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The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers
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Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
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Showing 741 to 750 of 751 (0.039 seconds)| 741 |
A difícil Mistida guineense : nação e identidade da Guiné-Bissau através da triologia de Abdulai SilaValandro, Leticia January 2011 (has links)
Após mais de cinco séculos de dominação e exploração portuguesa, a Guiné-Bissau, pequeno país localizado na costa ocidental da África, assume a difícil tarefa de constituir-se como nação e, dessa forma, forjar sua identidade nacional. Acreditando que a literatura apresente papel singular em tal engenho, o presente trabalho busca, através da trilogia do autor do primeiro romance nacional, Abdulai Sila, analisar como essas complexas construções vêm-se alicerçando e erguendo. Os romances A Última Tragédia (1995), Eterna Paixão (1994) e Mistida (1997), por tratarem de diferentes períodos do território em questão, da colonização ao pós-independência, possibilitam uma análise abrangente e elucidativa, além de lançarem mão da esperança como característica principal, indo de encontro à difícil realidade do pós-independência. As ideias, sobretudo, de Homi Bhabha, Edward Said e Stuart Hall, a respeito de cultura, nação, identidade, pós-colonialismo, constituem o cerne teórico e analítico dessa dissertação. Sob a óptica dos Estudos Culturais, por meio do entrecruzamento entre o discurso histórico e ficcional, o hibridismo pressuposto faz-se nítido. Às riquezas e belezas da cultura africana, expressas pelas diversas e diferentes etnias, unem-se aspectos culturais lusos, assim como elementos advindos e consequentes da realidade global e interconectada do mundo contemporâneo. Assim, a nação e a identidade guineense, ainda em processo de construção, já deixam entrever sua característica híbrida, em que o tradicional e o moderno conjugam-se e entrelaçam-se igualmente. / After more than five centuries of portuguese domination and exploration, the Guinea-Bissau, small country located in the occidental coast of Africa, assumes the difficult task to constitute itself as nation and, in this way, to forge its national identity. Believing that literature presents singular paper in such device, the present work searches, through the author‟s trilogy of the first national romance, Abdulai Sila, to analyze how these complex constructions are founded. The romances A Última Tragédia (1995), Eterna Paixão (1994) e Mistida (1997), for dealing with different periods of the territory in question, from colonization to post-independence, they make possible an including and elucidative analysis, beyond making use of hope as main characteristic, opposing to the difficult reality of post-independence. The analytical and theoretical core of this dissertation is constituted by the Homi Bhabha, Edward Said and Stuart Hall‟s ideas about nation, identity and post-colonialism. Through the point of view of the Cultural Studies, crossing historical speech and ficcional speech, the supposed hybridism becomes clear. To the wealth and beauties of the African culture, expressed by the ethnic differences, portuguese cultural aspects are joined, as well as consequents elements of the global reality of the contemporary world. Thus, the nation and the identity of Guinea-Bissau, still in construction process, allow already to see its hybrid characteristic, where the traditional and the modern are equally conjugated and interlaced.
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Étude comparative des langues makaa-njem (bantu A80) : Phonologie, morphologie, lexique : Vers une reconstruction du proto-A80 / Comparative study of makaa-njem languages (bantu A80) : Phonology, morphology, lexicon : Toward a reconstruction of the proto-A80Cheucle, Marion 22 September 2014 (has links)
La présente thèse propose une étude comparative des langues bantu A80 (aussi appelées « makaa-njem »). Celle-ci répond à un double objectif : proposer une synthèse des connaissances linguistiques (et des disciplines connexes) sur les langues du groupe A80, en apportant des données et analyses nouvelles pour le bekwel du Gabon, d’une part et présenter les résultats d’une étude comparative sur deux niveaux – synchronique et diachronique – d’autre part. La comparaison prend en compte huit langues A80 : le shiwa, le kwasio, le bekol, le makaa, le konzime, le njem, le bekwel et le mpiemo. Cette étude comparative adopte en premier lieu une perspective synchronique (correspondances « horizontales ») pour ensuite aborder les données sous un angle diachronique (correspondances « verticales », reconstructions et réflexes). Elle porte sur la phonologie et plus marginalement sur la morphologie nominale et verbale. L’étude se base également sur un lexique de 1029 cognats établis à partir de données de premières mains pour le bekwel et de données issues de la littérature spécialisée pour les autres langues. Les données ont été traitées à l’aide des outils du site du projet RefLex. La première partie de la thèse constitue une synthèse globale des connaissances sur les langues A80 et sur le bekwel en particulier. La deuxième partie présente le corpus (modalités de constitution, puis nature, provenance et traitement des données) et une série d’esquisses phonologiques (et morphologiques) synthétiques pour les huit langues élaborées sur la base des données collectées et/ou rassemblées. La troisième et dernière partie présente les résultats de l’étude comparative. Celle-ci met en lumière les processus morphologiques et phonologiques qui ont façonné les langues du groupe makaa-njem au cours de leur évolution. Au niveau morphologique, on relève une simplification du système des classes nominales (due à l’intégration de plusieurs anciens préfixes aux bases démultipliant le nombre de préfixe zéro), de nombreux cas de reclassement, le rôle d’anciens préfixes nasals dans le dévoisement des occlusives en initiale de base nominale ainsi que l’émergence de mi-voisées en bekwel. Au niveau de la phonologie, on observe une tendance au monosyllabisme plus ou moins avancé selon les langues. Celle-ci s’explique par l’étude diachronique qui met en évidence que les langues A80 ont souvent subi la chute de la voyelle finale (V2) ou parfois même de la syllabe finale. La voyelle initialement en V2 est généralement maintenue d’une manière ou d’une autre par des anticipations qui peuvent prendre plusieurs formes : diphtongaisons, séquences V11-V12 (parfois avec dévocalisation de V11), nouveaux timbres par coalescence, etc. Enfin, la conclusion de la thèse récapitule les principaux résultats concernant la morphologie, la phonologie et le lexique, et montre comment ces résultats pourront être utiles pour l’analyse et la description (futures) des langues A80. / This thesis presents a comparative study of the Bantu languages of the A80 group (also known as Makaa-Njem). The goal of the thesis is two-fold: (i) offer a synthesis of the state of knowledge in linguistics (and related disciplines) about the languages of the Bantu A80 group by adding new data and analysis for the Bekwel language of Gabon ; (ii) present the results of a comparative study at the synchronic and diachronic levels. The comparative study includes eight A80 languages: Shiwa, Kwasio, Bekol, Makaa, Konzime, Njem, Bekwel and Mpiemo. The study adopts in the first place a synchronic perspective ("horizontal" correspondences) then approaches the same data from a diachronic point of view ("vertical" correspondences, reconstructions and reflexes), focusing mainly on phonology, and to a lesser extent, on nominal and verbal morphology. It is based on a 1029 cognate lexicon established on the basis of first-hand data for Bekwel and published data for the other languages. Data was processed using the online tools of the RefLex project.The first part of the thesis establishes a general summary of the knowledge on the Bantu A80 languages and on Bekwel in particular. The second part presents the corpus (gathering methods then nature of the data, sources and processing) and a series of concise phonological (and morphological) sketches for all eight languages constituted on the basis of the collected and/or compiled data. The third and final part presents the results of the comparative study. It brings into light the morphological and phonological processes that have shaped the languages of the Makaa-Njem group through their evolution. At the morphological level, it reveals a process of simplification of the noun class system (due to the assimilation of old prefixes into the stems leading to an increase in the number of zero prefixes), numerous cases of re-classification and the role of old nasal prefixes in occlusive devoicing stem initially as well as the mergence of semi-voiced consonants in Bekwel. At the phonological level, a tendency to monosyllabicity can be observed, at a greater or lesser extent depending on the language. This finds an explanation in the diachronic analysis that shows that the languages of the A80 group often were subject to final vowel dropping (V2), in some cases even the whole final syllable. The vowel originally in V2 is generally preserved thanks to anticipations of various types: emergence of diphthongs, V11-V12 sequences (sometimes including devocalization of V11), new vowel quality by fusion, etc. Finally, the conclusion of the thesis summarizes the main results with regards to morphology, phonology and the lexicon, illustrating how these results will be useful for (future) analyses and descriptions of languages of the A80 group.
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A difícil Mistida guineense : nação e identidade da Guiné-Bissau através da triologia de Abdulai SilaValandro, Leticia January 2011 (has links)
Após mais de cinco séculos de dominação e exploração portuguesa, a Guiné-Bissau, pequeno país localizado na costa ocidental da África, assume a difícil tarefa de constituir-se como nação e, dessa forma, forjar sua identidade nacional. Acreditando que a literatura apresente papel singular em tal engenho, o presente trabalho busca, através da trilogia do autor do primeiro romance nacional, Abdulai Sila, analisar como essas complexas construções vêm-se alicerçando e erguendo. Os romances A Última Tragédia (1995), Eterna Paixão (1994) e Mistida (1997), por tratarem de diferentes períodos do território em questão, da colonização ao pós-independência, possibilitam uma análise abrangente e elucidativa, além de lançarem mão da esperança como característica principal, indo de encontro à difícil realidade do pós-independência. As ideias, sobretudo, de Homi Bhabha, Edward Said e Stuart Hall, a respeito de cultura, nação, identidade, pós-colonialismo, constituem o cerne teórico e analítico dessa dissertação. Sob a óptica dos Estudos Culturais, por meio do entrecruzamento entre o discurso histórico e ficcional, o hibridismo pressuposto faz-se nítido. Às riquezas e belezas da cultura africana, expressas pelas diversas e diferentes etnias, unem-se aspectos culturais lusos, assim como elementos advindos e consequentes da realidade global e interconectada do mundo contemporâneo. Assim, a nação e a identidade guineense, ainda em processo de construção, já deixam entrever sua característica híbrida, em que o tradicional e o moderno conjugam-se e entrelaçam-se igualmente. / After more than five centuries of portuguese domination and exploration, the Guinea-Bissau, small country located in the occidental coast of Africa, assumes the difficult task to constitute itself as nation and, in this way, to forge its national identity. Believing that literature presents singular paper in such device, the present work searches, through the author‟s trilogy of the first national romance, Abdulai Sila, to analyze how these complex constructions are founded. The romances A Última Tragédia (1995), Eterna Paixão (1994) e Mistida (1997), for dealing with different periods of the territory in question, from colonization to post-independence, they make possible an including and elucidative analysis, beyond making use of hope as main characteristic, opposing to the difficult reality of post-independence. The analytical and theoretical core of this dissertation is constituted by the Homi Bhabha, Edward Said and Stuart Hall‟s ideas about nation, identity and post-colonialism. Through the point of view of the Cultural Studies, crossing historical speech and ficcional speech, the supposed hybridism becomes clear. To the wealth and beauties of the African culture, expressed by the ethnic differences, portuguese cultural aspects are joined, as well as consequents elements of the global reality of the contemporary world. Thus, the nation and the identity of Guinea-Bissau, still in construction process, allow already to see its hybrid characteristic, where the traditional and the modern are equally conjugated and interlaced.
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"Estudo da ação do nível elevado de pressão sonora e do extrato seco de Ginkgo biloba EGb761 na citoarquitetura da cóclea de cobaias adultas" / Morphological study on the effects of high sound pressure and Ginkgo biloba EGb 761 dry extract to the cochlea cell architecture of adult guinea pigsNadejda Maria Avila Varginha de Moraes e Silva 06 April 2005 (has links)
A preocupação com a exposição do Homem ao ruído excessivo data dos primórdios da civilização. Com a modernidade, os níveis de ruído têm sido crescentes não só nas atividades laborais, como também nas sociais e recreativas, levando a perda auditiva induzida por níveis de pressão sonora elevada (PAINPS) a ser considerada a segunda maior causa de surdez. Esses fatos nos levaram a realizar estudo experimental buscando avaliar o efeito do nível de pressão sonora elevada e do extrato seco de Ginkgo biloba EGb 761 na cóclea de cobaias albinas, fêmeas e adultas, pela avaliação de eventuais alterações da sua citoarquitetura, por meio de microscopia de luz e pela observação das alterações do epitélio sensorial com microscopia eletrônica de varredura / Human exposition to excessive sound levels has been a cause for preoccupation since the early stages of our civilization. In the Modern Era, sound levels have increased not only at work but also during social and leisure activities, leading the hearing loss induced by high levels of sound pressure to be considered the second most important cause of deafness. Bearing that in mind an experimental work was designed in an attempt to search for the effects of high sound pressure and Ginkgo biloba EGb 761 dry extract to the cochlea of albino adult female guinea pigs with the evaluation of cell architecture alterations by means of light microscopy and also by the evaluation of alterations to the sensory epithelium with the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) array
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Le droit minier en Guinée au regard des meilleures pratiques internationales (1995-2013) / Mining law in Guinea in view of international best practice (1995-2013)Bangoura, Haïda 29 November 2013 (has links)
Dans un contexte de libéralisation globale de l'économie, la majorité des pays en développement ont, à partir des années 1980-1990, réformé leur législation minière dans le but d'attirer les capitaux étrangers. La Guinée, avec des ressources minérales potentielles estimées à plus de 45 milliards de tonnes, est considérée comme l'un des pays disposant du sous-sol le plus riche en Afrique. Conscient d'un tel potentiel pour le développement du pays, le législateur guinéen adopte, en 1995, un nouveau code minier pour rendre le territoire attractif pour les investisseurs privés étrangers. Cependant, avec l'avènement du concept de développement durable, comme l'un des nouveaux défis mondiaux, de nombreuses réglementations minières ont progressivement été modifiées pour s'adapter à ce dernier. La Guinée, une fois de plus, n'a pas échappé à cette tendance, en adoptant un nouveau code minier en 2011. Ce dernier est la conséquence d'une mobilisation sociale sans précédent dans le pays, ayant débutée dans la moitié des années 2000 et visant à dénoncer l'absence de retombées économiques et financières, issues du secteur minier, pour l'État et la population. Néanmoins, peu de temps après sa promulgation, cette nouvelle législation minière a suscité de vives critiques de la part des compagnies minières. Le gouvernement, prenant en compte ces recommandations, s'est donc engagé dans un processus d'amendement de certaines dispositions du code de 2011, qui s'est achevé par l'adoption d'une nouvelle loi minière en avril 2013. Par conséquent, ce travail a pour objectif d'analyser de quelle manière la réglementation minière en Guinée (2011 et 2013) prend en compte les meilleures pratiques internationales actuelles en matière d'attractivité et de développement durable. Pour ce faire, des comparaisons sont réalisées, à la fois avec le code minier de 1995, pour donner une dimension évolutive à cette étude, ainsi qu'avec les législations minières d'autres États dans le monde. / In the context of a general liberalisation of the economy, the majority of developing countries have since the years 1980-1990 reformed their mining legislation in order to attract foreign capital. Guinea, with its potential mineral resources estimated at more than 45 billion tons, is considered to be one of the African countries with the richest subsoil. Conscious of such potential for the development of the country, the legislature in Guinea adopted, in 1995, a new Mining Code in order to make the Guinean territory more attractive to foreign private investors. However, with the arrival of the concept of sustainable development as one of the new global challenges, numerous mining regulations have been progressively modified in order to adapt. Guinea, once again, did not escape this trend and adopted a new Mining Code in 2011. This code is the consequence of a social mobilization without precedent in the country, which started in the first half of the 2000s. Its goal was to denounce the absence of economic and financial repercussions born from the mining sector on the Government and the population. Nevertheless, not long after its promulgation, this new legislation was the subject of harsh criticism from mining companies. The government, taking into account its recommendations, undertook the process of amending certain dispositions of the Mining Code of 2011, which resulted in the passage of a new Mining Law in April of 2013. Consequently, this work will analyze how mining regulation in Guinea (of 2011 and 2013) takes into account current international best practice in terms of attractiveness and sustainable development. In order to do so, comparisons will be made with the Mining Code of 1995 in order to give an evolutionary dimension to this study, as well as with Mining Regulations from other countries in the world.
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Touts and Despots / Recruiting Assemblages of Contract Labour in Fernando Pó and the Gulf of Guinea, 1858–1979Martino, Enrique 02 November 2017 (has links)
Diese Dissertation folgt Fernando Pó Arbeitskraftanwerbern wohin sie auch gingen dort, wo sie zwischen den 1860er und 1920er Jahren den gesamten Golf von Guinea überquerten und hauptsächlich Kru von Liberien und Fang von Rio Muni, Kamerun und Gabon anwarben; und dort, wo sie ab den 1930er bis 1960er Jahren vor allem um die Bucht von Biafra eine noch nie dagewesene Anzahl an Vertragsarbeitern, vor allem Igbos und Ibibios aus dem südöstlichen Nigeria auf die florierenden Kakaoplantagen der Insel brachten. Die Anwerber tauchten vornehmlich als eine Modalität auf, die ich als ‘tout’ beschreibe und theoretisiere. Diese operierten fast ausschließlich mittels eines Exzesses an Sprache und Geld mittels Täuschung und informellen Vorschüssen. Zwar agierten sie ‘außerhalb’ des Rechts, doch erlaubte genau die Vertragsform von Fernando Pó, die langfristig und unwiderruflich zur Arbeit zwang, den Anwerbern die Ausübung ihrer Techniken. Eine Reihe an unerlaubten Verdrehungen wurden geschaffen und durchgereicht: Quasi-Versklavung durch Täuschung in Form von Kidnapping, Quasi-Schuldknechtschaft mittels informellen Lohnvorschüssen, die die Verträge ermöglichten sowie die grenz- und Arbeitsort überschreitende Migration einer relativ freien, allerdings flüchtigen Arbeitskraft. Der anhaltende Blick auf die ambivalenten Praktiken der Anwerber legt eine Reihe an Nebeneinandern von ‚frei’ und ‚unfrei’ offen, was kreative Potentiale für deren Intensivierung und Auflösung schuf, und über einzelne Punkten entlang eines Spektrums der freien-unfreien Arbeit hinausgeht. / This dissertation follows Fernando Pó’s labour recruiters wherever they went— between the 1860s and 1920s recruiters traversed the entirety of the Gulf of Guinea and enlisted mostly Kru from Liberia and Fang from Rio Muni, Cameroon and Gabon; between the 1930s to 1960s they gathered particularly around the Bight of Biafra and brought an unprecedented number of contract workers into the island’s booming cacao plantations, mostly Igbos and Ibibios from south-eastern Nigeria. Recruiters tended to appear in a modality that I will describe and theorize as ‘touts’. They operated almost exclusively with an excess of language and money—deceit and informal advances. They operated ‘outside’ the law and the regulated, yet it was only the shape of the contract on Fernando Pó—forced, long and irrevocable—that allowed recruiters to deploy their techniques. Recruiters created and relayed a series of wholly impermissible twists: quasi-enslavement through fraud that was a form of kidnapping, quasi-debt bondage with informal wage advances enabled by the contracts, and even a movement of really quite free but fugitive labour across borders and work-sites. A sustained attention on the ambivalent practices of recruiters reveal a series of juxtapositions of free and unfree that produced creative potentials for intensification and unravelling, rather than single points along a ‘free-unfree’ labour spectrum.
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"Determinantes funcionais e morfológicos de ação de droga sobre os pulmões utilizando um modelo experimental em cobaias sob uso do cloridrato de fluoxetina" / Functional and morphological determinants of drug action on the lungs through an experimental model in guinea pigs under use of fluoxetineCapelozzi, Marco Antonio 15 February 2005 (has links)
Muito se tem pesquisado sobre os efeitos adversos dos antidepressivos tricíclicos (p.e. imipramina) sobre o sistema respiratório, embora pouco ou quase nada se encontre com relação a tal aspecto na literatura médica sobre a fluoxetina (Prozac®) um inibidor seletivo da recaptação de serotonina, até porque esta droga começou a ser utilizada somente há cerca de quinze anos. Ambas substâncias (fluoxetina e imipramina, ou seus congêneres) agem basicamente sobre quadros depressivos, fóbicos e obsessivo-compulsivos, obesidade, anorexia, e outras indicações de várias naturezas, indo desde a ansiedade até a sindrome do pânico. Nota-se entretanto, que na maioria dos pacientes com tais quadros (sob tratamento com a fluoxetina ou não), são muito frequentes as queixas de natureza respiratória, como tosse, falta de ar, angústia" no peito etc. Alguns efeitos adversos da fluoxetina e seus derivados são descritos na literatura, embora raros. Entre eles, destaca-se o comprometimento do aparelho respiratório na forma de doença pulmonar intersticial, pneumonia de hipersensibilidade e fosfolipidose. Apresentamos a seguir um projeto de trabalho experimental em cobaias com intuito de verificar a ação da fluoxetina sobre o aparelho respiratório, com relação à mecânica pulmonar, influência sobre o óxido nítrico exalado e resposta histopatológica pulmonar frente a possíveis injúrias, comparados a animais controles sem efeito da droga. Nosso modelo descreve um protocolo em que os animais foram submetidos ao cloridrato de fluoxetina por via oral durante 30 dias consecutivos, sendo ainda submetidos a uma reação de estresse tipo pânico a natação forçada. / Although high-affinity imipramine binding sites have been reported in both rat and human lung, the role of the lungs in the pharmacokinetics of antidepressants like fluoxetine has not received much attention. Imipramine and fluoxetine have their action in depression, obesity, panic and anxiety among other indications. However, accumulation of selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors- like fluoxetine, in the human lungs has been reported. Besides, it is very frequent to most patients (under fluoxetine treatment or not) present respiratory symptoms and/or signs, just like dyspnea, cough, chest anguish and so on. There also have been some adverse effects of fluoxetine described in the literature, although being few and isolated ones, related to hypersensitivity pneumonitis, phospholipidosis and interstitial lung disease. The purpose of this project is to investigate the fluoxetine action in respiratory tract, more specifically over the pulmonary interstitium, using an experimental model in guinea-pigs. Our project comprehends an experimental model with the animals under treatment of fluoxetine so that we could evaluate the substance effects on the respiratory system, concerning the mechanics and the lung histopathological aspects, compared to the control animals. We created then a protocol where the animals were treated with fluoxetine for 30 consecutive days and submmited to the forced swimmig test, a kind of panic-like reaction.
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"Determinantes funcionais e morfológicos de ação de droga sobre os pulmões utilizando um modelo experimental em cobaias sob uso do cloridrato de fluoxetina" / Functional and morphological determinants of drug action on the lungs through an experimental model in guinea pigs under use of fluoxetineMarco Antonio Capelozzi 15 February 2005 (has links)
Muito se tem pesquisado sobre os efeitos adversos dos antidepressivos tricíclicos (p.e. imipramina) sobre o sistema respiratório, embora pouco ou quase nada se encontre com relação a tal aspecto na literatura médica sobre a fluoxetina (Prozac®) um inibidor seletivo da recaptação de serotonina, até porque esta droga começou a ser utilizada somente há cerca de quinze anos. Ambas substâncias (fluoxetina e imipramina, ou seus congêneres) agem basicamente sobre quadros depressivos, fóbicos e obsessivo-compulsivos, obesidade, anorexia, e outras indicações de várias naturezas, indo desde a ansiedade até a sindrome do pânico. Nota-se entretanto, que na maioria dos pacientes com tais quadros (sob tratamento com a fluoxetina ou não), são muito frequentes as queixas de natureza respiratória, como tosse, falta de ar, angústia" no peito etc. Alguns efeitos adversos da fluoxetina e seus derivados são descritos na literatura, embora raros. Entre eles, destaca-se o comprometimento do aparelho respiratório na forma de doença pulmonar intersticial, pneumonia de hipersensibilidade e fosfolipidose. Apresentamos a seguir um projeto de trabalho experimental em cobaias com intuito de verificar a ação da fluoxetina sobre o aparelho respiratório, com relação à mecânica pulmonar, influência sobre o óxido nítrico exalado e resposta histopatológica pulmonar frente a possíveis injúrias, comparados a animais controles sem efeito da droga. Nosso modelo descreve um protocolo em que os animais foram submetidos ao cloridrato de fluoxetina por via oral durante 30 dias consecutivos, sendo ainda submetidos a uma reação de estresse tipo pânico a natação forçada. / Although high-affinity imipramine binding sites have been reported in both rat and human lung, the role of the lungs in the pharmacokinetics of antidepressants like fluoxetine has not received much attention. Imipramine and fluoxetine have their action in depression, obesity, panic and anxiety among other indications. However, accumulation of selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors- like fluoxetine, in the human lungs has been reported. Besides, it is very frequent to most patients (under fluoxetine treatment or not) present respiratory symptoms and/or signs, just like dyspnea, cough, chest anguish and so on. There also have been some adverse effects of fluoxetine described in the literature, although being few and isolated ones, related to hypersensitivity pneumonitis, phospholipidosis and interstitial lung disease. The purpose of this project is to investigate the fluoxetine action in respiratory tract, more specifically over the pulmonary interstitium, using an experimental model in guinea-pigs. Our project comprehends an experimental model with the animals under treatment of fluoxetine so that we could evaluate the substance effects on the respiratory system, concerning the mechanics and the lung histopathological aspects, compared to the control animals. We created then a protocol where the animals were treated with fluoxetine for 30 consecutive days and submmited to the forced swimmig test, a kind of panic-like reaction.
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Trade follows Hallstein? / Deutsche Aktivitäten im zentralafrikanischen Raum des Second ScrambleGülstorff, Torben 04 November 2016 (has links)
Die deutsche Außenpolitik zur Zeit des Kalten Krieges stellt in historischer wie politikwissenschaftlicher Hinsicht einen Gegenstand dar, der mit gutem Gewissen als wissenschaftlich erschlossen bezeichnet werden kann. Zahlreiche Aufsätze, Artikel und Bücher sind in den vergangenen Jahrzehnten erschienen, welche die deutsche Außenpolitik in Europa, Afrika, Asien, Ozeanien, Amerika, oder auch gleich der Welt als Ganzem, in den Blick genommen haben. Dies gilt sowohl für die Außenpolitik der Bundesrepublik Deutschland als auch für diejenige der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik. Früh – wenn nicht sogar von Beginn an – kam hierbei eine zentrale These, eine Kernthese, zum Vorschein, die, ohne auf Widerstand zu stoßen, Eingang in den historischen und politikwissenschaftlichen Forschungskanon fand und ihn bereits nach kurzer Zeit zu dominieren begann. Die Rede ist von der die deutschen Auslandsaktivitäten angeblich bestimmenden Hallstein-Doktrin und dem mit ihr in engem Zusammenhang stehenden deutsch-deutschen Gegensatz. In dieser Arbeit wird dieser Kernthese, diesem ''Mythos'' der deutschen Außenpolitik, vehement widersprochen. Weder die Hallstein-Doktrin, noch der deutsch-deutsche Gegensatz, sondern nationale ökonomische und internationale geostrategische Interessen haben die deutsche Außenpolitik – und darüber hinaus auch die gesamten deutschen Auslandsaktivitäten, der BRD wie der DDR – maßgeblich bestimmt. Zur Stützung dieser Gegenthese werden in der vorliegenden Studie die staatlichen, wirtschaftlichen und gesellschaftlichen Aktivitäten West- und Ostdeutschlands in neun zentralafrikanischen Staaten zwischen 1945 und 1975 kritisch dargelegt, umfassend analysiert und im Hinblick auf mehrere zentrale Thesen zu den deutschen Auslandsaktivitäten ausgewertet. / For decades articles and books have been published on the history of German foreign policy during Cold War. Regardless of whether Europe, Africa, Asia, Oceania, America or the world as a whole, the foreign affairs of the Western Federal Republic of Germany and the Eastern German Democratic Republic have been researched and analysed in context of a broad variety of locations. However, even though the list of publications continues to grow, the topic''s theses–especially its main thesis–do not show much progress. Already at an early stage, a central thesis–a core thesis–came to light, met no resistance and entered history''s and political science''s research canons on German foreign policy. This thesis reads: Inner German issues and the non-solved German question were so powerful, they dominated West and East German foreign affairs nearly right from the start. German foreign policy, that was the so-called Hallstein doctrine, that was the so-called German-German contradiction. And all studies–whether of history or political science, whether designed as a case study or as a global approach–confirm this thesis, use it as an integral part of their work–until today. But be that as it may. This study contradicts this thesis, this ''myth'' of German foreign policy. Instead it argues that neither the Hallstein doctrine nor the German-German contradiction, but national economic and international geostrategic interests dominated German foreign policy and German foreign activities–regarding the FRG, the GDR, and Germany as a whole. To proof this thesis, West and East German activities–of the two states, their economies and their societies–in nine Central African states between 1945 and 1975 are observed and analysed. More than a million file pages out of more than a dozen German archives were read to tackle this task–and shed some refreshing new light on the foreign policies of the two German states during Cold War.
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Methodological investigations on vegetation typology and phytogeography of rain forests of tropical AfricaSenterre, Bruno B.M.L. 17 June 2005 (has links)
I. An original methodological discussion is proposed on the problem of the typology of tropical rain forest’s plant communities, based on the study of forest types across gradients of continentality and elevation, within Atlantic central Africa. These investigations were based on the statement that the main problems in forest typology are related to the non-zonal or zonal character of the different vegetation types and to non considering the relations and differences between forest strata.
II. Field data consisted in phytosociological homogeneous sample plots localized within different recognized phytogeographical entities, in a region of tropical Africa where these entities are known to be well conserved. A total of 37 such plots were inventoried in the region extending from the littoral forests of Ndoté, Equatorial Guinea, which are wet evergreen forests, to the continental forests of the Dja, Cameroon, known as evergreen seasonal forests. The studied region also included the oriental Atlantic forests of Equatorial Guinea, known as moist evergreen forests or caesalp forests. In various parts of this continentality gradient, some plots were localized within climax non-zonal formations, namely the submontane rain forests. The emphasis was put on the vegetation of the Monte Alén National Park.
The sampling methodology was willing to be as "complete ", including all strata, "quantitative ", enumerating all individuals, and "representative ", within each stratum, as possible. These multi-layers plots were realised using nested sub-plots, with a sampling size of 100 individuals for every ligneous stratum recognized (dominant trees, dominated trees and shrubs) and a sampling size of 200m² for the herbaceous and suffrutex stratum.
Forest types were defined independently for each stratum and the differences were analysed. A method was proposed for the simultaneous analysis of all floristic data, converting and standardizing the values from ligneous strata, on the one hand, and from understorey strata, on the other hand.
III. Ten forest types were described using IndVal and discussed in the general context of the guineo-congolian region, from a syntaxonomic view point (agglomerative classification) and from a phytogeographical view point (divisive classification). Homologies between these two approaches are described. The proposed phytogeographical system is based on an "open " conception of hierarchical classifications, combining advantages of agglomerative and divisive classifications. In concrete terms, the non-zonal criteria, for example the submontane variants, are categorised separately and in analogy with the zonal criteria, related to the usual phytochoria.
Analysis of ecological relationships for the 10 communities showed that the main variables related to the floristic variability in our mainland rain forests are elevation, rainfall, hygrometry (estimated using bryophytes cover levels) and distance to the ocean. The two extremes on the vertical microclimatic gradient, dominant trees stratum and herbaceous stratum, give similar typologies, however canonical analysis showed that for the herbaceous layer, non-zonal variables (hygrometry and elevation) were gaining more importance when the influence of the two zonal variables was attenuated. In every case, spatial autocorrelation was less important than the environment in explaining floristic variability but its role increased in the spatial arrangement of understorey species, whose dispersal capacity is generally lower than canopy trees. The phytosociological, phytogeographical and ecological description of forest types is accompanied by a physiognomical description using biological types spectrum, as well as architectural models, leaf sizes, etc.
With regard to diversity, we have demonstrated that species richness was higher from upper to lower strata because of the accumulation in lower strata of species from various strata. On the other hand, the proper stratum diversity, i.e. the structural set, decreased from dominant trees to shrubs. The proper diversity of the herb layer showed relatively high figures mainly due to the higher individual density in relation to the existence of microstrata. Within the 37 sample plots, 1,050 taxa have been identified to species or morpho-species levels, for a total of 25,750 individuals. These taxa represent 442 genus among 104 families. The richest forest type is found on the foothills of the Niefang range, on the windward side. This forest type is also characterised by a high number of oligotypic genus and by species belonging to functional types indicators of glacial refuges. These functional types are defined on the basis of the dispersal capacity and on kind of stand needed for effective germination. We formulated the hypothesis that this kind of "foothills refuge ", characterised by his zonal nature, could have been one of the rare refuges for species from mainland rain forests, while montane and fluvial refuges would mainly have preserved species from non-zonal forest types: (sub)montane and riverine.
Based on indicator species of submontane forests, a potential distribution map of this forest type has been realised at the Atlantic central African scale. More than 400 submontane forest localities have been mapped. These forests begin at 400m of altitude near the ocean, and progressively at higher altitude for increasing distance to the ocean. Many lowland localities also comprised submontane species, which could indicate the existence of ecological transgressions. These transgressions would allow migratory tracks for submontane species between isolated mountain ranges, not only during glacial periods, through heights at the northern and southern borders of the congo basin, but also contemporarily through the lowland riverine forest network, in the centre of this basin. Finally, a special attention has been attributed to littoral forests and to some cases of choroecological transgressions, coupled to the ecological equalization phenomenon.
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