O presente trabalho de doutoramento em Literatura Brasileira, intitulado Graciliano Ramos: a dor e a náusea, consiste na análise dos quatro romances de Graciliano Ramos - Caetés (1933), São Bernardo (1934), Angústia (1936) e Vidas Secas (1938) - à luz de alguns preceitos básicos do expressionismo alemão, com o objetivo de propor um deslocamento de perspectiva em relação ao discurso hegemônico da historiografia e da crítica literária tradicional, que vêem essas obras como a expressão máxima de uma determinada região, em uma determinada época, limitando-as, portanto, a um contexto sócio-histórico e cultural bem definido. Para a leitura que aqui se propõe, no entanto, esses romances iluminam, numa linguagem enxuta e prenhe de significados intemporais, a força de convicção moral desse escritor que ostenta, através da deformação da realidade, uma emoção intensa, com toda uma carga de prospecção da dor humana. / The present doctorate work on Brazilian Literature, entitled Graciliano Ramos: the pain and the nausea, consists on the analysis of four novels by Graciliano Ramos - Caetés (1933), São Bernardo (1934), Angústia (1936) and Vidas Secas (1938) - at the light of some basic precepts of the German Expressionism, with the aim of purposing a perspective's displacement with regard to the hegemonic speech from the historiography and the traditional literary criticism which see these works as the maximum expression from a certain region on a certain period, restraining them, therefore, to a sharp-cut cultural and socio-historical context. To the reading purposed here, however, these novels enlighten, on a concise language full of timeless meanings, the force of moral conviction of this writer who exhibits, through reality's deformation, an intense emotion with a whole burden of human pain prospection. / El presente trabajo de doctorado en Literatura Brasilera, intitulado Graciliano Ramos: a dor e a náusea, consiste en el análisis de las cuatro novelas de Graciliano Ramos - Caetés (1933), São Bernardo (1934), Angústia (1936) y Vidas Secas (1938) - a la luz de algunos preceptos básicos del expresionismo alemán, con el objetivo de proponer un desplazamiento de perspectiva en relación al discurso hegemónico de la historiografía y de la crítica literaria tradicional, que ven esas obras como la expresión máxima de una determinada región, en una determinada época, limitándolas, por lo tanto, a un contexto socio-histórico y cultural bien definido. Para la lectura que aquí se propone, esas novelas alumbran, en un lenguaje enjuto y lleno de significados intemporales, la fuerza de convicción moral de ese escritor que ostenta, a través de la deformación de la realidad, una emoción intensa, con toda una carga de prospección del dolor humano.

The guidelines for this dissertation are to be found in two of Sartre s works, Being and Nothingness and Existentialism and Humanism. These two works form part of the composite body of texts written by Jean-Paul Sartre on ethics and authenticity. Other bibliographies have been drawn upon, with parts referred to at strategic points throughout this work. Ethics and authenticity in Sartre s philosophy form the basis for what I aim to examine, with three main areas of focus: uncovering what authenticity means to Sartre as a writer, how it can be an ethical concept and what its presence in human behaviour indicates. It would be meaningless to speak of authenticity if it were not for the notion of freedom always having Sartrean ontology at its core. To this end, the two initial chapters of this dissertation make an attempt to look more closely at the topic of ontology and to understand and recount the writer s main concerns with regard to authenticity and ethics. Following this, the major references comprise the commentators, all of whom have been duly cited in the final bibliography, and Sartre s literary works. And finally, ethics and authenticity would not have full meaning if it were not for the fact that they are grounded in existential ontology, because thinking of being, for Sartre, is thinking that one ought to be, which is being For-Itself, and reflecting on ethics means thematizing the original unity of its moral which lies in the authenticity of being and recognizing For-itself. / Dois livros de Sartre, O Ser e o Nada e O Existencialismo é um Humanismo, nos dão as diretivas dessa dissertação. As duas obras formam parte do complexo corpo de textos escritos por Jean-Paul Sartre para falar de ética e autenticidade. Outras bibliografias são levantadas, contudo, parte delas, mescladas em pontos estratégicos do trabalho. Ética e autenticidade na filosofia de Sartre é o que tentamos apresentar com três grandes preocupações; desvelar o que é a autenticidade para nosso autor, como ela pode ser um projeto ético e o que significa sua presença dentro do comportamento humano. Não teria sentido falar de autenticidade se não fosse por causa da liberdade tendo sempre em vista a ontologia sartriana. É por isso que os dois capítulos iniciais dessa dissertação tentam aprofundar o tema da ontologia para compreender e elencar as principais preocupações do autor em relação a autenticidade e a ética. A seguir as grandes referências são, os comentadores, que estão devidamente citados na bibliografia final, e as obras literárias de Sartre. E, finalmente, ética e autenticidade não encontrariam seu pleno sentido, se não fossem fundamentadas numa ontologia existencialista, porque pensar o ser, para Sartre, é pensar o dever-ser (que é Para-si) e refletir sobre ética, significa tematizar a unidade originária de sua moral que está na autenticidade de ser e se reconhecer Para-si. / Mestre em Filosofia

O presente trabalho de doutoramento em Literatura Brasileira, intitulado Graciliano Ramos: a dor e a náusea, consiste na análise dos quatro romances de Graciliano Ramos - Caetés (1933), São Bernardo (1934), Angústia (1936) e Vidas Secas (1938) - à luz de alguns preceitos básicos do expressionismo alemão, com o objetivo de propor um deslocamento de perspectiva em relação ao discurso hegemônico da historiografia e da crítica literária tradicional, que vêem essas obras como a expressão máxima de uma determinada região, em uma determinada época, limitando-as, portanto, a um contexto sócio-histórico e cultural bem definido. Para a leitura que aqui se propõe, no entanto, esses romances iluminam, numa linguagem enxuta e prenhe de significados intemporais, a força de convicção moral desse escritor que ostenta, através da deformação da realidade, uma emoção intensa, com toda uma carga de prospecção da dor humana. / The present doctorate work on Brazilian Literature, entitled Graciliano Ramos: the pain and the nausea, consists on the analysis of four novels by Graciliano Ramos - Caetés (1933), São Bernardo (1934), Angústia (1936) and Vidas Secas (1938) - at the light of some basic precepts of the German Expressionism, with the aim of purposing a perspective's displacement with regard to the hegemonic speech from the historiography and the traditional literary criticism which see these works as the maximum expression from a certain region on a certain period, restraining them, therefore, to a sharp-cut cultural and socio-historical context. To the reading purposed here, however, these novels enlighten, on a concise language full of timeless meanings, the force of moral conviction of this writer who exhibits, through reality's deformation, an intense emotion with a whole burden of human pain prospection. / El presente trabajo de doctorado en Literatura Brasilera, intitulado Graciliano Ramos: a dor e a náusea, consiste en el análisis de las cuatro novelas de Graciliano Ramos - Caetés (1933), São Bernardo (1934), Angústia (1936) y Vidas Secas (1938) - a la luz de algunos preceptos básicos del expresionismo alemán, con el objetivo de proponer un desplazamiento de perspectiva en relación al discurso hegemónico de la historiografía y de la crítica literaria tradicional, que ven esas obras como la expresión máxima de una determinada región, en una determinada época, limitándolas, por lo tanto, a un contexto socio-histórico y cultural bien definido. Para la lectura que aquí se propone, esas novelas alumbran, en un lenguaje enjuto y lleno de significados intemporales, la fuerza de convicción moral de ese escritor que ostenta, a través de la deformación de la realidad, una emoción intensa, con toda una carga de prospección del dolor humano.

[pt] Baseado no conceito de angústia da influência desenvolvido por Harold Bloom em sua tetralogia da influência (1973-76) e, posteriormente, reformulado em The anatomy of influence (2011), o presente estudo busca analisar as obras de Adriano Espínola e Eucanaã Ferraz como desleituras da obra de João Cabral de Melo Neto. Enquanto poeta tardio no âmbito do movimento modernista (Geração de 45), João Cabral precisou lidar não só com o fardo do Cânone Ocidental mas também com a tradição modernista que já havia se estabelecido à altura de sua estreia com Pedra do Sono (1942) — dentre seus pais poéticos encontram-se Willy Lewin, Joaquim Cardozo, Murilo Mendes e, sobretudo, Carlos Drummond de Andrade. Nosso objetivo é demonstrar que justamente o poeta modernista que mais sofreu da angústia da influência veio a se tornar, senão o mais influente, decerto aquele cujo legado é o mais problemático — constituindo, conforme a previsão de J. G. Merquior, verdadeiro obstáculo para poetas estreantes desde a década de 60 até poucos anos após a sua morte em 1999. Nossa hipótese central é que tanto Adriano Espínola quanto Eucanaã Ferraz — ambos estreantes nesse período — se tornam poetas forte” à medida que erigem suas respectivas obras contra a obra cabralina. O corpus deste estudo consiste num recorte da obra de Eucanaã que abrange poemas desde o primeiro ao último livro (1990-2017) e, de Adriano Espínola, no recorte feito pelo próprio poeta quando da organização de sua antologia pessoal Escritos ao Sol (2015). / [en] Based on the concept of anxiety of influence developed by Harold Bloom in his tetralogy of influence (1973-1976) and later reformulated in The anatomy of influence (2011), this study aims to analyze the works of the Brazilian contemporary poets Adriano Espínola and Eucanaã Ferraz as creative misreadings of João Cabral de Melo Neto s poetry. As a latecomer in the Brazilian Modernist Movement (Generation of 45), João Cabral had to put tremendous effort into defending himself against the modernist tradition already established by the time he started his career — among his poetic fathers are Willy Lewin, Joaquim Cardozo, Murilo Mendes and, above all, Carlos Drummond de Andrade. We intend to demonstrate that precisely he, the modernist who suffered the most from the anxiety of influence, produced a poetry so strong that it came to be the most difficult influence to overcome for all generations of Brazilian poets from the early 1960s to his death in 1999. The central part of our hypothesis is that Adriano Espínola and Eucanaã Ferraz, both debuting poets within that period, constructed their works against Cabral s, whether by appropriation or repression. For that purpose, the corpus under study consists of poems by Eucanaã Ferraz from his first book to the most recent (1990-2017) and of Adriano Espínola s personal anthology Escritos ao Sol (2015).

The reading of selected literary texts in this thesis traces the changes from a divinely ordered world of stability (Thomas Mann's Bud<lenbrooks) to surroundings characterized by insecurity (William Faulkner's The Sound and the Fury) to an unstable environment giving rise to largely futile attempts at finding answers to seemingly illogical questions (Thomas Pynchon's The Crying of Lot 49). As a product of the accelerated speed of technological progression and the information revolution in the twentieth century, man is more often than not incapable of adjusting to changed circumstances in a seemingly hostile environment. Indeed, instability and unpredictability are external factors determining the sense of insecurity and uncertainty characterising the 'world' depicted in the literary texts under consideration. For this reason judicious use will be made of philosophical and psychoanalytical concepts, based, amongst others, on Nietzschean and Freudian theories, to explain the disintegration of families, the anguish experienced by individuals or, indeed, the shifting identities informing the portrayal of character in selected literary texts. / Afrikaans and Theory of Literature / D.Litt. et Phil. (Theory of Literature)

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T17:27:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silvio Moreira Barbosa Junior.pdf: 458094 bytes, checksum: 12f90be7301736f9b6f3e79d4952c0ad (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-10-23 / This work follows the way in wich Martin Heidegger surpasses the proposition of a Phylo sophic Antropology through his project of a Fundamental Ontology. The Phylosophic Antropology he has in sight is the one of Max Scheler, and the specific problem from wich he takes over is the constitution of a unitary idea of man. Through the analisys of existence, Heidegger shows that so the detrmined object determined by the Phylosophic Antropology, the man, as the way of adressing the question about it, wields within the domain of Traditional Metaphysisc and, by this interven tion, are not capable to offer the desired unity. The modus operandi of Phylosophic Antropology underlines a indetermined character of the questio about man that it ignores on it importance, dealing this indetermination of what man is as an obstacle to be overcomed. This work stabilishes this indetermination, made present in the question for the unity of man with the structural unity of Dasein put uncoverd in anguish. Through this relation it s shown not only the reason why Phylosophic Antropology can not offer a unitary idea of man, but also the way in wich Fundamental Ontology overdoes the proposal of a Phylosophic Antropology / Este trabalho acompanha o modo pelo qual Martin Heidegger supera a proposta de uma antropologia filosófica a partir do seu projeto de ontologia fundamental. A antropologia filosófica que tem em vista é a de Max Scheler, e o problema específico do qual parte é o problema em se constituir uma idéia unitária de homem. Através da analise da existência, Heidegger mostra que tanto o objeto determinado pela antropologia filosófica, o homem, quanto o modo de dirigir a pergunta sobre ele, exercem-se dentro do âmbito da metafísica tradicional e, em decorrência disto, não são capazes de oferecer a unidade almejada. O modo de operar da antropologia filosófica evidencia um caráter indeterminado na pergunta sobre o homem, que ela ignora em sua importância, tratando a indeterminação do que seja o homem como obstáculo a ser superado. Este trabalho relacionará esta indeterminação, feita patente na pergunta pela unidade do homem, com a unidade estrutural do Dasein posto a descoberto na angústia. Através desta relação fica patente não só porque a antropologia não pode oferecer uma idéia unitária de homem, como o modo pelo qual a ontologia fundamental supera a proposta de uma antropologia filosófica

The reading of selected literary texts in this thesis traces the changes from a divinely ordered world of stability (Thomas Mann's Bud<lenbrooks) to surroundings characterized by insecurity (William Faulkner's The Sound and the Fury) to an unstable environment giving rise to largely futile attempts at finding answers to seemingly illogical questions (Thomas Pynchon's The Crying of Lot 49). As a product of the accelerated speed of technological progression and the information revolution in the twentieth century, man is more often than not incapable of adjusting to changed circumstances in a seemingly hostile environment. Indeed, instability and unpredictability are external factors determining the sense of insecurity and uncertainty characterising the 'world' depicted in the literary texts under consideration. For this reason judicious use will be made of philosophical and psychoanalytical concepts, based, amongst others, on Nietzschean and Freudian theories, to explain the disintegration of families, the anguish experienced by individuals or, indeed, the shifting identities informing the portrayal of character in selected literary texts. / Afrikaans and Theory of Literature / D.Litt. et Phil. (Theory of Literature)

Fondée sur de nombreuses enquêtes en psychodynamique du travail menées au sein d’entreprises publiques et privées, relevant des secteurs de l’industrie et des services aussi bien que de l’agriculture, cette thèse se propose d’analyser les ressorts psychologiques individuels et collectifs de ce qui peut s’apparenter à des actions de résistance face aux contraintes du travail imposées par l’organisation néolibérale du travail. Le matériel clinique de la recherche porte spécifiquement sur les rapports entre les différentes formes d’organisation du travail d’une part, la souffrance psychique et les pathologies mentales d’autre part. Dans la plupart des cas ce matériel a été recueilli à l’occasion d’interventions spécialisées en clinique du travail engagées à la demande des médecins du travail ou de services de santé au travail des entreprises. Par le truchement de ces interventions (qui ont débouché sur des actions de transformation de l’organisation du travail), une attention particulière a été portée aux formes concrètes que revêtent les conduites de résistance inventées par les salariés lorsqu’ils sont confrontés aux dérives de certaines méthodes introduites dans les entreprises depuis le tournant gestionnaire. Dans cette perspective, l’analyse des conduites de résistance a permis de les identifier comme relevant d’un tournant dans l’orientation des stratégies de défense contre la souffrance au travail. Les faits cliniques construits dans ces enquêtes suggèrent que ce tournant affecte électivement les stratégies de défense construites pour lutter contre la souffrance éthique, c’est-à-dire la souffrance éprouvée par des sujets lorsqu’ils sont amenés, par les consignes de l’organisation du travail, à apporter leur concours à des pratiques que leur sens moral réprouve. In fine, la référence au travail vivant permet de dégager une conception de la praxis de résistance visant spécifiquement à lutter contre trois des conséquences produites par l’organisation néolibérale du travail : le mépris du travail vivant, la désolation et la banalisation de l’injustice sociale. Pour cela, le rôle revenant à la recomposition des coopérations dans le travail apparaît comme l’élément central structurant la praxis de résistance. La thèse mobilise des connaissances dans le champ de la clinique et de la psychodynamique du travail d’abord, dans le champ de la psychologie individuelle et de la psychanalyse ensuite, de la « psychologie morale » et de la philosophie politique enfin. / Based on numerous surveys in psychodynamics of work conducted in public and private companies, in the sectors of industry and services as well as agriculture, this thesis proposes to analyse the individual and collective psychological springs of resistance actions against the constraints of work imposed by the neoliberal work organization. The clinical material of the research deals specifically with the relationships between the different forms of work organization on the one hand, and psychological suffering and mental pathologies on the other. In most cases, this material was collected through specialized interventions in "work clinics" at the request of occupational physicians or occupational health services. Through these interventions (which have resulted in changes in the work organization), attention has been paid to the concrete forms of resistance behaviours invented by workers when confronted with some methods introduced in companies since the managerial revolution. In this perspective, the analysis of the resistance behaviours made it possible to identify them as a turning point in the orientation of strategies of defense against suffering at work. The clinical facts constructed in these surveys suggest that this turning point affects electively the strategies of defense constructed to combat the ethical suffering, that is to say the suffering experienced by subjects when they are brought, by the instructions of the work organization, to contribute to practices which their moral sense condemns. Ultimately, the reference to living labor gives rise to a conception of the praxis of resistance aimed specifically at combating three of the consequences produced by the neo-liberal organization of work: contempt for living labor, loneliness and the banalization of social injustice. For this, the role of recomposing cooperation in labor appears to be the central element structuring the praxis of resistance. The thesis mobilizes knowledge in the field of clinical and psychodynamics of work first, in the field of psychology and psychoanalysis, "moral psychology" and finally political philosophy. / A partir de numerosas encuestas en psicodinámica del trabajo llevadas a cabo en empresas públicas y privadas, en los sectores de la industria y los servicios, así como en la agricultura, esta tesis propone analizar los resortes psicológicos individuales y colectivos de acciones de resistencia a la dominación impuestas a los trabajadores por la organización neoliberal del trabajo. El material clínico de la investigación trata específicamente de las relaciones entre las diferentes formas de organización del trabajo, por un lado, y el sufrimiento psicológico y las patologías mentales, por el otro. En la mayoría de los casos, este material fue recolectado a través de intervenciones especializadas en "la Clínica del trabajo" a solicitud de médicos ocupacionales o de servicios de salud ocupacional. A través de estas intervenciones (que han dado lugar a cambios en la organización del trabajo), se ha prestado una atención especial a las formas concretas de comportamientos de resistencia inventados por los empleados cuando se enfrentan a algunos métodos introducidos en las empresas desde "la revolución gerencial". En esta perspectiva, el análisis de los comportamientos de resistencia permitió identificarlos como un punto de inflexión en la orientación de las estrategias de defensa contra el sufrimiento en el trabajo. Los hechos clínicos construidos en estas encuestas sugieren que este punto de inflexión afecta electivamente las estrategias de defensa construidas para combatir el sufrimiento ético, es decir, el sufrimiento experimentado por el sujeto cuando están impulsado por las instrucciones de la organización del trabajo, a realizar actos que su sentido moral condena. En última instancia, la referencia al trabajo vivo da lugar a una concepción de una praxis de la resistencia dirigida específicamente a combatir tres de las consecuencias producidas por la organización neoliberal del trabajo: el desprecio por el trabajo vivo, la soledad y la banalización de la injusticia social. Para ello, el papel de recomponer la cooperación en el trabajo parece ser el elemento central que estructura la praxis de la resistencia.

A l’heure où la prise en charge médicale s’avère de plus en plus nécessaire pour accompagner la fin de vie, il nous apparait que sa place est de plus en plus importante et de moins en moins questionnée. Or, réduire la fin de vie à la question du mourant et de sa prise en charge est pour le moins problématique. L’arrêt d’hydratation et d’alimentation, les différentes formes de sédation, l’euthanasie, le suicide assisté, les soins palliatifs résument-ils à eux seuls ce que l’on peut dire de la fin de vie ? Peut-elle se résumer uniquement à une question d’ordre médical ? N’est-elle pas avant tout une question d’ordre existentiel où, à l’heure de notre déclin, nous sommes confrontés à l’agonie ? Souffrance et finitude se trouvent au cœur de notre interrogation et nous poussent à nous confronter au pâtir de la vie, nous dévoilant ainsi comme être de chair. Grâce à la philosophie henryenne, l’agonie va peu à peu se dévoiler comme une occasion ultime de révélation de soi à soi en tant que soi. Face à l’aporie du mal qui frappe, nous découvrons les hommes capables toujours d’y faire face par un effort de repersonnalisation. C’est cet effort nécessaire qui va se dévoiler tant dans le champ métaphysique, que dans le champ éthique, et que dans le champ politique. C’est ce même effort qui amène l’homme à prendre ses responsabilités et à répondre aux questions existentielles. La subjectivité de chacun se doit alors de devenir le centre de l’institution soignante. L’agonie devient possibilité de repenser la place de la personne au sein du système hospitalier : place de la personne soignante, de la personne soignée, de ceux qui accompagnent, tout en développant une éthique de l’accompagnement qui doit ensuite se décliner dans une politique. Car si, métaphysiquement, vivre son agonie ne peut se justifier que par l’Amour, éthiquement, il nous faut construire une nouvelle poétique de l’action faisant place à la fraternité issue de la chair, à l’imagination de l’homme pour répondre à l’appel d’autrui et de la vie, et à la subsidiarité, afin que chacun soit respecté dans son agir et sa conscience. Politiquement, cela nous ouvre alors à un système hospitalier respectueux de chaque « Je Peux » qui se déploie en son sein. Le respect du consentement du patient reste ainsi la pierre angulaire du système hospitalier ; mais il ne peut se construire que dans une alliance avec les soignants. / In the context of today’s world, medical care is becoming increasingly necessary to assist patients at the end of life. It appears that this care is taking on more and more importance and is subject to fewer and fewer questions. is less and less questioned. However, confining the end of life to the state of dying and its medical support is problematic. Can the end of life be resumed as stopping hydration and artificial feeding, sedation in its different forms, euthanasia, assisted suicide, and palliative care? Can it be summed up as a simple medical question? Isn’t the end of life, first and foremost, linked to an existential question in which, at the time of our decline, we come face to face with agony? Finiteness and suffering are at the heart of our questioning as we confront life’s hardships, revealing the mystery of the flesh. With the help of Michel Henry’s philosophy, agony will gradually reveal itself as an ultimate opportunity for self-revelation. Faced with the paradox of evil, we find Man capable of coping with an effort of re-personification. This necessary effort will unfold in the metaphysical, ethical and political fields. This same effort allows Man to take responsibility for himself and to contemplate existential questions. The subjectivity of each person must become the center of the healthcare institution. Agony becomes the possibility to rethink the place of the individual person within the hospital system: the care giver, the care receiver and those supporting them, all while developing an ethical personal assistance which must then translated into policies. Because even if metaphysically, living out agony cannot be otherwise justified but by Love, ethically we must build a new way of operating. We must leave room for fraternity as a consequence of being of the flesh, to imagination in order to respond to our fellow man and our life’s calling, and to subsidiarity so that everyone is respected in his actions and consciousness. Politically, it opens up the possibility of a hospital system respectful of each "I Can" which is echoed within its walls. Respect for the patient's consent remains the cornerstone of the hospital system but can only be built with an alliance with caregivers.