。在事者應當用社會控制體系來管理其員工，而非用傳統式的正式控制體系。 AutoTradeCenter成功的採用敏捷方法而成為一個敏捷的組織。它採用開放原始碼技術並強調創新管理。也建立組織的文化與價值來支持其「敏捷開發系統」的建立。該公司的高度敏捷度在2000年代初期的不景氣時候仍讓其保持競爭力。 本研究建議任何新成立的網際網路商業公司可以嚐試使用AutoTradeCenter所採用的敏捷開發方式來建立組織的競爭力。 / The fast change technology and business environment from the emerging Internet economy have resulted in the evolution of the software development process into an adaptive process. This evolution of the agile software development process has helped numerous new Internet businesses to enter the field and to stay competitive over the past decades. Internet businesses, which adopted the agile software development methodology, are able to remain flexible and address changes in any stage of software development process. A lightweight team with close and good communications is the key ingredient to speedily deliver software products. Quick cycles and prototypes make feasibility studies easier and allow business people to test and provide feedback thereby allowing creation of the innovative products that truly address the market requirements. Open source technology has helped agile organizations to innovate and materialize the innovation. Knowledge transfer and technology management play important roles in an agile software development environment without a need for excess documentations. Organizations stay adaptive with agility as their core competence. The organizational values and culture need to be shaped accordingly to support the agile spirit across organizations. Incumbents should motivate the members using social control system rather than the formal control system. AutoTradeCenter, a case study used in this research, successfully formed an agile organization by adopting the agile methodology, utilizing and managing the open source technology, and creating an adaptive culture and value. The agility helped the company staying competitive during the economic downturn in early 2000. This research suggested that any Internet startup can adopt the same path that AutoTradeCenter chose to create its competitive advantages. Keywords: Agile Software Development, Open Source Technology, Knowledge Management, Organizational Culture, Core Competence, Competitive Advantage, Internet Business Model, AutoTradeCenter

開放原始碼軟體(Open Source Software；OSS)或稱自由軟體(free software)近年來備受矚目，許多政府、企業、機構團體認為相較於專屬軟體(proprietary software)，開放原始碼軟體的成本低廉、安全性高，因而支持開放原始碼軟體，一些國際知名大廠也投入開發相關產品以支援開放原始碼軟體；然而，深入分析開放原始碼軟體與專屬軟體在價格、穩定性及功能性之優、缺點，可發現開放原始碼軟體未必如其支持者所稱較專屬軟體具有低成本、高技術性等之優點；至於市場佔有率方面，近十年來開放原始碼軟體雖在網頁瀏覽器(Brower)及行動設備作業系統的市占率呈現顯著成長，但在桌上型電腦、筆記型電腦、小筆電及伺服器的市場占有率則仍遠不及專屬軟體。 　　隨著開放原始碼軟體的興起，相關的問題及風險亦隨之產生。在商業模式方面，過去鼎力支持開放原始碼軟體，並且保證決不會以自家專利攻擊Linux社群及業者的IBM，如今也開始手持自家專利對付開放原始碼軟體業者，此一案例凸顯了開放原始碼軟體追求自由、開放分享的精神，與追求市占率及利潤為目標之企業經營環境，兩者間存在著本質上的衝突與矛盾。而為了降低使用開放原始碼軟體可能產生之風險，已有越來越多使用開放原始碼軟體的企業，改採混合碼（Mixed Source）的軟體策略，亦即在一項產品中，同時使用開放原始碼軟體和專屬軟體，儼然已成為國際趨勢；現今，已有超過50%的開放原始碼軟體供應商將開放原始碼軟體結合其內部專屬原始碼使用，有60%以上的開放原始碼軟體供應商已採用某些類型的商業授權方式，而一些原本非開放原始碼軟體的公司也開始利用開放原始碼來加強其市場競爭力。 　　在智慧財產權方面，部分開放原始碼軟體社群雖強烈反對以智慧財產權保護軟體，然此實與知識經濟時代下保護智慧財產權的發展趨勢背道而馳，因此，開放原始碼軟體不可避免的仍須面對智慧財產權管理及侵權訴訟等問題。然由於傳統開原碼軟體社群缺乏專業之法律或智慧財產管理人員，而技術或程式碼貢獻者又為數眾多，使得採用開放原始碼軟體在智慧財產權的管理、執行及訴訟風險上，面臨許多困難及挑戰。在開放原始碼軟體授權協議方面，開放原始碼軟體社群愈來愈強調使用者必須嚴格遵守授權協議之約定，且對於一些違反授權協議之使用者，已積極展開訴訟程序強制要求其遵守，因此，企業組織若要採用開放原始碼軟體，勢必需建立相關之風險管理和內部管理機制。 　　在歐洲、美洲及亞洲等世界各主要國家的軟體政策方面，過去雖有許多積極推動開放原始碼軟體計劃之媒體報導，然而，近幾年來，各國政府已較少採取獨厚開原碼的推廣政策，而大多數是以技術中立(Technical Neutral)或強調互通性的方式兼容並蓄的廣納各種不同的軟體授權模式，此也印證了混合碼的國際發展趨勢。至於我國的軟體發展政策，過去一直偏重在開放原始碼軟體的發展及補助上，然而執行的結果，不但市場現況與預期成果有相當大的落差，投入與產出顯不成比例，且由我國政府的自由軟體發展政策，亦可看出我國政府在資訊軟體產業發展政策上存在著將對開放原始碼的補助方案當作對整體資訊軟體產業的政策發展方向等等之混淆及迷思，此皆阻礙了我國資訊軟體產業之發展。 　　有鑑於此，本研究乃由策略大師麥可•波特(Michael E. Porter)所提出之國家競爭優勢鑽石體系（National Diamond）架構，分析我國在資訊軟體產業發展上的國家競爭力，並針對我國政府的資訊軟體產業發展政策，由組織領導、法令環境、創新商業模式、施政指標及匡正智庫角色等面向提出具體建議，期能對我國資訊軟體產業之發展有所貢獻及助益。 / Open Source Software (OSS) or Free Software has attracted a great deal of attention in recent years. Comparing with traditional proprietary software, many governments, enterprises and institutions seems to believe that OSS is more cost effective and more secure, and thus support OSS. Similarly, a number of global companies have also started to invest in the development of related products that support OSS. However, after some in-depth analysis of the advantages and shorcomings in pricing, stability and functionality between OSS and proprietary software, it could be found that OSS may not have such high advantages in cost and technical level as its supporters asserted. Regarding the market shares in the last ten years, OSS has gained significant growth in the markets of Web Browser and Mobile Devise OS, but its market shares in Desktop Computer, Notebook, Netbook and Server markets are still far hehind proprietary software. 　　 The increasing popularity of OSS has inevitably triggered relevant issues and risk. From business model perspectives, previously IBM has been a long term OSS supporter and also publicly announced that it will never attack Linux companies and communities with its own patents. However, IBM recently began leveraging its patent portfolio and sending patent infringement warning to an OSS company who may compete with IBM in the server market. This recent case is a good example to highlight the inherent conflict and contradictions between the pursuit of freedom and open sharing spirit in OSS and the pursuit of profit and market shares in enterprise business environment. In order to reduce or manage the potential risk that could be triggered by OSS, more and more companies who use OSS begin to adjust their software strategy by adopting Mixed Source strategy. It has also become a trend in the global ICT industry to adopt or combine both OSS and Commercial Software into one product. Nowadays, more than 50% of OSS vendors start to combine OSS with their internal proprietary source code, more than 60% of OSS vendors have adopted certain types of commercial software licensing model, and some of the original non-OSS companies are also starting to leverage OSS to improve their market competitiveness. 　　With respect to intellectual property rights (IPR), even though some OSS communities still strongly oppose to the concept of IPR protection, some recent cases clearly prove that this kind of ideology is contrary to the trend of further improving IPR protection in the era of knowledge-based economy. Consequently, OSS still inevitably needs to face IPR management, infringement risk and licensing terms enforcement issues. However, due to the lack of professional legal or IPR management personnels in traditional OSS community and OSS projects usually involve numerous technical or code contributors, adopting OSS in current business environment will face many difficulties and challenges in IPR management, IPR enforcement and litigation risk. Another issue lies in the enforcement of OSS licensing terms, recently some OSS communities began to increasingly emphasize that users must strictly comply with all the licensing terms or requirements of the OSS model, and subsequently began to actively pursue legal enforcement actions against those violators. Therefore, it is imperative for any enterprise organization to establish comprehensive risk management and internal control/audit mechanism if it wishes to adopt OSS model. 　　In the past there were lots of media reports that actively promote government sponsored OSS policies in Europe, Asia and other major countries. However, there were less and less OSS only policy in recent years, governments around the world began to take Technical Neutral position or focus on interoperability by adopting a variety of different software licensing models. This development also confirms the international trend of adopting Mixed Source model. As for the software industry development policy in Taiwan, previously it has been focus on OSS related development and subsidy programs only. However, from the execution results, not only there is a huge gap between current market status and the expected results, the return of investment (ROI) from all those government funding programs is also extremely low. Furthermore, from the OSS development policy announced by the government, it is quite clear that there are confusions and myths among related government agencies that our current OSS development or subsidy programs equal to our national information software industry development policy. All of the above issues have seriously hindered the development of information software industry in Taiwan. 　　Based on the above analysis, this study leverages the National Diamond model proposed by the famous compete strategy expert, Michael E. Porter, to analyse the competitive advantages of Taiwan's information software industry. The study further proposes specific recommendations focusing on the organizational leadership, legal environment, innovation of business models, policy index, and the accurate role of think tanks in our government's information software industry development policy. Hopefully there will be some value-added and contributions to the development of information software industy in Taiwan.

自2003年布達佩斯宣言公佈起，國際間學術文獻開始開放取用的趨勢。於此背景下，本研究以諾貝爾生物醫學獎近十年23位得主為研究樣本，評比在商業資料庫(SCIE、Scopus)及開放取用系統(生物醫學類：Pubmed、Highwire；綜合類：Google Scholar)的文獻收錄狀況，除了比較其內部重複性與完整性，並交叉比對五個資料庫與系統的重複性、獨特性及完整性，同時也觀看能否取得全文的比率，來了解現今開放取用文獻的狀況，進而觀察開放取用系統和商業資料庫兩者是否可以互補，或是開放取用系統有代替商業資料庫的可能性。 研究結果顯示五個資料庫及系統的檢索形式多元。針對作者檢索而言，Scopus最完善，資料收錄也較齊全；SCIE及Pubmed兩者則是檢索結果最為相似。如果以學術出版收錄而言，則是Highwire較完整；至於Google Scholar的獨特性較高。整體而言，開放取用系統比商業資料庫的全文收錄比例高，但Scopus是收錄最多全文的資料庫。本研究同時也發現PNAS是五個資料庫與系統之重複來源及獨特來源。另外，使用PubMed及Highwire檢索生物醫學文獻會比Google Scholar來得專業。 根據研究結果建議，商業資料庫可考慮將網路開放資源納入收錄範圍，以便妥善整理及應用網路資源的書目及全文。開放取用系統則應改善索引書目之正確性及著錄完整性。另外，針對圖書館的服務宜採取以下之因應措施：(1)加強推廣商業資料庫之正確檢索方式及使用時機；(2)教導如何正確使用開放取用系統的檢索模式；(3)平衡商業資料庫和開放取用系統的使用，以達成圖書館經費的合理運用。 本研究後續可延伸至生物醫學領域的臨床及實證醫學上，以了解生物醫學中兩個最具時效性的學術文獻系統是否達到開放取用的立即性及實用性。再者，使用者對開放取用的滿意度研究是學術出版界急欲了解的課題，也是後續研究可加強努力的方向。 / The International Scholarly Communication has gradually forwarded open access system since the publication of Budapest Declaration in 2003. Under this research background, this study uses biomedical Nobel Prize winners in recent years for the study of 23 samples of appraisal in the commercial database (SCIE, Scopus) and open access systems (biomedical categories: Pubmed, Highwire ; Comprehensive: Google Scholar) literature collection status, in addition to comparing repeatability and integrity of its internal and cross-comparison of the five databases and system repeatability, uniqueness and integrity, while also viewing the ability to obtain the ratio of text to understand current status of open access literature, and then observe the open access systems and commercial databases whether the two can complement each other, or open access database system instead of commercial possibilities. The results showed that five databases have different retrieval systems in many different forms. For the purposes of retrieval, Scopus collections are more complete; SCIE and Pubmed are the most similar two databases in the search results. Inclusion academic publishing purposes, Highwire is the most complete one. For Google Scholar, the collection’s uniqueness is the highest. Overall, comparing the open access system with commercial database, open access system contains a high proportion of full text. Scopus is the most one of full text collections. The PNAS study also found that five of the duplicate database and system sources and unique source. In addition, the use of PubMed and Highwire retrieved biomedical literature is more professional than Google Scholar. According to the study results suggest that commercial databases can be considered included in the scope of network resources into the open, in order to properly organize network resources and application of bibliographic and full-text. Open access system should improve the accuracy and bibliographic indexing bibliographic completeness. In addition, for the library service should take the following measures in response to: (a) enhance the promotion of commercial database retrieval methods and the use of proper timing; (2) to teach the proper use of open access system retrieval mode; (3) Balance Business open access database and use of the system, in order to achieve rational use of library funds. The follow-up research of this study can be extended to the field of clinical and biomedical evidence-based medicine research. The follow-up research results can be used to understand the biomedical literature’ timeliness, whether the system reaches an open access immediate or practicality. Furthermore, users' satisfaction with open access scholarly publishing research is also an anxious subject to know, and the follow-up study will strengthen efforts.

本研究採用質性研究方法，以開放系統理論為架構，從組織運作的角度來探究個案學校─種籽親子實驗國民小學之日常生活和教育實踐，從而描繪出這所另類學校的學校圖像，並分析該校穩健存續的因素。本研究之研究結果如下： 一、本研究分別以「學生學習的制度」和「學校運作的制度」來描繪種籽親子實驗國民小學之學校圖像。前者包含課程學習及生活學習的各項制度，開展出師生自由自主、和諧共融的家校生活；後者敘述親師合作辦學治校，以及攸關教師成長的各項制度，開展出親師互信互賴、共同成長的家校生活。這兩個圖像共同呈現該校特殊的「家校生活」面貌：親師生皆能自在地以其本然面貌所展現的個別性，在學校共同生活。親師生和諧共融、互信互賴的基礎正在於鼓勵個人真實呈現自我的制度與文化。「家校生活」不僅意味著親師生在學校能延續著各自在家庭裡個人化的樣貌，更顯示家庭與學校之間資源互通、成員交流，學校呈現出由一個個學生家庭及教師團成員的家庭所組成的共同體。學校生活能自然融合、連結個人生活的其他面向，個別親師生因而在學校展現出一個個自主自在的完整學習個體的面貌。 二、種籽親子實驗國民小學的內部系統特性及其外部環境關係，如下數端： （一）結構系統呈現低度科層體制特性 （二）討論文化的底蘊是「支持個別差異的開放文化」與「有機體的合作文化」 （三）教師個人系統與家長、學生個人系統彼此協調而互有影響 （四）政治系統顯現個人範疇權力的運用與組織需求的轉化能解決衝突 （五）學校與地方教育主管機關互動良好但疏於經營與所在社區的關係 三、自我組織（self-organization）的組織本質是種籽親子實驗國民小學穩健存續的因素。以內部系統來看，該校的文化系統強韌並與個人系統協調，使其維持低度科層結構並得以化解組織衝突，內部系統顯現調和一致性。以學校組織的整體系統來看，該校是文化系統運作顯著的開放系統，文化系統具自主性的「調節回饋」本質，使學校形成「自我組織」，能因應內部系統與外部環境的擾動或壓力，得以穩健存續。 四、對於種籽親子實驗國民小學的建議： （一）親師生合力建構「種籽學」論述，做為自我改革學校變革的系統性基礎 （二）建立師資培育模式，踐行公共化使命 五、本研究對於國民教育的啟示： （一）朝向彈性的「自我組織」發展，學校更具創新變革能力 （二）建立有利於「自我創化教師」生成的學校環境 （三）親師生共同建構學校信念，形成「信任連結」關係為學校發展基礎 （四）以種籽親子實小的經驗看「實驗教育」的挑戰與因應 1. 「學校評鑑」方式應以協助學校發展為目的，宜更具彈性、因校制宜 2. 主管機關宜促進另類學校與一般學校深度交流或彼此成果分享 3. 種籽親子實驗國民小學的學校運作模式可為偏地小校轉型再生的參考 / This dissertation applies qualitative research method and the “open systems theory” to amplify on an alternative school picture of Seedling Experimental Elementary School, and inquiries the elements on the sustainable development of the alternative school. The results of this dissertation upon the case study on Seedling Experimental Elementary School are as follows. 1. By describing and analyzing the manners and systems of student learning and school operating, this dissertation points out that the school picture of Seedling Experimental Elementary School is home-school life of trustful coupling relationship among parents, teachers, and students. 2. The organizational characteristics of Seedling Experimental Elementary School are as below. (1) It seems as if Seedling Experimental Elementary School is a bureaucratic organization, but just at a modest rate, is not typical bureaucracy. (2) The intrinsic qualities of discussing culture are supporting individual differences and cooperation. (3) The individual systems of parents, teachers, and students are congruent. (4) Invoking individual power and transferring the need for organization can reconcile conflicts in the political system of organization. (5) Seedling Experimental Elementary School has the good relationship with the authorities, but has the aloof relationship with the local community. 3. The innate character of Seedling Experimental Elementary School is “self-organization” that can reconcile the inner systems of the school organization and embrace the challenges or stress come from outer systems. Seedling Experimental Elementary School as a self-organization can be developing steady. 4. This dissertation makes two suggestions to Seedling Experimental Elementary School. First of all, parents, teachers, and students can collectively build the “Seedling knowledge”. Secondly, Seedling Experimental Elementary School can accomplish educational mission for the public by establishing the method and program of teacher education based on “Seedling knowledge”. 5. This dissertation makes some suggestions for national education. (1) The authorities could assist schools to be “self-organization-orientated” school organizations. (2) The authorities could assist schools to cultivate teachers to be “self-creation-orientated” teachers. (3) A school principal could lead parents, teachers, and students to work up the school belief and vision, which may develop trustful coupling relationship that could be the base of school. (4) Three suggestions for experimental education: first, school evaluation for schools which are proceeding with experimental education should be flexible and expediential; secondly, the authorities can boost the communication and promote the cooperation between alternative schools and common schools; finally, the school operating model of Seedling Experimental Elementary School could be the reference and resource for the transformation of small schools in rural.

從實踐中體現： 匯聚而生一個多元文化「Hackerspace」社群 / Hackerspaces are open and public workshops where participants pro-actively engage with technology in a social context. From origins in 1990s Germany, the global propagation of hackerspaces has been grassroots, decentralized, and extra-institutional. How does a new hackerspace emerge? What are some key social processes at work within a hackerspace and how are they conditioned by a multilingual, multicultural setting? What roles do values and ideology play? The present study addresses these questions through immersion in the social world of a hackerspace in Taipei, Taiwan. Participant observation and in-depth interview data were analyzed using grounded theory techniques. The results emphasize that initial organizing depends on catalysts and relevant prior experience may be crucial. Local conditions in the form of a multicultural, multilingual environment are shown to affect social processes, sometimes as a source of friction. Ideological and political concerns do not seem salient to Taipei Hackerspace participants generally, though values implicit in practices present alternatives to institutional conventions. In addition, four primary processes are proposed: “Project-ing,” Sharing, “Making it one’s own,” and Negotiating. Finally, support is given to the concept of a transferable hackerspace model that is adapted to local conditions. The values and principles observed—sharing and openness norms, “do-ocracy”, ad hoc organizing, resistance to rules and hierarchy—can be traced to various influences in hackerspaces’ historical development, particularly the open source movement, and serve to optimize hacking potential while fostering a heterogeneous community network.