Denna studie har i syfte att undersöka vilka kännetecken som bidrar till ett effektivt ledarskap under kris, i detta fall Covid-19 pandemin. Studien är upprättad för att bidra med kunskap och förståelse för de relevanta delar och kännetecken som är viktiga under oförutsägbara situationer. Studien är avgränsad till en fallstudie i form av kvantitativ analys där den empiriska insamlingen skett utifrån intervjuer. Nio chefer från besöksnäringen intervjuades genom en semistrukturerad metod för att skapa möjligheten för respondenterna att ge en verklighetsförankrad berättelse. Tidigare forskning inom området ledarskap i kris visar på att ledarskap utgår från vilken stil en ledares idealbild förknippas med. Forskningen har därmed utgått från ledarskapsstilar som teori för att för att djupare beskriva olika fenomen och faktorer som är viktiga. Ledarskapsstilar som Transaktionellt och Transformativt ledarskap har varit i stort fokus under tidigare studier om området. Reflexivt ledarskap är framtaget från den insamlade empirin och kommer tillsammans med transaktionellt och transformativt ledarskap att ligga till grund för analysen av empirin. Studien resulterade i fyra kännetecken som är viktiga att ta hänsyn till samt ger möjligheten att vara reflexiv vid användning av kännetecken. Kännetecknen är kopplad till relationen sinsemellan ledare och medarbetare. Studien resulterar även i hur stort inflytande distansarbete har fått under Covid-19 pandemin. Vår empiri och analys är ense om att ledarskap under kris är helt beroende av kontext och sammanhang. / This study aims to investigate which characteristics contribute to effective leadership during a crisis, in this case the Covid-19 pandemic. The study is established to contribute knowledge and understanding of the relevant parts and characteristics that are important during unpredictable situations. The study is limited to a case study in the form of quantitative analysis where the empirical collection has been based on interviews. Nine managers from the hospitality industry were interviewed using a semi-structured method to create the opportunity for the respondents to provide a reality-based story. Previous research in the field of leadership in crisis shows that leadership is based on the style with which a leaders´s ideal image is associated. The research has thus used leadership styles as theory to describe more deeply different phenomena and factors that are important. Leadership styles such as Transactional and Transformational leadership have been the primary focus in previous studies on the field. Reflexive leadership is derived from the collected empirical data and will, together with transactional and transformational leadership, form the basis for the analysis of the empirical data. The study resulted in four characteristics that are important to take into account and provide the opportunity to be reflexive when using characteristics . The characteristics are linked to the relationship between leaders and employees. The study also results in how much influence remote work has had during the Covid-19 pandemic. Our empirical data and analysis agree that leadership during a crisis is entirely dependent on context.

Background: One of nine women will at some point in life be treated for breast cancer. When a woman receives a cancer diagnosis, it can be a trigger of a life crisis, which manifests itself in different phases: shock phase, reaction phase, processing phase and reorientation phase. Breast cancer affects the women's lifeworld and create suffering. Aim: The aim of this study was to describe women's experiences of receiving a breast cancer diagnosis. Method: This is a literature-based study of twelve qualitative articles. The articles was analyzed according to a qualitative content analysis of Graneheim and Lundman (2004). Results: The findings of this study were that women with a newly-diagnosed breast cancer went through a life crisis while diagnosed. Three themes emerged; 1: 'To receive the diagnosis of breast cancer'. Subthemes that emerged in this theme was; 'To be in shock', 'Fear of the disease progress and its consequences', and 'Uncertainty about the future'. 2: 'Strategies to master the new life situation'. Subthemes was; 'Activities to manage everyday life', 'Trust in spirituality' and 'To accept the diagnosis'. 3: 'The inherent meaning of support'. Subthemes was; 'The importance of health professionals supportive and informative role' and 'The significance of family and friend's support'. Conclusion: Receiving a breast cancer diagnosis is manifested as multifaceted and had a great impact on women's lives. Spirituality had a great significance for women's life-world. How the diagnosis was received, was highly individual.

The aim of this study was to understand how the professional in social work handles the media scrutiny. When the media writes about social services there is seldom anything positive written about it, many social services organizations are instead heavily criticized and scrutinized by the media. When social services organizations are scrutinized by the media there is a crisis at work, and therefore should be handled as a crisis. Therefore, we describe how a crisis management might look like in an organization. The study is qualitative therefore we have interviewed four municipalities in Sweden that have been exposed by the media at a national level. We interviewed eight social workers and managers to get different opinions about the handling after media critic and scrutiny. We wanted to study how a social service handles the media when it been scrutinized, when the previous research only shows how social workers are affected by it. When the professionals in social services organization are scrutinized by the media there are frequently negative criticisms and that can lead to social services organizations legitimacy decreases. Therefor we will analyze our result from professional theory to see how the professional handles media scrutiny. We see similarities between a crisis and a media scrutiny and therefore we also use the concept of crisis. The results shows that it is important that colleagues support each other and that the professionals are open against media.  The differences between the positions are that managers are the ones who have the ultimate responsibility for the medial scrutiny. The responsibility includes media contact; to ensure that there is enough support, information regarding the situation given out to everyone in the workplace and taking into account the security.  To meet media in a better way is by have a media education there social workers and journalist can meet and exchanges knowledge and experience of each other works.

This essay is about how lesbian love is being portrayed in two Swedish novels. The material consists of Karin Boye’s Crisis (1934) and Louise Boije af Gennäs’ Stars without Vertigo (1996). By using theories of heteronormativity, discourse analysis and a historical perspective, the essay aims to explain the similarities and differences in the way that lesbian love is being portrayed in these books. The results are organised through themes by using the methods close reading and comparative method.               The heteronormative discourse is ruled by norms and assumptions about normality in relation to sexuality and gender. The protagonists in both Crisis and Stars without Vertigo are in different ways being confronted with the heteronormative discourse in the Swedish society, Christianity and amongst their family and friends. In Crisis, the main character, Malin struggles to handle her non-heterosexual feelings in relation to her faith, and not to expose her emotions. In 1934 homosexuality was considered a crime in Sweden and at the same time homosexuality was looked upon as a disease, which controls how Malin looks upon her non-heterosexual feelings and keeps her from telling anyone about them. For Sophie, the main character in Stars without Vertigo the society’s values and norms are present, but the social climate for homosexuals is different in comparison to Crisis. The heteronormative discourse concerns her private life, her choice in a spouse/partner and her ability to start a family, since the homosexual community was being considered as something different from the universal heterosexuality and therefore should not have the same rights.               Although the novels where published more than 60 years apart there are some similarities in what kind of words Malin and Sophie are using about non-heterosexuality. Both women choose not to name their non-heterosexuality because any type of word or category is limiting. Thus both Malin and Sophie create their own identity through their sexuality.

Vi lever i en ömtålig vardag. Vi gör den än ömtåligare genom vårt sätt att leva. Det är ingen idé att jag säger det med ord; jag har redan sagt det så många gånger att människorna runt omkring mig har slutat lyssna. Kanske är objekt en bättre ingång till samtal. I det här arbetet har jag, genom såväl text som praktiskt arbete inom corpuskonstfältet, undersökt vad som händer med oss när vardagen faller sönder och kaos utbryter. Genom en startpunkt i klimatkatastrofen år 536, som ledde till att närmare hälften av Nordens befolkning dog, har jag spekulerat kring om samma sak skulle hända idag, eller kanske att det händer idag. Resursbrist leder alltid till våld. Trots att vi vet det fortsätter vi knapra i oss jorden en liten bit i taget. Vad är tanken att vi ska göra när den tar slut? / We live in a fragile everyday. We make it even more fragile by the way we live it. There is no point in saying it with words any more, I've already tried that so many times that people have stopped listening. Maybe objects are a better way to start a conversation. In this project, that consists of this thesis and the physical body of work "Memories from a parallel future", I've been investigating what happens to us when the everyday falls apart and chaos erupts. With a starting point in the climate-crisis of the year 536, that led to the death of almost half of the Norse population, I've been speculating what would have happened today. Or maybe that it is actually happening today. Depletion of resources always results in violence. We know this, but still we keep nibbling at the earth, a little chunk at a time. What do we plan to do when there is nothing left? / <p>Bilder av verk av konstnärerna Iain Baxter&amp;, Naoko Ito och Luiana Rondolini har tagits bort av upphovsrättsliga skäl. Titlarna på verken står dock kvar. </p>

Inledning: Brott definieras som ett beteende som strider mot lagar. Under 2014 var det 8940 personer som blev inskrivna på kriminalvårdsanstalter. Den formella bestraffningen orsakar utanförskap hos fängelsedömda. Syftet med undersökningen var att uppmärksamma tidigare fängelsedömdas upplevelser av att vara utsatta för stigmatisering. Ambitionen var att belysa hur stigmat påverkade den aktuella livssituationen för individen. Vårt delsyfte med undersökningen var att undersöka hur tidigare fängelsedömda försökte hantera eller minska känslan av att vara kringgärdad av stigma. Metod: För att besvara detta syfte intervjuades nio tidigare fängelsedömda män med medelåldern på 43 år. En kvalitativ innehållsanalys genomfördes för att analysera intervjuerna. Resultat: Majoriteten av deltagarna hade upplevt stigmatisering och angav ett flertal svårigheter som försämrat deras livsvillkor. Deltagare hade genomgått en identitetsbekräftelse till följd av stigmat. Deltagarna beskrev att de på olika sätt försökte minska upplevelsen av att vara utsatt för stigma, bland annat genom att öka sin delaktighet i samhället. Diskussion: Stämplingsteorin av Howard Becker och teorin om stigmatisering av Erving Goffman har används för att förklara resultatet. Bland annat hur tidigare fängelsedömda upplever stigmatisering och hur detta förändrar deras självbild. Att de idag lärt sig hantera stigmat beror på att de lyckats förbättra sin självbild samt att de ingår i en gemenskap i organisationen KRIS. Slutligen anser vi att samhällets bild av den kriminella bör förändras för att underlätta återintegrationen för tidigare fängelsedömda. / <p>2016-06-01</p>

This written report is part of a design research project which explores crisis as a narrative and how it is communicated within the Swedish public sphere. The project delves into the complexity surrounding Sweden’s national emergency preparedness to war crisis on a holistic level to gain a perspective on the different interplay of power structures. The written report includes a contextual analysis of Sweden’s 2018 brochure If Crisis or War Comes (Om krisen eller kriget kommer) to draw a parallel connection between past and present narratives. The design research process is conducted through artistic and designerly experimentations as a way of exploring and mapping the topic’s complexity. The design research project uses a Swedish emergency shelter room (skyddsrum) as an artistic and overarching metaphor of the cumulated research. The aim of the design research project is to instigate critical thinking and dialogue surrounding the narrative of war crisis from the perspective of change.

This thesis is an investigation of Iranian immigrants and their use of libraries in Sweden. It isbased on a combination of a qualitative and a·quantitative method.Using a qualitative method, I give an outline of the history of lran from ancient times up to the present, as well as the different ethnological groups in Iran and their cultures. The main objective of this part is to clarify the contrasts between Iranian and Swedish cultural, social, linguistic and family structures, and also the characteristics of the crisis that most immigrants go through on their arrival in the new country. The qualitative method also involves structured telephone interviews with eight highly educated Iranians.This method was supplemented by a quantitative study through questionnaires of the attitudes· of lranian immigrants to libraries and reading. Iranians in Sweden turned out to be frequent Iibrary users. When reading newspapers and journals, they prefer those that are easy to read, e.g. comics, fashion magazines and technological magazines. When reading books, they seem to be more fond of the fine arts and less interested in religious and geographical books than Swedish library users.

The purpose of the essay was to examine the way the SwedishCounty Administrative Board works with crises communicationbefore, during and after a disaster. A qualitative comparisonbetween the County Administrative Board in the Swedish regionsHalland, Jönköping and Kronoberg has been made in order to seeinequalities and simmulariteies in their strategies and policies forcommunication. In order to fulfill the purpose two main questionswere asked: How does the County Administrative Board in Halland,Kronoberg and Jönköping work with crises communicationbefore, during and after a disaster? In what way does the three County Administrative Boardsco-operate with other organizations before, during and aftera disaster regarding crises communication?The theoretical base of the essay was classical and postmodernstrategic communication. I interviewed communicators at theboards and took part of their communication plans and strategies toseek answers to my questions. The result showed that they all workvery similar in a mixture of both theories but there seems to be acommon wish to work in a more postmodern direction. / Program: Magisterutbildning i strategisk information och kommunikation

Vid en olycka eller då någon blir allvarligt sjuk är det idag naturligt att ambulans tidigt tillkallas för att förmedla hjälp. Den som är uppenbart drabbad, det vill säga den skadade, får givetvis i första hand hjälp och behandling. I denna studie riktas dock fokus mot dem som står kring patienten och som också kan räknas som drabbade, nämligen de närstående, som kan vara i kris. Inom ambulansverksamheten runt om i landet finns det personer som, av kollegor, anses vara skickliga på att möta just närstående i kris. Syftet med denna studie är därför att beskriva hur ambulanspersonal möter närstående i kris för att skapa det goda mötet.Genom att göra sex intervjuer undersöktes hur dessa skickliga personer gör när de möter närstående i kris. Intervjuerna spelades in, transkriberades och analyserades med en kvalitativ innehållsanalys.Resultatet visade att när informanterna möter närstående i kris börjar de med att ta en tydlig kontakt med de närstående. De är tydliga i sin information och informerar kontinuerligt om vad som hänt och kommer att hända med patienten. De är också lyhörda för de närståendes behov och anpassar sig efter situationen. Informanterna lämnar möjlighet för de närstående att senare få stödsamtal. Informanterna är medvetna om sin unika möjlighet att ge stöd då de varit på hämtplatsen och där kunnat ta in intryck som personal inne på sjukhuset omöjligt kan ha tagit del av.Informanterna menar att det viktigaste i ett gott möte med närstående är att bara finnas där, utan att göra något speciellt. Men resultatet visar också att informanterna har ett stort intresse för ämnet och tycker det är viktigt. De värnar om att de närstående verkligen får den hjälp de behöver. / Program: Specialistsjuksköterskeutbildning med inriktning mot ambulanssjukvård