Military developments suggest that autonomous weapons systems will be the future ofwarfare. Therefore, it is important to understand how to define the concept and how peopleexpress themselves around it. This paper will analyze how important actors in Sweden talkabout autonomous weapon systems. The concept of how autonomous weapons is constructedand what diversities and similarities there are in the expressions of autonomous weapons willbe examined in this paper. The question is if there is a hegemonic status in any discourse?Actors' expressions, such as political parties and researchers as FOI, SIPRI and The SwedishPeace and Arbitration Society, will be investigated. Social constructivism and discourseanalysis provide theoretical tools for the analysis. The discourses are organized byoperational and financial, human involvement, legal field and political discourses.The analysis shows how important characters try to give meaning to the phenomenon, forexample economic, human involvement and fear, which affect the different discourses. Theconclusions indicate that the juridical discourse has reached a hegemonic status, because allactors connect autonomous weapons to juridical frameworks.

The aim of this research paper was to examine and understand how Russia contributed to be exacerbating the situation in Syria, leading it from peaceful protests demanding freedom, justice, and a better social and economic life, to a devastating civil war that took and displaced the lives of millions around the world. It seeks to answer why Russia chose to militarily engage in the conflict that began on March 15, 2011. The thesis explores Russian´s methodology in exerting influence and navigating global power structures becomes apparent. The theoretical framework includes realism to analyze Russian´s intentions, with elements of self-interest, balance of power, and security dilemma. Additionally, social constructivism is used to illustrate how identities and norms influenced the course of events.    In conclusion, the thesis determines that Russia viewed the crisis as an opportunity to benefit its own interests and increase its power. There are many other significant geopolitical actors, including the USA, China, Turkey, and Iran, that have a history of utilizing international crises to advance their own strategic goals. Despite the actions of these countries, the focus remains on Russia.

Can the need for inclusion result in certain social norms remain unchallenged, and over time become hard to identify? To “fit in” and be accepted in different social contexts we have to behave according to the dominating rules and conventions. We accept characteristics and make use of attributes specific for the group we want to be a part of. When we accept these attributes we contribute to keep the concept of them alive. Further on these attributes will be picked up by the next person who wants to become a part of that specific context. This means that in the same moment we are being created, we are also the creators. In the same way, we are the cause of, and a result of, the fact that certain concepts remain unchallenged. Individuals are raised within a fixed structure in society. That structure defines principles of heteronormativity, for example the concept of right or wrong, masculinity and femininity, and good or bad. The fact that we are born and raised within it leaves us with a very narrow space in which we can interpret alternative ways. This does not mean that these alternative interpretations do not exist. To question existing and accepted structures can be a first step away from the safe environment that we are a part of. Awareness of the risks of this could be an explanation of why people refrain from questioning it. In this paper we try to penetrate the problems through the glasses of Pierre Bourdieu, Judith Butler and Berger and Luckmann to mention a few. The reason why this paper focuses on society, and norms in specific, emanate in an interest for invisible and sometimes indistinct structures. By indistinct we mean structures that exist in an extent that makes it hard to identify. The aim of this thesis is divided in two parts. The first part is to critically examine the social construction of heteronormativity. The second part is to examine how plural sexual identities function in relation to the heterosexual norm that we assume exists in society. The distinction in an individual’s hetero- or homosexuality is made difficult because of the spectrum of sexual identities. The grayscale of alternatively interpreted sexual identities that fits between the two poles of sexuality (hetero and homosexuality) are easily forgotten and thus treated as deviant behaviors. The issue of sexual identities is a complex one. To speak of it in a natural way to express sexuality, and not of its moral right or wrong, requires the understanding and acceptance of an individual’s differences as well as similarities. It is through ten interviews, where individuals share their experiences of both heteronormativity and sexuality that we get to know how and in which ways they feel affected by these two.

Denna uppsats avser att belysa hur flickor och pojkar porträtteras i skönlitterära böcker för barn i åldern 9–12 år. Skönlitteratur för barn bidrar till barns uppfattning och förståelse av genus, och ofta ges det i berättelser uttryck åt köns- eller genusnormer i karaktärer och i de diskursiva rum som de framställs (Earles 2017, s. 369). Eftersom berättelser fyller en både deskriptiv och normativ funktion, är de intressanta att analysera för att åskådliggöra underliggande ideal och ideologier (Lind Palicki 2010, s. 111; Rehnberg 2019, s. 65). Studien utgår från ett socialkonstruktivistiskt perspektiv och undersöker huvudsakligen genom Greimas aktantmodell och Propps agentroller hur pojkar och flickor utifrån narrativa aspekter såsom rolltilldelning framställs i fem skönlitterära böcker skrivna i original på svenska under 2022 och 2023. Resultaten visar en ojämn fördelning av flickor och pojkar som innehavare av subjektsrollen, att pojkar framställs som innehavare av agentrollen offer och även som omhändertagande och emotionella. Den flicka som porträtteras som innehavare av aktantrollen subjekt, och utgör 1 av 5 studerade huvudkaraktärer, kan även anses vara innehavare av agentrollen hjälte. Utöver detta tyder resultaten på att flickor med en mer central roll inte sällan ingår i en mansdominerad grupp eller porträtteras med en pojke i en nära roll.

<p>This paper studies the schoolstaffs experiences of children with ADHD within the region of Kalmar kommun. The aim is to describe and analyze these experiences from a gender perspective. The study is of a qualitative art and is based on six interviews whith school principals. The theory that is used to analyze the six interviews is the theory of socialconstructivism. The study shows that boys and girls generally is treated differently by the schoolstaff. It also shows that the schoolstaff does not always have the knowledge that is necessery to observe children, mainly girls, with ADHD.</p><p> </p>

Denna studie utgår från socialkonstruktivism som belyser sociala beteenden, som är konstruerade och där individer skapar mening genom att samspela med varandra. Datorer, Internet och Digitala medier tar en alltmer större plats i barn och ungdomars liv då de växer upp i en alltmer digitaliserad värld till skillnad från tidigare generationer. Syftet med studien är att utifrån socialkonstruktivism belysa hur hälsobudskap framträder i hälsobloggar kring lärande om hälsa. Frågeställningar: Hur framställs hälsobudskapen kring kropp, träning och kost som skrivs av unga killar respektive tjejer? Vilka hälsoråd ger bloggarna till läsarna?Teorier som användes i studien är socialkonstruktivism, sociokulturellt perspektiv, praktikgemenskap samt Hälsism Metod som används i denna studie är netnografi och konventionell innehållsanalys. Netnografi användes för att observera dagliga bloggars uppdateringar under en tre veckors period medan konventionell kvalitativ innehållsanalys användes för att bearbeta insamlad dataempiri. Resultatet i studien visar att bloggars hälsobudskap handlar om att se en vältränad kropp som ett mål, dvs. ett kvitto för hälsa där både kroppens utseende och funktion är viktiga i förmedlingen i att uppnå hälsa. Hälsoråd om träning ges i olika variationer genom hänvisningar till olika digitala verktyg och detta för att öka kunskap bland läsare. Samtidigt handlar dessa råd om att kost handlar ofta om att äta nyttigt, dvs. vara vegetarian eller vegan. / This study is based on social constructivism that highlights socially constructed behaviors where individuals create meaning by interacting with each other. Computers, Internet and Digital media all overshadows a great part of children and young people's lives, because they are growing up in a more and more increasingly digitized world, unlike previous generations.The purpose of the study from a social constructivism perspective is to illustrate how health messages appear in health blogs from a gender perspective. Questions: How is health messages rendered out regarding body, exercise and diet written by young boys and girls? What type of health advice is shared by the bloggers? Theories used in the study is social constructivism, social perspectives, communities of practice and Healthism. Methods used in this study is cyber-ethnography and conventional content analysis. Cyber-ethnography was used to observe the daily blog updates over a three week period while the conventional qualitative content analysis was used to process the collected empirical data. The results of the study show that the health messages from blogs displays the body as a goal, ie, a form of receipt for health where both body appearance and function are important factors in the process of achieving health. Health advice on training is given in different variations by referring to various digital tools in order to increase knowledge among readers. At the same time the advice concerns dieting, it shows that eating healthy also/often means being a vegetarian or vegan.

Aim: The aim of the study is to examine how professionals works with boys and men with honour-related problems and how they describe their work with the vulnerable group and what kind of differences there are in the help depending on what gender the victim have. Method: Qualitative interview study, the interviews are analyzed with a hermeneutic science theory. Result: The study shows that even though boys and men can be victims of honour-related violence they are rarely noticed as victims. They are mostly seen as the perpetrator. But the study shows that they could have a double role as both a victim and a perpetrator. The image and norms of boys and men only as the perpetrator is an obstacle for them to seek help, but also prevents them from getting the help they need. A consequence of this is that the help are limited for boys and men that are victims of honour-related violence. This can be understood from the social constructions of how society regards the rolls of victims and perpetrators, but also how professionals defines honour-related violence. Conclusion: All of the respondents stresses the need of more knowledge about honour-related violence and especially that boys and men can be victims as well. The possibility to get professional help and support are differnt depending on gender, boys and men have fewer options.

Syftet med studien är att undersöka några rektorers föreställningar om hur de bedriver sitt pedagogiska ledarskap. I förlängningen hoppas jag också kunna bidra till den generella kunskapsbildningen inom detta, ur ett skolutvecklingsperspektiv, viktiga område. Studien utgår från en socialkonstruktivistisk kunskapsteori där rektors pedagogiska ledarskap tolkas som något som är socialt konstruerat. I den empiriska fasen har intervjuer med sju åländska rektorer hållits, detta med hjälp av föreställningskartan (cognitive map) som intervjumetod. Studien utgår från följande två frågeställningar: hur beskriver rektorerna att de utövar sitt pedagogiska ledarskap samt vilka prioriteringar gör rektorerna inom ramen för det pedagogiska ledarskapet? I analysen av rektorernas utsagor har både en induktiv samt två deduktiva analysverktyg använts. I den induktiva processen har materialet katalogiserats utifrån sitt eget innehåll i syfte att se vilka områden och teman som växer fram. I de deduktiva processerna har rektorernas utsagor katalogiserats utifrån färdiga kategorier. I den första används meningsbärande ord som verktyg vilka baseras på Rektor och styrkedjans (SOU 2015:22) beskrivningar av vad rektors pedagogiska ledarskap består av och i den andra används Transformation in Action Framework (Keamy, 2016) som analysmodell. Resultatet visar att flera likheter finns mellan rektorernas föreställningar om hur de utövar sitt pedagogiska ledarskap och gängse forskning och teoribildning. De åländska rektorerna uppger att en stor del av det pedagogiska arbetet utgörs av dynamiska samarbeten och interaktioner med andra personer i skolverksamheten. De använder sig av direkta arbetsmodeller som lektionsbesök, medarbetarsamtal och ledningsgrupper och mer indirekta arbetsformer som har med exempelvis organisering och strukturer att göra. Studiens resultat uppvisar också flera konkreta exempel på hur rektorerna leder arbetet med lärarnas undervisning och elevernas lärande, detta exempelvis genom att rektor själv håller i övningar för lärarna och genom att rektor på ett systematiskt sätt samlar in underlag från lärares lektioner vilket sedan används till att utveckla skolan och undervisningen som helhet. Det visar sig också att rektorerna till viss del gör olika prioriteringar inom ramen för det pedagogiska ledarskapet. / The purpose of the study is to examine some principals' conceptions of how they conduct their pedagogical leadership. In the long run I also hope to contribute to the general knowledge formation within this, from a school development perspective, important area. The study is based on a social constructivist theory, in which the principal's pedagogical leadership is understood and interpreted as something socially constructed. In the empirical phase, interviews with seven Ålandic principals have been held, using the cognitive map as an interview method. The study is based on the following two questions: How do the principals describe how they practice their pedagogical leadership and what priorities do the principals make within the framework of pedagogical leadership? In the analysis of the principals' statements, one inductive and two deductive analysis tools have been used. In the inductive process, the material has been cataloged based on its own content in order to see which areas and themes are emerging. In the deductive processes, the principals' statements have been cataloged based on pre-existing categories. In the first category, meaning-bearing words are used as tools based on the report Rektor och styrkedjan (SOU 2015: 22) descriptions of what constitutes the principal's pedagogical leadership. In the second category, Transformation in Action Framework (Keamy, 2016) is used as an analysis model. The result shows that there are several similarities between the principals' perceptions of how they practice their pedagogical leadership, collective research, and theory formation. The Ålandic principals state that a large part of the pedagogical work consists of dynamic collaborations and interactions with other people in the school environment. They use direct working models such as lesson visits, employee interviews and management groups, and more indirect methods related to, for example, organization and structures. The result of the study also shows several concrete examples of how the principals lead the teachers' teaching work, and the pupils' learning. This by, for example, the principal holding exercises for the teachers, and by collecting data from teachers' lessons in a systematic way, which is then used to developing the school and teaching as a whole. It also turns out that the principals to some extent make different priorities within the framework of pedagogical leadership.

Den här studien sker mot bakgrund av uppgifter i nyhetsmedier där det berättats om de svårigheter som hemlösa möter om det är föräldrar till barn som inte delar deras situation i hemlöshet. Den sker också mot bakgrund av att Barnkonventionen inom kort inkorporeras i svensk lagstiftning. Studiens syfte är att undersöka hur det sociala problemet “att vara hemlös förälder i missbruk” konstrueras i vetenskapliga texter om två modeller för arbete med motverkan av hemlöshet i Sverige. Studiens syfte är också att skapa en djupare förståelse av om, och i så fall hur, nämnda modellers lösningar möjliggör för föräldern att tillgodose den rätt barnet enligt Barnkonventionen har till sina föräldrar, till bostad och till skydd, genom förälderns deltagande i respektive modell. Studiens metod är kvalitativ innehållsanalys och perspektivanalys utgör både teori och analysmetod utifrån socialkonstruktivistisk grund. De två problemperspektiv vi funnit har vi valt att kalla för ”behandling först – boende sedan” respektive ”boende först – behandling sedan”. De skiljer sig avsevärt från varandra beträffande hur det sociala problemets karaktär, orsak, konsekvenser, lösning och utveckling konstrueras. Det visar sig också finnas skillnader mellan hur problemperspektiven möjliggör tillgodoseendet av barnets rättigheter enligt Barnkonventionen. En viktig slutsats är avsaknaden av tydliga barnperspektiv i de bägge problemperspektiven. Studien finner även att ”behandling först – boende sedan” är ett problemperspektiv som bygger på en voluntaristisk orsaksförklaring medan ”boende först – behandling sedan” istället bygger på en deterministisk.

The aim of this study was to examine how women’s sexuality is constructed in consent research, and to discuss hypothetically how this construction could come to affect practical social work. We believe that the way that sexuality is defined and discussed can have an impact on how professionals treat women who have been subjected to sexual assaults and rape, and work with adolescents in the field of social work. We wanted to explore this further. By doing a critical discourse analysis on research articles about women’s sexuality and consent, we found that traditional sexual scripts were widely reproduced and the concept of women’s own desire was nonexistent. We then problematised this by discussing how it might be affecting practical social work in a negative matter, whilst trying to formulate possible reforms. Our conclusion was that it is possible that the discourses presented in the examined articles could contribute to retrogressive perspectives on women’s sexuality, which in turn could influence the practical social work and its approach to female clients.