In my dissertation, I explore social strategies that Peruvian subalterns have developed to survive against racism and discrimination. I have identified and coined one of these strategies as etnovaivén (ethno-sway), which I define as a pendulum-like approach that allows subalterns to swing/sway from blanqueamiento to cholificación, and vice versa. In this context, blanqueamiento (whitening) mainly refers to the subaltern's willingness and efforts to assimilate the white culture in order achieve upward social mobility, whereas cholificación depicts the reluctance of Indian and mestizo subalterns to assimilate the cultural norms of the dominant group in certain circumstances, while asserting their own ethnic identity. Conversely, etnobúmeran (ethno-boomerang) is a self-inflicted boycott to one’s own ethnic groups. I claim that Peruvian subalterns shape their cultural singularity between ethno-sway and ethno-boomerang. My research has examined these social phenomena as reflected in the Inca Garcilaso de la Vega’s Comentarios reales (1609), Clorinda Matto de Turner’s Aves sin nido (1889), and Enrique López Albújar’s Matalaché (1928). In addition, in La ciudad y los perros (1963) by Mario Vargas Llosa, Montacerdos (1981) by Cronwell Jara, La violencia del tiempo (1991) by Miguel Gutiérrez, and Hienas en la niebla (2010) by Juan Morillo, I have analyzed the historical connection between miscegenation, discrimination, inequality and violence, which progressively led to the Internal Conflict (1980-2000), the goriest and longest war in Peru’s republican history that resulted in the assassination of approximately 70 000 persons, most of them Quechua-speaking, ordinary civilians. Highlanders fleeing from terrorism during those two decades account for the depopulation of over 2/3 of the Andean region. This study is both relevant and pertinent because it intersects with contemporary debates about national identity formation, and because it provides a means to understand the aftermath of political violence, a phenomenon that periodically threatens the lives of Peruvians. My work contests the traditional thesis of racial and cultural miscegenation as the foundation of Peruvian national identity (the "melting pot" metaphor), which has proven to be ineffective. Instead, I propose a more inclusive identity concept that celebrates cultural diversity and accepts the coexistence of multiple ethnic and cultural groups within the confines of the nation.

Malgré l’ancrage de la médiation et de la médiation culturelle en traductologie surtout depuis le Tournant Culturel, il manque encore à ces notions une définition traductologique arrêtée. Partant des apports provenant de différents domaines – notamment la communication culturelle – et prenant appui sur une théorie causale de la traduction, nous proposons une réflexion en trois temps sur le traducteur comme médiateur culturel et sur ses interventions délibérées, dans une approche identitaire, textuelle et fonctionnaliste. Nous sondons la particularité de la construction identitaire du traducteur, acteur marqué par sa formation linguistique et par ses normes socioculturelles d’origine, mais très empathique envers l’Autre et son système normatif. Dans ce premier volet, les stratégies traductives sont étudiées en miroir des stratégies identitaires déployées par le traducteur pour préserver cohérence et valorisation de sa construction identitaire. Ensuite, nous considérons le texte et le type de texte à traduire comme des créations culturelles que le traducteur re-présente à sa communauté, en lui rendant la différence abordable aux niveaux formel, lexical et discursif. Pour ce faire, il déploie une panoplie de stratégies traductives variant de la norme rédactionnelle la plus conformisante à la plus différenciatrice. Dans ce deuxième volet, la préface du traducteur est étudiée comme un lieu de médiation directe, pour informer et recommander la lecture. Enfin, nous analysons deux finalités traductives par lesquelles le traducteur agit sur l’identité culturelle de sa communauté par le biais de sa re-présentation : la formation intellectuelle et la déconstruction/re-construction identitaire. Que ce soit à travers de simples textes ou des institutions à caractère éducatif, l’objectif premier du traducteur est d’informer le lecteur et, par cette information, il agit sur la re-définition de fondements essentiels de sa construction identitaire. / Though mediation and cultural mediation seem to be enrooted in Translation Studies especially since the Cultural Turn, a specialized definition of these notions is still missing. Based on their definitions in other different domains – especially cultural communication – and on a causal theory of translation, we present a three-fold thesis on the translator as a cultural mediator and on his deliberate interventions. The three axes we develop here are based on identity, textual and functionalist approaches. First, we analyze the specificity of the identity of the translator seen as a construction that is not only marked by the linguistic formation and the sociocultural norms of his original community, but also by the actor’s empathy towards the Other and his system of norms. In this first fold, translation strategies are studied as mirrors of identity strategies the translator follows in order to keep the coherence and the valorization of his identity construction. Then, the texts and types of texts are considered as cultural creations that the translator re-presents to his community through making cultural differences understandable on the formal, lexical and discourse levels. To do so, he uses different writing norms from the most conforming to the most differentiating one. In this second fold, the translator’s preface is seen as a privileged place for a direct mediation, in which he already informs his reader about the translation he’s about to read and recommends the reading. Finally, we study two translation functions through which the translator acts on the cultural identity of his community based on his re-presentation of the text: the intellectual formation of the reader and the de-construction/ re-construction of his identity. By the means of a simple text or of an educational institution, the translator’s first aim is to inform the reader, and through this information, he acts on the re-definition of essential foundations of his identity construction.

The problem statement mainly deals with the curtailment of the high function status of Afrikaans in South Africa since 1994 as this has a negative impact on the six million mother tongue speakers of Afrikaans as well as on non-mother tongue speakers for whom the language has an instrumental value. The question is raised as to whether myth making around Afrikaans can be held partly responsible for this loss in status. The term “myth” and the impact of myths are looked into. “Myth” is not used in this thesis as a “story without ground” (as in the dictionary definition), but, according to the work of Jung, Campbell, Leroux, Malan and others, as a story/narrative that gives voice to man’s search for meaning and significance. The main points of departure are: · The viewpoint of the well-known twentieth-century mythologist, Joseph Campbell, who states: “Myths are stories of our search through the ages for truth, for meaning, for significance (Campbell in Flowers 1988:5); and · The statement of Malan (1978:39) namely that myth has always been the way in which man has tried to explain the sense, significance and purpose of the cosmos by means of a simple narrative. Myth making within groups (Anderson 1991: “imagined communities”) is viewed and the role of of political myth making explicitly stated. In this regard the statement of Leonard Thompson is relevant. Thompson (1985:3) points to two kinds of myths, namely: 1) “conservative myths” (for example about the origins of a group); and 2) “radical myths” (that aim to discredit the regime of “the other”). In the discourse about myths around Afrikaans the point of departure is that the specific myth is regarded as positive or negative in terms of its impact on the status and position of Afrikaans in South Africa. The two “main” myths around Afrikaans are discussed by exemplification and by means of anecdotes and the impact of the said myths on Afrikaans is evaluated. The two myths are: · Afrikaans as mythical binding force in Afrikaner nationalism in (mainly) the first fifty years of the twentieth century; and · Afrikaans as metaphorical language of the oppressor, especially in the period of institutionalized apartheid. The impact of the above myths within various Afrikaans systems (among others the historiography and literature of Afrikaans and the school syllabi) is furthermore exemplified with the purpose of indicating how great this impact has been. Finally the question is asked: ”And now, Afrikaans?” (with acknowledgement to the title of a publication by Hans du Plessis, 1992: “En nou, Afrikaans?”). The conclusion is that the status of Afrikaans in the so-called high language functions is daily under more pressure as a result of the hegemony of English in the country. There should be rational and firm negotiations about this unconstitutional curtailment of the rights of Afrikaans. The speakers of Afrikaans can, however, help to preserve the language by: 1. Living with the myths around Afrikaans in the sense that they develop and demonstrate understanding and empathy for the myths of other groups; 2. Using Afrikaans daily for all functions, especially seeing that Afrikaans is indeed suitably developed to meet any need; and 3. Working towards new myth making around Afrikaans, by – among other things – pointing to the fact that Afrikaans, as a language of Africa, has a greater claim to national language status in South Africa than the international language, English. / Thesis (DLitt (Afrikaans))--University of Pretoria, 2005. / Afrikaans / unrestricted

in English The papers contain a finding of the national literature in between novels in the Central Europe at the age of modernism in 20s and 30s o 20th century. The idea definition of national novel in the literatures of Central Europe is difficult and complicated process. This papers work with literal texts as a part of national literature with polish novel Przedwiośnie by Stefan Zeromsky, hungarian novel Édes Anna by Deszo Kosztolanyi, slovakian novel Cesta životom by Ladislav Nádasi-Jégé, czech novel Osudy dobrého vojáka Švejka by Jaroslav Hašek and austrian novel Mann ohne Eingeschafen by Robert Musil. The finding is divided into two parts - first is finding of national novel - second is about national character. Both situations are actualized with new terms - novel of the nation and character of the nation. Both literary terms correspond to objects that are not directly denouncing the life of the nation, but produces its main ideas and identification. The slovakian and the hungarian novel focus on the struggle of individual characters with society and their new status. In the contrary to the austrian and the czech novel reveal the principle of applying national characteristics in literary philosophical swirl. The polish novel is stranded somewhere in between these two types of novel. Key...

L’ampleur des problèmes de santé mentale, les coûts qui en découlent et le lien établi entre le travail et les problèmes de santé mentale sont autant d’éléments qui expliquent l’intérêt croissant pour les interventions en santé mentale au travail. Dans un contexte où la personnalisation des interventions en santé mentale est davantage encouragée, les traits d’identité culturelle pourraient contribuer à une telle personnalisation. Nous définissons un trait d’identité culturelle comme un élément matériel ou non matériel d'une identité culturelle, hérité ou non héritée, considéré comme isolable et susceptible d'une analyse spécifique. Personnaliser les interventions en santé mentale suivant les traits d’identité culturelle implique d’adapter ces interventions, de manière à répondre aux situations spécifiques en milieu de travail dans lesquelles les traits d’identité culturelle pourraient agir comme des facteurs importants. Cette thèse de doctorat est un début de réponse sur l’intérêt ou non d’une telle démarche. Cette thèse vise à mieux comprendre en quoi les traits d’identité culturelle, plus particulièrement l’ethnicité et le statut d’immigrant, pourraient modifier la façon dont le travail s’associe aux symptômes de détresse psychologique et aux symptômes dépressifs dans la main-d’œuvre canadienne. La place limitée réservée aux traits d’identité culturelle dans les modèles dominants du stress au travail représente un obstacle à la compréhension du rôle des traits d’identité culturelle dans l’association qui relie le travail aux problèmes de santé mentale. Or les traits d’identité culturelle sont à la fois associés au travail et à la santé mentale. La composition de la population canadienne justifie toute aussi la pertinence d’intégrer les traits d’identité culturelle dans l’analyse du travail et de la santé mentale, car un peu plus de 250 000 nouveaux immigrants entrent sur le territoire canadien chaque année. Parmi ceux-ci, environ 80% proviennent d'Asie, d’Afrique, et d’Amérique latine. Or les immigrants et les personnes issues des minorités visibles semblent plus à risques de se retrouver dans des conditions de travail plus contraignantes. Ces deux groupes semblent également avoir en général une prévalence de symptômes de détresse psychologique et de dépression élevée. Afin de contourner les limites inhérentes aux modèles dominants du stress au travail, nous avons pris appui dans cette étude sur le modèle multiniveaux du stress au travail inspiré de la théorie du stress social; et des approches sociologiques abordées aux États-Unis dans une perspective micro-macro et en Europe dans une perspective d’agent-structure. La théorie du stress social permet de comprendre les mécanismes qui lient certaines conditions de l’organisation sociale à la santé mentale. Les approches micro-macro et d’agent structure s’intéressent non seulement à scinder la réalité sociale en niveaux, mais essayent également de comprendre le sens de la relation entre les différents niveaux. Le modèle théorique proposé présente trois principales hypothèses dans lesquelles les variables du travail à l’exception de la déqualification sont inspirées de celles retrouvées dans le modèle multiniveaux. Ces hypothèses postulent 1) une relation directe entre les traits d’identité culturelle (le statut d’immigrant et l’ethnicité) et les problèmes de santé mentale (symptômes de détresse psychologique et symptômes dépressifs); 2) un rôle modérateur des traits d’identité culturelle entre les facteurs du travail (déqualification, utilisation des compétences, autorité décisionnelle, demandes psychologiques, demandes physiques, soutien social au travail, insécurité d'emploi, heures travaillées, horaire irrégulier) et les problèmes de santé mentale; 3) un rôle médiateur des facteurs du travail dans la relation entre les traits d’identité culturelle et les problèmes de santé mentale. Grâce à l’analyse de médiation, nous avons également testé la possibilité d’une exposition différentielle aux facteurs du travail selon les traits d’identité culturelle. Nous avons utilisé les données longitudinales de l’Enquête nationale sur la santé de la population (ENSP) menée par Statistique Canada. Les données ont été collectées sur une période de 18 ans, débutée en 1994 et terminée en 2012 après 9 cycles. Des analyses de régressions multiples et multiniveaux ont été menées sur un échantillon de 6 477 travailleurs. Les résultats des analyses sont présentés sous forme de trois articles retrouvés aux chapitres 5 à 7. Les résultats suggèrent un rôle de l’ethnicité dans la relation entre le travail et les symptômes analysés. En effet, l’ethnicité semble s’associer aux symptômes dépressifs, mais pas aux symptômes de détresse psychologique. Des multiples effets de modération et de médiation testés, seul un effet s’est avéré significatif. Il s’agit du rôle médiateur de l’utilisation des compétences dans la relation entre l’ethnicité et les symptômes de détresse psychologique. Il semble également exister certaines expositions différentielles au travail de par l’ethnicité. Les personnes issues des minorités visibles semblent exposées de manière différentielle à plus de déqualification, à moins d’utilisation des compétences, et à moins d’autorité décisionnelle en comparaison à celles qui sont caucasiennes. L’analyse du rôle du statut d’immigrant dans la relation entre le travail et les symptômes analysés s’est avérée non concluante. De nombreuses limites inhérentes à notre stratégie de recherche (mesure de l’ethnicité, non prise en compte de la qualité de l’emploi, non-distinction des catégories d’immigrants, immigrants en majorité de longue date, variables de contrôle ne témoignant pas de nombreuses réalités du processus migratoire et d’intégration, etc.) appel à être prudent quant à l’interprétation faite des résultats de cette thèse. Les résultats de cette thèse ne permettent pas de mettre un point final sur la question du lien entre les traits d’identités culturelles, le travail et la santé mentale. Toutefois, ils y apportent un certain éclairage. Ils laissent penser que réduire les conditions de travail à risque et combattre l’exposition différentielle aux facteurs du travail pourraient offrir deux axes d’interventions contre les problèmes de santé mentale dans la main-d’œuvre canadienne. Intervenir sur ces deux pôles pourrait également contribuer à baisser les dépenses en santé mentale qui semblent de plus en plus importantes au Canada. Un élément qui semble ressortir le plus de cette étude est bien la nécessité de se pencher davantage sur la question de la déqualification professionnelle. / The increased disability claims linked to mental health problems, the economic implications of mental illness in terms of costs for businesses, and the established link between work and mental health are some of the rising concerns explaining the growing interest in mental health interventions and programs in the workplace. In a context where the personalization of mental health interventions is further promoted, cultural identity traits could contribute to such a personalization. We define cultural identity traits as a tangible or intangible element of a cultural identity, inherited or not, considered as isolable and that could be subject of a specific analysis. To personalize mental health interventions according to cultural identity traits, it would require adapting these interventions to meet specific workplace situations in which cultural identity traits may act as important factors. This thesis is the beginning of an answer on whether such an approach is worth of interest. This thesis examines how cultural identity traits, such as ethnicity and immigration status, affect how work is related to mental health symptoms such as psychological distress symptoms and depressive symptoms in the Canadian workforce. The limited attention paid to cultural identity traits by current models to analyze work stress, prevents a better understanding of the cultural identity traits role in the association linking work to mental health issues, while they are associated with both work and mental health. The composition of the Canadian population justifies the relevance of including cultural identity traits into a comprehensive analysis of work and mental health, as over 250 000 newcomers settle in Canada every year, with approximately 80% coming from Asia, Africa, and Latin America. Studies show that immigrants and those identified as visible minorities are more likely to end up in jobs where the working conditions are much more difficult. These two groups appear to have a higher prevalence of psychological distress symptoms and depressive symptoms. In order to address the inherent limits of the current theoretical models explaining work stress in the literature, we use in this study a multilevel analysis approach of work stress inspired by the social stress theory, and sociological approaches discussed in the United States from a micro–macro perspective, and in Europe from an agency-structure perspective. Social stress theory allows us to understand the mechanisms linking some conditions of social organization to mental health. Micro-macro and agency-structure approaches are not only concerned with dividing social reality into levels, but also try to understand the direction between levels. Our theoretical model examines three main hypotheses in which work factors with the exception of overqualification are inspired by those found in the multilevel model: 1) a direct relationship between cultural identity traits (immigrant status and ethnicity) and mental health problems (psychological distress symptoms and depressive symptoms); 2) a moderating effect of cultural identity traits on the relation between work factors (overqualification, skill utilization, decision latitude, psychological demands, physical demands, social support at work, job insecurity, worked hours, irregular work scheduling) and mental health problems; 3) a mediating role of work factors on the relation between cultural identity trait and mental health problems. The mediating effect allows us to analyze if a differential exposure to work factors based on ethnicity and immigrant status exist. The data for this study were collected from the nine cycles of the National Population Health Survey (NPHS) conducted by Statistics Canada over an 18-year period starting from 1994 and ending in 2012 after 9 cycles. Multilevel regression analyses were conducted on a sample of 6477 workers. The results of the analysis are presented in three articles representing the chapters 5 to 7 of this thesis. Results suggest that ethnicity seems to influence the relationship between work and the two analyzed symptoms. Ethnicity (visible minority versus caucasian) seems to be associated with depressive symptoms, but not with psychological distress symptoms. Among the effects of moderating variables and the effects of mediating variables tested, only one variable is proven significant. The skill utilization plays a mediating role in the relationship between ethnicity and psychological distress symptoms. There seems to be a differential exposure to work factors based on ethnicity. Compared to caucasians, visible minorities are more exposed to overqualification and less to skill utilization and decision latitude. All analyses conducted with immigration status have led to inconclusive results. Many limitations related to our research strategy (measurement of ethnicity, job quality is not taken into account, immigrant categories are not distinguished, mostly long-term immigrants, confounding variables not reflecting many realities face by the migration and integration process, etc.) call to be caution when interpreting the results of this thesis. The results of this thesis do not close debates on how cultural identity traits, such as ethnicity and immigration status affect the way work is related to mental health symptoms. However, they provide some insights into it. The results suggest that reducing risky working conditions and tackling differential exposure to work factors might provide two avenues for action against mental health problems in the Canadian workforce. Taking tangible steps on these two directions could also help lower cost related to mental health issues, which are continuously growing in Canada. One element that seems to stand out the most from this study is the need to look more closely at the issue of professional deskilling.

U N I V E R Z I T A K A R L O V A FILOZOFICKÁ FAKULTA Sociální politika a sociální práce Katedra sociální práce Diplomová práce Master Thesis Bc. Sarah Asfour Factors hampering the integration of Refugee Children Faktory ztěžující integraci uprchlických dětí Vedoucí práce: doc. PhDr. Oldřich Matoušek 2018 ABSTRACT The main aim of this thesis is to describe the factors that hamper the integration of Refugee Children into a new society. Factors that are mentioned in relation to integration are connected with an education gap, unfamiliarity with the language spoken in a new society, a bad economic situation of a family and its consequences and unstable or inappropriate housing. Social economic factors are also mentioned in the thesis. Child Labour closely linked to family conditions are discuess together with the worst form of it: child requitment into army. Refugee children coming from various backgrounds also may face many psychologically challenging situations when forcefully or willingly leaving their home country and other significant situations connected to their refugee status. In this thesis, I discuss psychological distresses that influence children's mental state due to war experience, migration experience, extended stays in refugee camps or post-migration stressors. In this thesis the situation of...

Die Praxis der interkulturellen Musikpädagogik verfolgt Ziele und Absichten auf einer sachbezogenen, einer musikpraktischen., einer reflektierenden und einer kompetenzorientierten Ebene. Die Theorie der interkulturellen Musikpädagogik hinterfragt dazu die relevanten Begriffe und Bedeutungszuweisungen, die mit diesen Zielen verbunden sind und versucht ihre Verwendungsweisen zu klären. Vor allem in der Auseinandersetzung mit einem bedeutungsorientierten Kulturbegriff, den die Autorin bereits in früheren Publikationen als Grundlage für die Inszenierung interkultureller Bildungsprozesse vorgeschlagen hat, wird deutlich, dass kulturelle Zugehörigkeitsgefühle konstruiert sind, dass vor allem in multikulturellen Gesellschaften kulturelle Zuordnungen sowie Abgrenzungen nicht als Folge von Enkulturationsprozessen (also dem Hineinwachsen in eine bestimmte Kultur), sondern im Kontext flexibler Identitätsbildungen zu erklären sind. Auch in den drei auf der Tagung besprochenen Schulstunden finden kulturelle Konstruktionsprozesse und interkulturelle Begegnungen statt, ohne dass sie expliziter Unterrichtsinhalt wären. Die Analyse ausgewählter Unterrichtssequenzen zeigt, wie in diesen didaktisch nicht gestalteten interkulturellen Situationen ungelöste Fragen und Probleme auftreten. Um dies zu vermeiden werden Handlungsalternativen vorgeschlagen, wie durch mehr Aufmerksamkeit und geringfügig veränderten unterrichtlichen Inszenierungen kulturelle Fremdzuschreibungen im Sinne von Ethnisierungen und Stigmatisierungen verhindert und ein differenzierterer Blick auf Inhalte erreicht werden kann. / The praxis of intercultural music education/pedagogy has an agenda and objectives on an issue-related, a reflective and a competence-oriented level as well as on the level of music practice. The theory of intercultural music education/pedagogy questions the relevant terms and allocation of meaning which are associated with these objectives and tries to clarify the manner of applying them. Especially in the examination of a meaning-oriented culture concept, which has already been proposed by the author in previous publications as the basis of an orchestration/organization of intercultural educational processes, it becomes clear that cultural sense of membership is constructed. Cultural attribution as well as demarcation in multicultural societies are to be explained not as a result of enculturation processes (that is the growing into a particular culture), but rather in the context of flexible identity formation. Also in the three lessons discussed at the symposium, cultural construction processes and intercultural encounters take place without being explicitly part of tuition. The analysis of selected class sequences shows how unsolved questions and problems arise in these didactically non-arranged situations. In order to avoid this, action alternatives are suggested; it is proposed how cultural ascription in the sense of ethnicization and stigmatization can be avoided and how a more differentiated view on contents can be achieved by the means of more attention and marginally modified tuition organization.

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國家認同指涉的是涵蓋傳統、語言與政治的整體國家文化，經過學者在各學術領域的討論，此一概念已經變得普遍。既有的研究主要則是對國家認同概念持續建構，以及瞭解個人、團體以及「國家」之間的複雜互動關係。本論文以臺灣為例，嘗試點出歷史與國家認同關係的重要性，並從1895年日本在臺灣開始殖民政策開始，到國民黨在臺灣威權統治期間，再到2000年臺灣的民主轉型之間，瞭解究竟是哪些因素，以及這些因素如何，與何時，對臺灣國家認同的發展產生影響等問題，提供重要的支持點點。其間重要的研究問題也包含究竟國家認同所指為何？以及歷史經驗，諸如日本的殖民統治時期、228事件、白色恐怖、國民當的威權統治，以及2000年之前的民主轉型等，會如影響國家認同的變化？本論文在一開始對認同發展的研究進行一總體式的回顧，接著討論社會、政治與文化認同彼此之間如何互動，以及這些認同如何與前述歷史經驗影響國家認同的發展。在此同時，本文也將評述其他學者對於1895年到2000年之間臺灣民眾國家認同發展的相關研究與論點。 / National Identity, the depiction of a country as a whole, encompassing its culture based on traditions, language and politics. This concept has grown to be common, lectured by scholars from various disciplines. Existing studies have fabricated piece by piece the definition of national identity, to comprehend the complex interaction within individuals, groups and a “Nation”. This paper seeks to provide the importance of the relationship of history on national identity, using the case of Taiwan, also known as the R.O.C (Republic of China). The importance of this research is critical to support how, when, and what variables during the time period of 1895 (Japanese Colonial Period) to 2000 (KMT Authoritarian Rule and Democratic Transition Period) were the main causes for Taiwan’s national identity to evolve. What exactly does national identity refer to? And how do historical experiences such as, the Japanese colonial era, the 2-28 and White Terror period, and KMT’s authoritarian rule and democratic transition before 2000, can systematically cause change? Prior to analyzing Taiwan, we first conduct a general review on the development of identity; the interconnection between the social, political, and cultural identities and how those identities along with historical experiences impact national identity evolution. At that juncture, we will question other scholarly works on the development of people’s national identity from 1895 to 2000 and its impact in Taiwan.

La traite et l’esclavage négriers transatlantique n’ont jamais été étudiés d’un point de vue criminologique. En fait, à part l’histoire, peu de disciplines des sciences sociales et humaines se sont intéressées aux évènements qui constituent la traite et l’esclavage négriers transatlantique. Toutefois, de récentes recherches commencent à se pencher sur les séquelles résultant des multiples victimisations (agressions physiques et psychologiques) subies par les Noirs durant la traite et l’esclavage négriers transatlantique. Nous postulons que la criminologie peut également contribuer à une meilleure compréhension de ces évènements. Ainsi, cette étude vise à sonder les perceptions des Afro-descendants sur les victimisations et les conséquences de la traite et de l’esclavage négriers transatlantique. L’analyse des entretiens réalisés démontrent clairement que la traite et l’esclavage négriers transatlantique n’appartiennent pas seulement au passé. Au contraire, la traite et l’esclavage négriers transatlantique restent présents dans les esprits et les cœurs. Ils sont surtout perçus comme une source de victimisations actuelles touchant la communauté africaine et antillaise tels que la faible confiance en soi, la faible estime de soi, la hiérarchie de la couleur, le racisme interne…Aussi, tous les répondants plaident pour au moins une forme de réparation (pécuniaire et monétaire, éthique ou politique, historique, éducative, psychologique, diplomatique) des conséquences de la traite et l’esclavage négriers transatlantique. Les entrevues mettent également en évidence une division dans les représentations basées sur la version (fonctionnaliste ou intentionnaliste) de cette histoire, ainsi que des différences de représentations selon le groupe ethnique d’appartenance (Africain ou Antillais). / The transatlantic slave trade has never been studied in a criminology way. In fact, with the exception to history, few disciplines in the social sciences and human studies have made interest to study the surrounding events of the slave trade. However, recent studies have begun to seize the multiple victimizations (physical and psychological attacks) undergone by Blacks during the transatlantic slave trade. We postulate that criminology can also contribute to a better understanding of the transatlantic slave trade, therefore, this study aims to evaluate Afro-descendants perceptions of the transatlantic slave trade victimizations and effects. The qualitative interview data clearly illustrates that the slave trade does not belong to the past. It is quite the contrary, the slave trade is still vivid on the spirits and the hearts. The atlantic slave trade effects hit the Afro-descendants in their daily life by means of low self esteem, low self confidence, skin color hierarchy, internal racism and self hatred. Consequently, all respondents argue for, at least, a form of reparation (monetary, ethical or political, historical, educational, pscychological, diplomatic) for the atlantic slave trade and its consequences. The data, moreover, shows that there is a division in the representations of the atlantic slave trade between those who believe the functionalist approach and those who believe the intentionalist approach, and also differences of representations according to the ethnic group (African or Carraibean).