The aim of this study was to examine the representation over time of the Swedish social service in the national daily press. More specifically, its aim was to compare the years 1997, 2007 and 2017 and examine any differences and patterns in the reporting due to social changes in society. As this study was based on quantitative content analysis, all articles published in four of the largest national papers during those years, containing the word ”socialtjänsten” [the social service] were read. A code schedule with six themes were made to be used when reading the articles. The themes were: 1) Name of the newspaper. 2) Year of publication. 3) Character of article; news or editorial. 4) Field of social service; e.g. ’child welfare’. 5) Level of analysis; micro, meso or macro. 6) Rating of the social service; positive, negative or neutral. The analysis was based on three media theories; agenda setting, news valuation and framing. As a conclusion the valuation of the social service seems to be pretty much the same over the years; almost two of five articles has a negative valuation of the social service and three of five articles has a neutral valuation of the social service. In relation to that approximately two of one hundred articles has a positive valuation of the social service. Editorial material tends to valuate the social service more negative than news material. The level of analysis seems to have changed to fewer articles on a micro-level in 2017 than in 1997. The five most common fields associated with the social service are youth criminality, child welfare, social service as an organisation, economic aid and migration.

We studied close to 100 articles about the Swedish cup in cross country skiing, published by the three media outlets that cover the entire series; www.sweski.com , www.langd.se and www.skidzonen.com. The articles were published between 2015 and 2018 and by using a quantitative analysis we discovered that in these articles, the men and the women received almost exactly the same amount of attention, as far as counting words goes. In the articles which focused on both the female and the male athletes, the editors usually chose a picture from the women’s competition as the top image. We also saw a pattern where the women were far more often mentioned by their first names only, whereas the men were usually mentioned by their full names or their last names only. Another interesting theme that we found through a qualitative text analysis regarded how the athletes were portrayed in the articles, where the women seemed to be looked upon as less mature than the men. For example, they were often called “girls” instead of “women”, but the men the same age were never referred to as “boys”. These are seen by us as signs of trivialization and infantlization of the female athletes. However, we did not find any signs of the women being described as weak, or with a focus on their appearances and private lives. These were common patterns in the previous research on the subject. / Vi undersökte knappt 100 artiklar om den svenska cupen i längdskidåkning, publicerade av de tre medierna som bevakar hela serien; www.sweski.com , www.langd.se och www.skidzonen.com. Artiklarna publicerades mellan 2015 och 2018 och med hjälp av en kvantitativ innehållsanalys fann vi att damerna och herrarna fick nästan exakt lika mycket utrymme i dessa artiklar, räknat i antal ord. I de artiklar där båda könen stod i fokus var det  betydligt oftare som en bild från damklassen valdes som toppbild. Vi såg ett mönster där damerna oftare blev omnämnda med enbart sina förnamn, jämfört med herrarna som oftast omtalades med sina hela namn eller enbart efternamn. Ett annat intressant tema som vi fann genom en kvalitativ textanalys gällde hur utövarna porträtterades i artiklarna, där damerna tycktes bli sedda som mindre mogna och vuxna än herrarna. Till exempel kallades de ofta “tjejer” istället för “kvinnor” eller “damer”, samtidigt som de jämnåriga herrarna aldrig blev kallade “killar”. Dessa ser vi som tecken på en trivialisering och en infantilisering av de kvinnliga utövarna. Däremot hittade vi inga tecken på att kvinnorna beskrevs som svaga eller med ett större fokus på deras utseenden och deras privatliv, fenomen som har varit tydligt framträdande i tidigare forskning på ämnet.

Hur myndigheter kommunicerar under kristider spelar en avgörande roll för hur både samhälle och näringsliv hanterar en kris. Denna deskriptiva studie undersöker hur Folkhälsomyndigheten kommunicerat under två pandemier, Covid-19 och Ebola, för att beskriva hur en svensk myndighet kommunikativt hanterat allvarliga kriser. Studien har tillämpat en kvantitativ innehållsanalys för att granska en större mängd publikationer och mäta teoretiskt intressanta egenskaper i Folkhälsomyndighetens kommunikation. För att fylla vad vi menar är en forskningslucka, den kvantitativa retorikanalysen, har operationaliseringar av centrala retoriska begrepp gjorts. Två urval har gjorts från Folkhälsomyndighetens nyhetsarkiv; ett totalurval av Ebola-publikationer (N=12) och ett slumpmässigt urval av Covid-19-publikationer (n=83), vilket sammantaget resulterade i 95 analysenheter. Dataanalys av publikationerna genomfördes i dataanalysprogrammet SPSS. Vår studie fann att Folkhälsomyndighetens riskkommunikation var dynamisk och anpassades utefter hur allvarlig en kris var och hur den utvecklades. Exempelvis manifesterade myndigheten risker när utvecklingen av Covid-19 var oroväckande och tvärtom, när pandemin var mindre allvarlig under sommarmånaderna. Myndigheten axlar huvudsakligen en rådgivande roll i kristider, i närmare 9 av 10 fall framkommer en eller flera uppmaningar om hur samhället bör förhålla sig till Covid-19. Vidare visar analysen att myndigheten vilade sin argumentation på sakliga eller statistiska bevis (ex. dokument eller forskningsrapporter) i mer än 70 procent av fallen, vilket tyder på ett rationellt övertygande. Studien visar prov på hur en kvantitativ retorikanalys kan genomföras och fyller därmed en forskningslucka. Vidare diskuteras vilka för- och nackdelar som uppstår när teoretiska begrepp omvandlas (operationaliseras) till mätbara variabler. / How authorities communicate during times of crisis plays a crucial part in how society and commerce manages a crisis. This descriptive analysis examines how the Swedish public health authority Folkhälsomyndigheten has communicated during two pandemics, Covid-19 and Ebola, in goal of depicturing how a Swedish government agency has communicated whilst handling a serious risk to public health. The study has applied a quantitative content analysis to examine a large number of publications and measure theoretically interesting properties in Folkhälsomyndigheten’s communication. Central rhetorical concepts have been operationalized and measured in order to fill what we perceive to be a research method gap, the quantitative rhetorical analysis. Two samples have been drawn from Folkhälsomyndigheten’s news archive; a complete sample of Ebola publications (N=12), and a sample of Covid-19 publications (n=83), resulting in a total of 95 units. The data analysis of the publications was performed using the data analysis program SPSS. Our study found that Folkhälsomyndigheten’s risk communication was dynamic and adapted to how severe a crisis was and how it developed. For example, the agency manifested the risks when Covid-19’s development was alarming, and the other way around when the development was less alarming during summer months. The agency primarily holds an advisory role in times of crisis; in almost 9 out of 10 cases one or more appeals or guidelines to the general public is apparent, on how society should adapt to Covid-19. Furthermore, our analysis shows that the agency bases their arguments on facts and statistics evidence (e.g. documentation or research reports) in more than 70 percent of the cases. Which suggests a rational persuasion tactic. The study exemplifies how a quantitative rhetorical analysis can be executed, and thus fills a research gap. In addition, the study discusses the pros and cons of converting (operationalizing) theoretical concepts to measurable variables.

Statligt ägda bolag ska sedan 2007 hållbarhetsrapportera i enlighet med GRI eller annat internationellt ramverk. Detta för att öka bolagens transparens för dess intressenter och samhället. I statens ägarpolicyn är det av stor vikt för bolagen att verka transparenta, vilket innebär att såväl positiv som negativ information ska tas upp i hållbarhetsrapporterna. Syftet med denna studie har varit att undersöka i vilken omfattning svenska bolag med statligt ägande rapporterar negativ information och vilka företagsspecifika faktorer som kan påverka negativa avslöjanden. Den teoretiska referensram som har legat till grund för att förklara detta fenomen är Intressentteorin, Legitimitetsteorin, Konsumentskepticism och Two-Sided CSR. Undersökningens metodologiska tillvägagångssätt baseras på en innehållsanalys som vidare analyserades med stöd av korrelationsanalys och multipel regressionsanalys för att finna samband mellan studiens variabler. Resultatet kunde påvisa att bolag med statligt ägande rapporterar negativ information i högre utsträckning inom Sociala aspekter, där Miljöaspekter kom tätt efter. Studien konstaterade att den företagsspecifika faktorn Antal sidor kunde påvisa ett statistik samband till avslöjande av negativ information. / Since 2007, State-Owned Enterprises (SOE) must produce sustainability reports in accordance with GRI or another international framework. This is to increase the companies' transparency for its’ stakeholders and society. In the state's ownership policy, it is of great importance for the companies to appear transparent, which means that both positive and negative information must be included in the sustainability reports. The purpose of this study has been to investigate the extent to which Swedish State-Owned Enterprises report negative information and which company-specific factors can affect negative disclosures. The theoretical framework that has been used to explain this phenomenon is Stakeholder Theory, Legitimacy Theory, Consumer Skepticism and Two-Sided CSR. The methodological approach is based on a content analysis which was further analyzed with the support of correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis to find connections between the study variables. The results showed that State-Owned Enterprises report negative information to a greater extent in Social Aspects, where the Environmental Aspects came closely behind. The study states that the company-specific factor Number of pages could demonstrate a statistical significance to the disclosure of negative information.

The purpose of this study was to examine if the criticism aimed at the Swedish media was justified or not. The Swedish media’s coverage of the EU is a heavily debated subject between scientists and politicians alike. The coverage has come under fire for being irregular and for only focusing on the national part of the European union. The study has it stand point in the following research questions: “How frequent is the coverage of the EU”, “what differs in the reporting from an election year and a regular year”, “How much space is the EU given in the newspapers”, “Who is behind the information” and “What subjects is the coverage about and who gets to talk”. The study aimed itself at Swedish local newspapers from three different regions of Sweden.    The study used a quantitative content analysis to identify the difference in the reporting during week 22 through the years 2013, 2014 and 2015. By doing this the study found that there was a major difference in the reporting from the election year, 2014, and the other two years where there were no elections. It also found that politics and economics where popular subjects to cover and that Swedish EU-politicians were the most popular persons in the articles. The study also aimed to see if the criticism the media got for only covering the national part of news in from the EU. This the study found was mostly true when it came to local newspapers and also that the EU news mostly took up a large piece of space in the papers because of all the information that had to be in the articles to explain the complexity of the European union. The conclusion of this study is that the Swedish local news media’s coverage of the EU is underwhelming but also hard to improve because the EU also has problems in its information flow and that the Swedish local media tends to use the national angle to sell the news.

The study aimed to investigate how female and male athletes are framed on Sportbladet and SVT Sport’s Instagram pictures. The study also examines and compares Sportbladet and SVT Sport to see if there are any differences between their coverage, since Sportbladet is commercial media and SVT Sport is public service. We have conducted a quantitative content analysis where we analyzed 655 Instagram pictures in total, 280 were from Sportbladet and 375 from SVT Sport. The Instagram pictures that were used were from the months of February, May, August, and November in 2022. The results showed that men dominated Sportbladet, while women and men were equally represented on SVT Sport. Although the results also showed that women and men are framed differently on both Sportbladet and SVT Sport. Women are generally framed as passive, happy, and intimate, while men are active, cocky, and formal. The results also showed that Sportbladet and SVT Sport have different agendas, which could be based on what possibly sells the most. Sportbladet, which is a commercial, posts more Instagram pictures of sportsmen. Simultaneously, SVT Sport posts an equal number of pictures of both genders.

Syftet med denna kandidatuppsats är att analysera hur svenska medier skildrar automatisering och robotisering inom biståndshandläggning. I denna studie analyseras 60 olika artiklar från olika svenska dagstidningar. Artiklarna har publicerats mellan april 2017 och februari 2021, ett urval som representerar hur diskussionerna gick efter den nya lag som tillåter automatiserade beslutsstöd i den offentliga sektorn.  Uppsatsen fokuserar på hur robotar, som RPA, konstrueras i artiklarna, vilka diskurser som kan urskiljas och vilka aktörer som formar diskurserna. Studiens teoretiska grund är ett socialkonstruktionistiskt- och diskursteoretiskt perspektiv som brukas för analys och tolkning av det empiriska materialet. Den valda metoden utgår från Faircloughs kritiska diskursanalys och hans tredimensionella metod. En kvantitativ innehållsanalys används som ett komplement till den kvalitativa utgångspunkten för att kvantifiera hur ofta aktörer uttalar sig och om vad de yttrar och därmed bidra till en större kontext. Genom att analysera ord, koncept, teman och innehåll generellt, har det hittats fem olika diskurser rörande automatisering i försörjningsstöd i Sverige. Studiens resultat av analyserad empiri visar att de fem dominerande diskurserna av RPA i artiklarna, enligt storleksordning från störst till minst förekommande, var effektivisering, laglighet, profession, bemötande och kontroll. I och med att effektiviseringdiskursen överlägset var störst kan den enligt socialkonstruktionismen ses motsvara den sociala verkligheten. Majoriteten av de aktörer som i störst utsträckning uttrycker sig och därav formar diskurser i de studerade artiklarna är olika typer av chefer inom socialtjänsten och ordföranden i nämnder. Handläggares och utvecklares utrymme är synnerligen begränsat, likaså klienter och brukare av försörjningsstöd. / The purpose of this bachelor's thesis is to examine how the Swedish media portray automation and robotization in subsistence allowance. In this study, 60 different articles from various Swedish newspapers are analyzed. The articles have been published between April 2017 and February 2021, a selection that represents how the discussions went after a new law was passed which allows automated decision support in the public sector. The essay focuses on how robots, such as RPA, are constructed in the articles, which discourses can be discerned and which actors shape the discourses. The study's theoretical basis is a social constructionist- and discourse theory perspective that is used for analysis and interpretation of the empirical material. The chosen method is based on Fairclough's critical discourse analysis and his three-dimensional method. A quantitative content analysis is used as a complement to the qualitative starting point to quantify how often actors express themselves and about what they express and thereby contribute to a larger context. By analyzing words, concepts, themes and content in general, five different discourses have been found regarding automation in subsistence allowance in Sweden. The study's results of analyzed empirical evidence show that the five dominant discourses of RPA in the articles, in order of magnitude from largest to least occurring, were Efficiency, Legality, Profession, Client interaction and Control. As the Efficiency discourse was by far the largest, according to social constructionism it can be seen as corresponding to social reality.  The majority of the actors who express themselves to the greatest extent and thereby shape discourses in the studied news articles are various types of managers in social services and the chairmen of municipal committees. The  visibility of social workers working with subsistence allowance and developers of the RPA-algorithms are extremely limited, as are the users of subsistence allowance.

The purpose of this essay is to examine and compare the news covering of Swedens three biggest cities (the metropolitan areas) and their surrounding areas with the covering of the rest of the country (the provincial areas) in two daily national newspapers, Aftonbladet and Dagens Nyheter. The aim has been to answer the following questions:- What amount of the news coverage in Aftonbladet and Dagens Nyheter concern the metropolitan areas compared to the provincial areas, and how do these two newspapers differ in the news covering of these areas?- Is there a difference in the news articles size and content, depending on weather they concern the metropolitan or the provincial areas?- How has the balance between news concerning metropolitan and provincial areas changed over the recent 20 years?The theories used in this study are News values, the media commercialization and Popular Journalism, and The Agenda Setting Theory. The method that has been used is a Quantitative Content Analysis.Despite the essays hypothesis, that the news coverage in the two newspapers would be dominated by material from the metropolitan areas, the result showed that a majority of the examined articles concern the provincial areas. It also showed that Aftonbladet has a bigger percentage of provincial news than Dagens Nyheter. The result also pointed towards the conclusion that the metropolitan areas and the provincial areas are similarly represented in the news, regarding the articles’ sizes and content.The overall conclusion in this study is that the fact that the provincial areas are being overrepresented in the examined newspapers news coverage ought to mean that the consumers of these papers are probable to get a wide, true image of what is Sweden, considering the Agenda setting theory and it’s view on how the media’s priorities will become important to the public.

The purpose of this study was to investigate how media has followed the Parken Zoo incident and analyse how media convey the issue about the Parken Zoo incident. The different results have been compared. To answer the purpose of the study three issues has been formulated:  how do the different media relate to the ideal of objectivity? Who come across and get to speak in the different media? What differences and similarities are in the media?    The theories that have been used in this study are mainly McCombs theory of agenda setting, Strömbäck’s theory of framing and theory of media logic, Kovach & Rosenstiel theories of journalism and Manning’s theory of objectivity. The methods that have been used are a combination of a quantitative content analysis and a qualitative semiotic analysis. The material that has been observed in this study is newspaper articles, television news reports and television programs.   The results of the quantitative analysis showed that articles of Eskiltuna Kuriren, news reports of SVT1 and the program Debatt had most objectivity in there reporting. The news reports of TV4 and program Kalla Fakta had most biased reporting of the incident. The qualitative analysis showed that SVT1 news broadcast was more objective and TV4 news broadcast was more biased. The mainly sources in the media that has been used was the other media, the president to Parken Zoo and veterinaries. The newspapers used sources from other media, like the program Kalla Fakta, then also former employees from Parken Zoo and veterinaries. SVT1 and program Debatt used more other sources, more sources from Parken Zoo. In the qualitative analysis the result showed that the news broadcast from TV4 had the focus on how the Parken Zoo takes care of the animals, that they have put to death pumas and that Helena Olsson had lied to TV4. The broadcast from SVT1 focused on the mistakes Parken Zoo had done but also how they are going to fix the problems that they have. The news broadcasts gave different kind of framing effects to the viewers.

Syftet med studien är att visa hur domstolar resonerar kring våld samt beslutar i domar gällande vårdnad, boende och umgänge när det förekommer uppgifter om våld. När föräldrar inte kan enas i vårdnadsrelaterade frågor kan de vända sig till domstolen och statistik visar att antalet tvistemål har fördubblats det senaste decenniet. Under de senaste årtiondena har större reformer genomförts i Föräldrabalkens (1949:381) 6 kapitel, vilket är det kapitel domstolen ska utgå ifrån när den dömer i ett vårdnadsmål. Många av förändringarna har syftat till att öka möjligheten till gemensam vårdnad, växelvist boende och umgängesrätt. Det går inte att objektivt fastställa vad som är barnets bästa och därför blir domstolens bedömning avgörande i varje enskilt fall. Domstolen ska särskilt titta på; barnets behov av en nära och god kontakt med båda föräldrar, risken för att barnet far illa, barnets egen vilja och kontinuitetsprincipen. När domstolen ska besluta i vårdnadsmål innehållande uppgifter om våld måste dessa alltid prövas och en riskbedömning göras. Om domstolen finner en risk för att barnet kommer att fara illa så bör detta väga tungt i helhetsbedömningen. Om en förälder tidigare utsatt eller utsätter barnet eller annan familjemedlem för våld och andra kränkningar är det som princip bäst att den föräldern inte får ha vårdnad om barnet. Våld mot barn kan vara allt ifrån nypningar och förolämpningar till grova sexuella övergrepp och tortyr. Många barn upplever våld mot andra familjemedlemmar. Uppsatsens huvudsakliga empiri består av 27 hovrättsdomar i vårdnadsrelaterade mål avkunnade mellan november 2018 och mars 2019, vilka alla innehåller uppgifter om våld. Under studien har jag använt mig av flera metoder. En rättsvetenskaplig metod har använts i arbetet med att redovisa gällande rätt kring vårdnad om barn samt våld mot barn. Med hjälp av en kvantitativ innehållsanalys granskade jag de uppgifter om våld som förekommer i domarna samt våldets omfattning. Med denna metod granskades även det domstolen fastställt genom dom. För att kunna gå in mer på djupet och granska hur domstolen resonerar kring uppgifterna om våld kompletterades den kvantitativa studien med en diskursanalys. Resultatet visar att domstolen ofta förminskar det uppgivna våldet, när domstolen beskriver våldet används ord som ”samarbetssvårigheter” och ”högljudda konflikter” och en våldsutsatt förälders, mammans i denna studie, samt barnets utsaga ifrågasätts ofta. I 19 av 27 domar (70 procent) tilldelas våldsutövaren, pappan i denna studie, vårdnad och/eller umgänge och detta visar på att domstolen i hög grad anser att en våldsutövande förälder är en lämplig umgängesförälder. Domstolen har en betydande roll i avgörandet om vad som är ”verkligt” samt besitter stor makt att besluta över barnets framtida uppväxt. Domstolen betonar vikten av en god och nära relation till båda föräldrar men den ”goda” relationen kan enligt min mening inte uppnås när barnet utsätts för direkt eller indirekt våld. / The purpose of the study is to show how courts reasons about violence and determines in judgments concerning custody, housing and child contact when there is information about violence. When parents are incapable of deciding on custody-related issues, they are to turn to the court. Whereby, statistics show that civil cases in custody-related issues have doubled in the past decade. In the past few decades however, major reforms have been implemented in chapter 6 of the Children and Parents Code (1949:381) in which the court will derive its rulings on, when deciding the fate of any custody-related case. Many of the changes have been aimed at increasing the possibility of joint custody, alternating housing and contact with the parent with whom the child does not live. It is not possible to objectively decide on what is in the best interest of a child thus, a court’s verdict will be decisive in any such civil case. The court must take certain aspects into account, such as; the child’s needs of close relation to both parents, the risk of the child getting abused, the child’s own will and the continuity principle. When the court draws a ruling in custody cases containing information about violence, this infomation must always be thoroughly examined, and a risk assessment has to be made. If the court finds a risk of future harm of the child, this should weigh-in heavily in the overall assesment. If a parent uses violence or has previously subjected the child or other family member to violence and other violations, it is basically best that that parent may not have custody of the child. Violence towards children can be anything from pinching and insults to gross sexual abuse and torture. Many children experiencing domestic violence. The thesis´s main empirical object consists of 27 rulings in custody-related cases annonuced between November 2018 and March 2019, all of which contain information about violence. In writing the thesis, several methods have been used. A method of jurisprudence have been used to navigate the work of reporting on what the current law says about child custody and violence against children. With the help of a quantitative content analysis method, I examined the information about violence that appears in the judgments and the extent of that violence. This method also examined what the court determined by judgment. To be able to examine courts rulings more in depth and examine how courts reasons with the given information about violence the quantitative study was supplemented with a discourse analysis. The findings show that courts often diminish alleged violence. The court describes violence with words, such as “unpleasantness” and “loud conflicts” and the statement of a parent who´is subjected to violence, the mother in this study, and a child’s statement are often questioned. In 19 out of the 27 rulings (70 %), the violent parent, the father in this study, is assigned custody and/or contact with the child which shows that the court to a larger extent considers a violent parent as a suitable parent. The court has a crucial role in deciding what is real and possesses great power to decide on the child's future upbringing. The court emphasizes on the importance of a good and close relationship with both parents, in my opinion however, the ”good” relationship cannot be achieved when the child is subjected to direct or indirect violence.