The topic of this study is one specific area where the tension between instrumental rationality and value rationality becomes prominent: the question whether we have a rational responsibility for nature or not. Such a responsibility cannot be derived from instrumental reason, but it is argued that it can be derived from discourse ethics and communicative rationality. The study begins with an examination of Georg-Henrik von Wright's cultural criticism. It is argued that his subjectivist view of values limits reason to the realm of instrumental rationality. Horkheimer and Adorno's theory of instrumental reason is examined. They claim that instrumental reason, through the negative dialectics of the enlightenment, have created a vacuum with regard to values. Marcuse's anthropological solution to the problem of values, and his theory of an emancipatory science and technology, are examined and rejected as Utopian. The philosophy of Jürgen Habermas is examined, and it is shown how he solves the problem of his predecessors through the dual framework of work and interaction. His hypothesis of three knowledge- constitutive interests is analyzed, and it is concluded that a general theory of communication is needed in order to solve the problem of value rationality. It is shown how Habermas later theory of communicative rationality and discourse ethics overcomes the shortcomings of his earlier theory. It is argued, among other things, that his theory of communicative rationality is compatible with a correspondence theory of truth, ontological realism and epistemological fallibilism. Discourse ethics makes a rational discussion of values and norms possible. It is argued that it solves the problem of value rationality, but without providing a definition of the good or the right. It is shown that revisabilty is an important part of discourse ethics. This is manifested in the hypothetical status of discourse ethics, and in the revisability of the norms proposed. It is argued that we are in fact able to rationally propose a norm, which demands responsibility for nature within the framework of communicative rationality and discourse ethics, although such a norm must be the result of the outcome of a rational discourse and is itself, revisable. / digitalisering@umu

Text in Afrikaans / 'n Verkennend-beskrywende, interpretatiewe, meta-teoretiese studie is onderneem om die invloed van epistemologiese relativisme op opvoedkundige teorievorming te ondersoek. Die verwagting bestaan, in 'n tydsgees wat die kompleksiteit van die kenterrein van die Opvoedkunde benadruk, dat die opvoedkundige objektiewe en praktykrigtende kennisuitsprake aangaande die kenterrein van die Opvoedkunde sal maak. Om aan laasgenoemde verwagting te kan voldoen, is dit vir die opvoedkundige nodig om die kenterrein van die Opvoedkunde te betree en interpretatiewe, kontekstueel-funksionele kennisuitsprake te maak. Vanuit 'n tradisionele perspektief op wetenskapsbeoefening en rasionaliteit kan aantygings van epistemologiese relativisme ontstaan teen kennisuitsprake wat die kenterrein interpreteer. Dit is egter moontlik om aantygings van epistemologiese relativisme in opvoedkundige teorievorming te weerle, indien 'n verbrede beskouing van rasionaliteit in die Opvoedkunde gehuldig word. Op grond van die verband wat tussen taal, interpretasie en rasionaliteit bestaan, word meta-norme van rasionaliteit wat met taalgebruik en interpretasie verband hou, ge"identifiseer. Die mensbeskouing van die Eksistensiele Fenomenologie en Habermas se Teorie van Kommunikatiewe Rasionaliteit het dit in gemeen dat dit die moontlikheid erken dat mense deur middel van taalgebruik 'n gemeenskaplike realiteit kan identifiseer wat ook as 'n vertrekpunt in wetenskaplike gesprekvoering kan dien en wat objektiewe kennisuitsprake moontlik maak. Die mens se interpretasie van die werklikheid deur middel van taal is 'n ontiese gegewene, daarom word dit gestel dat die navorser se interpretasie van 'n kenobjek deur middel van taal deur. meta-norme van rasionaliteit onderle word. Met die grondliggende aanname dat daar metanorme van rasionaliteit bestaan wat met taal en interpretasie verband hou, word 'n verbrede begrip van rasionaliteit in die Opvoedkunde, wat interpretatiewe kennisuitsprake van die opvoedkundige akkommodeer, voorgestel. Omdat daar meta-norme van rasionaliteit bestaan wat met taalgebruik en interpretasie verband hou, is dit vir opvoedkundiges moontlik om binne hulle eie paradigmatiese kontekste die kenterrein van die Opvoedkunde funksioneel te interpreteer, sonder om in epistemologiese relativisme te verval. Op grond daarvan dat meta-norme van rasionaliteit bestaan, is dit vir opvoedkundiges moontlik om oor die kenterrein van die Opvoedkunde in gesprek te tree en toenemend objektiewe kennisuitsprake, wat die kontekste van individuele paradigmas oorskry, te maak. / An investigative, descriptive, interpretative, meta-theoretical study was undertaken to determine the influence of epistemological relativism on educational theory formation. It is expected that, at a time when the complex nature of Education is being emphasised, educationists will make objective as well as functional, directive knowledge statements about the education epistemic. To fulfil the latter expectations, it is necessary for educationists to enter into the education epistemic and make interpretative, contextually functional knowledge statements about education. From a traditional perspective on the practice of science and rationality, allegations of epi stemological relativism may arise against statements which interpret the education epistemic. However, it is possible to allay allegations of epistemological relativism in educational theory formation, if a broadened view of rationality is upheld in Education. On the basis of the relation between language, interpretation and rationality, meta-norms of rationality are identified that relate to language usage and interpretation. Existential Phenomenology and Habermas's Theory of Communicative Rationality correlate in their acknowledgement of the possibility that people can, through language usage, identify a common reality which can also seNe as point of departure in scientific discourse, while at the same time facilitating objective knowledge statements. A person's interpretation of reality by means of language is an ontic premise and, therefore, it is stated that the researcher's interpretation of an object of study is based on language through meta-norms of rationality. With the basic assumption that there are meta-norms of rationality which are related to language and interpretation, a broadened understanding of rationality in Education, which accommodates interpretative knowledge statements, is suggested. Because meta-norms of rationality exist which are related to language interpretation, it is possible for educationists to make a functional interpretation, within their own paradigmatic context, of the education epistemic, without lapsing into epistemological relativism. On the basis of the existence of meta-norms of rationality, education discourse becomes possible between educationists, and they can make increasingly objective knowledge statements, which extend beyond the context of individual paradigms. / Educational Studies / D. Ed. (Filosofie van die Opvoeding)

The study proposes itself a relevance and viability analysis of the insertion of Philosophy in the educational proposal, to the level of basic education. In the search of understanding that is configured in an emancipator process by the vies of the aesthetic experience. The discussion of the subject of the Philosophy of images as pedagogical-didactical alternative to philosophize with children in school, has as basic theoretical contributions the Program Philosophy for Children, by Matthew Lipman, and the Theory of Communicative Action by Jürgen Habermas. Philosophy has been permitting us to unveil the paradigms for education, in the transition to the post-modern society, in the presence of emerging necessities in the pedagogical action, with the shift from the conscience philosophy to the language philosophy, in which is accented the dialogical and communicative character of reason. Through the hermeneutic reading exercise, there is the purpose of analyzing some significant moments referring to the emergence of the infancy and its different images, searching the philosophical understanding in the global context, always noticing the specificity of our country. It is believed, that Philosophy through images may resignify the process of insertion of Philosophy in the schools and redimensionate the cultural formation dynamic, renewing the discussion about its teaching, departing from the referential of aesthetic images used in the language. In the present context, the images propose themselves as an access channel to knowledge, and in a second moment as a didactic resource. In the knowledge construction it is fundamental a deeper and more complete reflexion of the educative activity, due to the possibility of interpretation of the tensions that occur in the ambit of education, linking to this aspect a cognitive competence development theory and the implications of a communicative rationality in the pedagogical praxis. / O estudo propõe a análise da relevância e viabilidade da inserção da Filosofia nas propostas educacionais, ao nível da educação básica, na busca do entendimento que se configura num processo emancipador pelo viés da experiência estética. A discussão do tema da Filosofia das imagens como alternativa didático-pedagógica para filosofar com crianças na escola tem, como aportes teóricos básicos, o Programa de Filosofia para as Crianças, de Matthew Lipman, e a Teoria da Ação Comunicativa, de Jürgen Habermas. A Filosofia vem nos permitindo desvelar os paradigmas da educação, na transição para a sociedade pós-moderna, diante das necessidades emergentes na ação pedagógica, com a mudança da filosofia da consciência para a filosofia da linguagem, em que se acentua o caráter dialógico e comunicativo da razão. Através do exercício da leitura hermenêutica, há o propósito de se analisar alguns momentos significativos referentes ao surgimento da infância e suas diferentes imagens, buscando o entendimento filosófico no contexto global, sem deixar de perceber a especificidade do nosso país. A Filosofia por imagens pode ressignificar o processo de inserção da Filosofia nas escolas e redimensionar a dinâmica da formação cultural, renovando a discussão sobre seu ensino, a partir do referencial das imagens estéticas utilizadas na linguagem. No contexto atual, as imagens se propõem como canal de acesso ao conhecimento e secundariamente como recurso didático. Na construção dos conhecimentos é fundamental uma reflexão mais completa e aprofundada da atividade educativa, pela possibilidade de interpretar as tensões que ocorrem no âmbito da educação, ligando a esse aspecto uma teoria do desenvolvimento da competência cognitiva e as implicações de uma racionalidade comunicativa na práxis pedagógica.

This work is linked to the research line Formation, Knowledge and Professional Development of the Post-Graduation Program in Education of the Federal University of Santa Maria and aims to understand how occurs the construction of the identity of the teachers of higher education during its trajectory and professional development having reference on the teachers of the course of Physical Education, from the University of West of Santa Catarina, Campi of São Miguel do Oeste, and how it may influence in the educational activities developed for the formation of future teachers of Physical Education. The methodological options were for the qualitative approach and the study of case, the ethnographic type, that are linked to interest to unravel the path of teacher formation, the concepts and theories implicit in their pedagogical actions. So, we used as instruments of information s production: questionnaire, semistructured interviews, participant observation and documental analysis. The research was conducted at the University of West of Santa Catarina, Campi of São Miguel do Oeste, SC with three teachers of the course of Physical Education. For the analysis we used the technique of triangulation of the information obtained with the different instruments used, from which emerged categories of analysis according to the production of teachers meanings. Through the analysis developed from the viewpoint of the theoretical framework constructed for this research, we found that in the trajectory of formation of the teachers the initial training is more important when they reflect on their formation as teachers, detaching negative representations and wishing overcome. The formation course may influence in different ways the pedagogical actions taken by teachers, depending on the perspective that each builds with respect to their performance and their professional development, which enables us to conclude that the teaching is the confluence of several areas and times of the teachers life world. Believing that the teaching in the higher education needs a formative project and a collective professional development project, we pointed out as possible way to be trailed the guidance through the communicative rationality. This would provide a constitutive trajectory marked by the exchange of experiences, the collective construction of knowledge, of the be teacher and of emancipated subject able to speak and act in the construction of its life world. / Este trabalho se insere na linha de pesquisa Formação, Saberes e Desenvolvimento Profissional do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria e tem como objetivo compreender como ocorre a construção da identidade do professor do ensino superior durante a sua trajetória e desenvolvimento profissional tendo como referência os docentes do curso de Licenciatura em Educação Física da Universidade do Oeste de Santa Catarina, Campus de São Miguel do Oeste, e como isso pode influenciar nas ações pedagógicas desenvolvidas para a formação de futuros professores de Educação Física. As opções metodológicas foram pela abordagem qualitativa e pelo estudo de caso do tipo etnográfico que estão vinculadas ao interesse de desvendar o percurso formativo dos docentes, as concepções e as teorizações implícitas nas suas ações pedagógicas. Para tanto, foram utilizados como instrumentos de produção das informações: questionário, entrevista semi-estruturada, observação participante e análise documental. A pesquisa foi realizada na Universidade do Oeste de Santa Catarina, Campus de São Miguel do Oeste com três docentes do curso de Licenciatura em Educação Física. Como forma de análise utilizamos a técnica da triangulação das informações obtidas com os diferentes instrumentos utilizados, da qual emergiram categorias de análise de acordo com a produção de significados dos professores. Através das análises desenvolvidas sob a ótica do referencial teórico construído para esta investigação constatamos que na trajetória formativa dos professores a formação inicial é que apresenta maior importância quando eles refletem sobre a sua constituição como docentes, destacando-se representações negativas e que desejam superar. O percurso formativo pode influenciar de distintas maneiras as ações pedagógicas desenvolvidas pelos professores, dependendo da perspectiva que cada um deles constrói com relação a sua atuação e ao seu desenvolvimento profissional, o que nos possibilita concluir que a docência se constitui na confluência de inúmeros espaços e tempos do mundo da vida dos professores. Acreditando que a docência no ensino superior necessita de um projeto formativo e de desenvolvimento profissional coletivo, apontamos como possível caminho a ser trilhado a orientação através da racionalidade comunicativa. Isso proporcionaria uma trajetória constitutiva marcada pela troca de experiências, pela construção coletiva dos saberes, do ser docente e de sujeitos emancipados capazes de falar e agir na construção do seu mundo de vida.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-07T15:10:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1202886 bytes, checksum: 574885a94ef874557643f6210b03f04d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-04-07 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This study has as object the technicist logic of the pedagogical acting, based on the communicative rationality. Considering this model of reason concerning the utopia of human emancipation, it is hooked on the theory of the Communicative Action (TCA) by Jürgen Habermas. It contextualizes the invasions to which the educative processes are subjected in the contemporaneity prometed by the inbrication between the systemic and the lived worlds. It aimed at understanding the technicist dynamics of the pedagogical acting under the domains of TCA, starting from the following thesis: the technicist pedagogy is a kind of manifestation of the instrumental rationality present in the world lived within school. Through the hermeneutic method, it went in search of the possibilities of emancipation, going from the rationalization and its three universal spheres: a) culture, through educative processes which found the reevaluation of moral and ethical values formerly established; b)society, through consensual norms that only become valid before intelligible argumentations sensitively inclined to redefinitions; c) personality, through a cognitive development beyond mentalism, passing by the evolution of a moral conscience that elaborates stages of intersubjective relations. As a result of the deadlock of education, it brings the possibility to think how much the communicative rationality has lost spaces for the instrumental rationality, consequently coming up several social pathologies. On account of this, it discusses that natural and public channels of the communicative spaces (language as a medium) are deteriorated by the vehicles placed by the systemic imperatives (money and power as craftsmen) of the Western capitalist society. It perceives that the effects by the colonizations of the instrumental reason in the cognitive, expressive and normative spheres interfere much in social formations, binding the rationalizations of the lived world. Thus, the circumstances brought by the extranatural domains of educations facilitated the coming of a set of impositions at school, since the regeneration of the philosophy based on the subject (hyperindividualism) until the instructive normalizations of the technified educations. Aiming at uncovering the genesis of the educational atrophies, it concludes that the communicative rationality can be understood as a new agora ; a fertile alternative to incite a linguistic overturn in the mediations of the subject, in the interactions with others, with the knowledge, with the images (religious and metaphysical) of the world. It emphasizes that the communicative rationality can subsidize educative processes beyond functional ideologies linearly induced by the tecnification of thinking. A reflexive reason that promotes a sort of educations that is open to the multiple voices of rationality. It ends highlighting that, to strengthen the lived world, the paradigm of the communicative rationality propitiates the progressive development of human competence which, under the idea of emancipator education, the utopia of which one is in search becomes a criterion for social evolution. / Este estudo tem como objeto a lógica tecnicista do agir pedagógico, fundamentando-se na racionalidade comunicativa. Considerando esse modelo de razão voltado à utopia da emancipação humana, subsidia-se na Teoria da Ação Comunicativa (TAC) de Jürgen Habermas. Contextualiza as invasões a que os processos educativos estão sujeitos na contemporaneidade, promovidas pelo acoplamento do mundo sistêmico sobre o mundo vivido. Objetivou compreender a dinâmica tecnicista do agir pedagógico, à luz da TAC, partindo da seguinte tese: a lógica do tecnicismo na educação obstrui os ideais da educação emancipatória. Por intermédio do método hermenêutico, buscou referir as possibilidades de emancipação, a partir da racionalização do mundo vivido e de suas três esferas universais: a) cultura, através de processos educativos fundadores de reavaliação de valores morais e éticos pré-estabelecidos; b) sociedade, através de normas consensuais que só se tornam válidas diante de argumentações inteligíveis e sensivelmente dispostas a redefinições; c) personalidade, através de um desenvolvimento cognitivo além do mentalismo, perpassando a evolução de uma consciência moral que elabora estágios de relações intersubjetivos. Como resultado do beco sem saídas da educação, oportuniza pensar o quanto a racionalidade comunicativa tem perdido espaços para a racionalidade instrumental, surgindo diversas patologias sociais. Em razão disso, discute que os canais naturais e públicos dos espaços comunicativos (linguagem como medium) são deteriorados por meio dos veículos interpostos pelos imperativos sistêmicos (dinheiro e poder como artífices) da sociedade capitalista ocidental. Percebe que os efeitos das colonizações da razão instrumental, nas esferas cognitivas, expressivas e normativas, interferem severamente nas formações sociais e comprometem a racionalização do mundo vivido. Assim, as circunstâncias trazidas pelos domínios extranaturais da educação facilitaram a entrada de um conjunto de imposições na escola, desde a regeneração da filosofia do sujeito (hiperindividualismo) até a normatização instrutiva da educação tecnificada. Visando desocultar a gênese das atrofias educacionais, conclui que a racionalidade comunicativa pode ser entendida como uma nova ágora : uma fecunda alternativa para incitar uma reviravolta linguística nas mediações do sujeito, na interação com o outro, com o conhecimento, com as imagens (religiosas e metafísicas) de mundo. Enfatiza que a racionalidade comunicativa pode subsidiar processos educativos muito além das ideologias funcionais e linearmente induzidas pela tecnificação do pensamento, possibilitando o levante reflexivo da razão diante da promoção de uma educação que se coloca aberta à multiplicidade de vozes da racionalidade. Finaliza destacando que, para o fortalecimento do mundo vivido, o paradigma da racionalidade comunicativa propicia o desenvolvimento progressivo da competência humana que, sob o ideário da educação emancipatória, torna-se a utopia a ser buscada como critério para a evolução social.

This thesis aims to understand the method of strategic choice (MSC, Sw. metodik för åtgärdsvalsstudier) in Swedish transport planning as a planning phenomenon. Based on a normative interpretative approach and critical theory, underlying ideas and thinking that surround the context of MSC and how they are expressed in practice, in the guidelines and in concrete planning situations were investigated. The starting point was that changing conditions in society have necessitated reform of the transport sector and a new method has been introduced. It aims to enable a broader grip on transport issues by opening them up together with other actors, thus increasing scope and spreading responsibility for more sectors and activities, enabling new and unconventional solutions to transport problems for a sustainable future. MSC is described and interpreted here as a manifold phenomenon that reveals a tension between different perspectives and mindsets, but also leads to certain aspects being more often expressed which complicates wider and deeper perspectives on complex societal problems. More concretely, it was found that the collaboration in MSC is limited prematurely and is often limited at an early stage of the process, and that this leads to a more narrow understanding of the problem to be solved than would otherwise be the case. Furthermore, one specific perspective, namely the transport system perspective, is proposed explicitly as the basis for assessments. The study has also identified challenges related to the consideration of conflicting and contradictory knowledge claims in the process. Assessments of the effects of actions are assumed to be based upon logical premises, and not on judgments in dialogue and argumentation. However, the analysis suggested that the functional instrumental reasoning of success-oriented action does not seem to take normative and political issues into consideration in order to better address sustainable development issues in the complex, democratic and pluralist society. In conclusion, the analysis identifies the need for these processes in addressing a sustainable future to be kept open in a more inclusive and diverse way, drawing on more and different possible futures. / <p>QC 20170515</p>

公共行政做為人類日常活動中之一環，其角色則是越來越重要；尤其是近 百年來，人類無論是於智識、技術或文化均呈現多元、異質與跳躍的變化 。公共行政所面對的是越益複雜與迅速變遷的環境，面對變遷如此劇烈的 社會，現代政府已無法再以過去的行政措施來解決日益複雜的公共問題， 而傳統公共行政理論面對如 此之挑戰不僅無力指引公共行政實務，甚且 自身亦漸喪失方向而形成公共行政理論危機，此種困境不但使得公共行政 學失去了反 省進步的能力，亦使得公共行政實務日漸隳墮。 基於 前述的理由，筆者遂自批判的觀點對公共行政理論之現機存危機做一探討 ，同時建議各危機之重建方向，以期能趨使公共行政理論朝向更”公共” 之方向邁進，並成為公共行政實務之指引。以下僅就各章研究問題概述如 下：第一章 緒論：說明本論文之研究目的、研究範圍、研究方法與限制 ，以及研究大剛等，以為後續探討之引言。 第二章 理論危機 ：本章乃從批判之角度對公共行政理論之危機提出反思；包括對『學科認 同』危機、『技術理性』危機、『研究典範』危機與『研究方法』危機等 四方面進行探討，並強 調其對公共行政理論之影響。第三章 公共哲學 ：本章首先探討公共哲學之意涵及其基礎，並自歷史的角度探究公共哲學 於人類政治、社會生活中之角色，且提出五種較為普遍之公共哲學觀點以 為說明，並特別著重於『公民』觀點之公共哲學的重要性。第四章 溝通 理性：本章針對技術理性過度膨脹所形成之危機而提出溝通理性以為公共 行政理論重建之方向。第五章 自然論典範：本章係自與實證論之各面向 均呈相對之自然論典範著手，建議公共行政理論之研究典範。第六章 質 的研究：筆者於本章中特別自質的研究方法之意義、倫理、研究過程等項 介紹質的研究方法，以利於瞭解其與量的研究方法之差異。 第七章 結論：本章係就本論文之研究 主題做一回顧，並對未 來之研究方向提出建議，以供對此論題有興趣從 事更進一步探討者之參考。

Submitted by Viviane Lima da Cunha (viviane@biblioteca.ufpb.br) on 2015-05-25T11:17:20Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1929590 bytes, checksum: ce43a41d3b807daa1fde3a8e958bcad3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-25T11:17:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1929590 bytes, checksum: ce43a41d3b807daa1fde3a8e958bcad3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-31 / In an attempt to control the social issues caused by rising crime, the managers of police organizations demonstrate having a preoccupation with typically repressive actions and with the application of logic of instrumental rationality in police management, which focuses on relentless pursuit by the results and implementation of essentially strategic actions. In this context there is a crisis of the current standards of practice adopted by police, which little or no practical result, and thus the goal to protect citizens is no longer performing, guaranteeing wellness and life protect, being only the achievement of goals and fixed management purposes. Historically police organizations always applied management solutions empirically with a strong tradition bureaucrat, which resulted in practices that tarnish its corporate image. Therefore, it is necessary to get objective standards of performance appropriate to the democratic perspective, demanding police officers able to deal with this social instability and interact appropriately with citizens. Thus, the role of police training is decisive for the cops to obtain an apprenticeship throughout its functional life and they handle with conflicts and social contradictions, stimulating the perception of injustice overcome, in an attempt to reduce or eliminate them, and perception of increasing justice in the life of citizens through police practices best suited to the democratic State of law. This research proposes a new perception of public security and the construction of a theoretical-conceptual corpus to assist management in Civil Police based on the concepts of learning organizations that is supported on pillars of human security and the communicative action, for arise more humanistic perspective and less instrumental for management of police training, so that the new learning to be possible under this new perspective can reflect on more democratic police practices and more effective social achievements. The communicative action enables coordination of action plans of the actors of public safety, sow the principles of rationality in a social dialogue and in organizational decision-making processes, uses a language which is not restricted only to inform, but to create opportunities for people and socially meaningful learning interactions. Human security shows that it is necessary to ensure the full use of substantive freedoms of citizens and to promote a world free of needs and free from fear, besides emphasizing that social development should be shared by the whole society and start within each location that suffers the consequences of criminality. Finally, the problems of public safety are of each of the social actors and it is important that they can be involved in the construction of interactive solutions as subjects capable of speaking and acting to effective social pact for the safety of all. Investing in police training is crucial to the development of police organizations. But this is only the first step to be completed so that, soon after, it's necessary a great cooperative effort of all toward a proper organizational change management. However, it will take longer for police officers and managers to change the police organization than the organization change them through an institutionalized ongoing training process. / Na tentativa de controlar o desacerto social provocado pela criminalidade crescente, os gestores das organizações policiais demonstram ter uma preocupação excessiva com o exercício de uma ação tipicamente repressiva e com a aplicação da lógica da racionalidade instrumental na gestão policial, que privilegia a busca incessante pelos resultados e a aplicação de ações de natureza essencialmente estratégicas. Nesse contexto, há uma crise do atual padrão de atuação policial, com medidas de pouco ou nenhum resultado prático, sendo que o objetivo deixa de ser a realização da proteção dos cidadãos, com a garantia de seu bem estar e de suas vidas, para ser apenas o alcance de metas e fins gerenciais fixados. Historicamente, as organizações policiais sempre aplicaram soluções gerenciais empiricamente encontradas e com uma forte tradição burocrata, que resultaram em práticas que maculam a sua imagem institucional. Por isso, é preciso buscar padrões objetivos de atuação mais adequados à perspectiva democrática, demandando policiais aptos a lidar com essa instabilidade social e a interagirem de modo apropriado com os cidadãos. Assim, o papel da formação policial passa a ser decisivo para que os policiais busquem um aprendizado ao longo de toda a sua vida funcional e saibam lidar com conflitos e contradições sociais, aguçando neles um faro para a percepção de injustiças superáveis, buscando reduzi-las ou eliminá-las, e de percepção de incremento da justiça na vida dos cidadãos, desenvolvendo ações policiais através de práticas mais adequadas ao estado democrático de direito. Neste trabalho, o que se propõe é uma nova percepção da segurança pública e a construção de um corpus teórico-conceitual que auxilie a gestão na Polícia Civil baseada nos conceitos das organizações que aprendem e que esteja sustentada nos pilares da segurança humana e do agir comunicativo, para que, a partir daí, surjam perspectivas mais humanistas e menos instrumentais para a gestão da formação polical, de modo que o novo aprendizado a ser viabilizado sob essa nova ótica possa refletir em práticas policiais mais democráticas e realizações sociais mais efetivas. O agir comunicativo possibilita uma coordenação dos planos de ação dos atores da segurança pública, semeia os princípios de uma racionalidade que, no diálogo social e nos processos de tomada de decisão organizacional, usa uma linguagem que não se restringe somente a informar, mas sim a oportunizar interações entre as pessoas e aprendizagens socialmente significativas. A segurança humana mostra que se faz necessário garantir o uso pleno das liberdades substantivas dos cidadãos e de promover um mundo livre de necessidades e livre do medo, além de ressaltar que o desenvolvimento social deve ser compartilhado por toda a sociedade e começar no seio de cada localidade que sofre com as consequências da criminalidade ali reinante. Enfim, os problemas de segurança pública serão de cada um dos atores sociais na medida em que eles possam e consigam se envolver na construção de soluções interativas, atuando como sujeitos capazes de falar e de agir em prol da efetivação do pacto social pela segurança de todos. Investir na formação policial será fundamental para que ocorra o tão desejado processo de desenvolvimento organizacional das polícias. Mas esta será apenas a primeira etapa a ser cumprida, para que, logo depois, seja necessário um grande esforço de todos os policiais, rumo ao correto gerenciamento da mudança organizacional. Todavia, levará mais tempo para que os policiais e gestores possam mudar a organização policial a qual eles pertencem, do que esta levará para mudá-los mediante contínuos processos formativos institucionalizados.

近來公共行政學術與實務朝向多元的發展與範圍的擴大，就前者而言，學術上的多元雖引起學科認同危機的疑慮，卻開啟了學派與科際交流的大門，為行政學術注入活水，也為理性論辯提供制度性的基礎；就後者而言，在有效治理與解決社會問題的要求下，政府必需尋求非政府部門組織與行動者的合作以共同承擔公共責任。另方面，在經過行為主義的浪潮後，社會科學界再度對「制度」（institutions）在人類社會中所扮演的角色重新審視，這主要表現在「制度」界定並影響社會互動的過程及結果。這股研究風潮在「新制度理論」（new institution）的名稱下並無一體系性的研究立場與策略，但都分享了對制度研究的高度興趣的共識，值此時刻，上述公共行政學術與實務的趨勢，提供了新制度理論引介的契機。基此，本論文乃針對新制度理論內涵作一引介，並提出一多元制度分析架構以為個案分析用。第一章部分：提出本文之研究架構與方法，並對多元分歧的〞制度〞定義作一說明與界定，此外，針對現行農田水利會的性格與特質作一簡述。第二章部分：在於對社會科學領域中新制度理論的發展作一歷史性的分析，分別探討其科際發展背景，並引用核心假設、主要論題、政策意涵與相關問題四個面向來對此思潮內部分歧的二大研究途徑：理性選擇途徑與社會文化途徑的差異作一比較，並進而探討二者是否有共量與對話的可能。第三章部分：有鑑於新制度理論內部的分歧，學者們曾提出不少理論模式以為整合，本文則分別從知識旨趣、理性概念與行動邏輯的概念探討提出另一研究途徑－－溝通理性途徑，加上前述二途徑而成為多元的制度分析架構。而在分析層次方面，在就制度論制度的前提下，根據其活動範圍大小、時間歷程、客觀強制力大小而區分為制度變遷、制度改革與制度設計三層次，彼此以鑲鍖的方式存在而具有內在連繫性。第四章部分：本章依多元制度分析架構對塯公農田水利會作一個案分析，從灌溉系統的問題本質、系絡特性、與實際運作規則對其制度的源起、發展維持、轉型替代作一說明。而在農田水利會制度改革過程中，相關行動者彼此的策略性結盟、隱喻使用及論証的提出等各項行動，不僅有其自利的動機，更有其象徵意義。最後分別由交易成本、社會文化與溝通對話面向，對於改革過程中所提出的改制案、現行案及水利聯盟案作一比較分析，而塯公水利會的組織特色又適合何種制度架構亦有必要探討。第五章部分：在於對新制度理論目前發展作一評估，探討其在社會科學領域中〞進步的意義，及水利會的改革歷程所透露出的訊息為何？最後，則是對新制度理論未來研究方向提出一說明。

A fundamentação e a correção de decisões jurídicas na aplicação do direito de igualdade geral exigem o cumprimento das regras e formas do discurso jurídico fundado em bases pragmático-universais. As viradas lingüística e pragmática, por obra de Frege, Wittgenstein e Peirce, fundaram os alicerces de uma teoria dos atos de fala, de Austin e Searle, de uma teoria da argumentação, de Toulmin, e de uma teoria comunicativa e discursiva da verdade e correção, em Habermas. A ética procedimentalista e cognitivista habermasiana reconstrói o princípio da universabilidade em trajes discursivos. Alexy enuncia um conceito não-positivista e inclusivo da moral fundamentado na pretensão de correção jurídica e argúi a tese do discurso jurídico como caso especial do discurso prático geral. Uma decisão jurídica correta deve ser justificada com base nas regras e formas da justificação interna e externa do discurso. A fundamentação das decisões por meio de argumentos de princípios coloca a exigência da aplicação do preceito da proporcionalidade. As dogmáticas e jurisprudências alemã e brasileira, na aplicação do direito de igualdade geral, utilizam inicialmente uma fórmula da proibição da arbitrariedade ou correlação lógica, da qual resulta uma vinculação fraca do legislador, e passam a adotar uma fórmula baseada na proporcionalidade, com uma vinculação severa do legislador, especialmente quando há tratamento desigual de indivíduos com características especiais elencadas na Constituição. A racionalidade de uma decisão que se utiliza da estrutura da proporcionalidade depende da justificação externa de cada uma das premissas usadas na justificação interna. Há uma relação necessária entre discurso jurídico, proporcionalidade e dogmáticas dos direitos fundamentais. / The justification and correction of legal decisions in the application of general equality principle demands the fullfilment of rules and forms of legal discourse founded on a universal-pragmatic basis. The linguistic and pragmatic turn, by Frege, Wittgenstein, and Peirce, established the foundations of a theory of speech acts, by Austin and Searle, of a theory of reasoning, by Toulmin, and a communicative and discoursive theory on truth and correctness in Habermas. The habermasian proceduralism and cognitivism ethics reconstructs the principle of universability in discoursive ways. Alexy states a non-positivistic and moral inclusive concept of law grounded in the claim to legal correction and argues that the legal discourse must be understood as a special case of general practical discourse. A correct legal decision must be justified on the rules and forms of internal and external justification of discourse. The justification for the decisions by means of arguments of principle sets the demand of applying the partial requirements of proportionality. German and Brazilian legal theory and jurisprudence, in applying the right to general equality, apply initially a formula of prohibition of arbitrary and correlational logic, where there is a weak attachment of the legislature, and start adopting a formula based on proportionality, where there is severe attachment of the legislature, especially in the case of discrimination against individuals with special features listed in the Constitution. The rationality of a decision which uses the structure of proportionality depends on the external justification of each of the premises used in the internal justification. There is a necessary link between proportionality, legal discourse and fundamental rights legal theory.