Orientador: Angela B. Kleiman / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T14:16:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tinoco_GliciaM.AzevedodeM._D.pdf: 13832117 bytes, checksum: 812f2496932c093176843ea5e35515a3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: Pesquisa-ação de vertente etnográfica que se insere no campo da Lingüística Aplicada e, especificamente, na área de formação de professores de língua materna. Tem por objeto os projetos de letramento, entendidos como um modelo didático articulador dos estudos do letramento, da pedagogia de projetos e do aporte metodológico da pedagogia crítica. Seu objetivo geral é depreender princípios de ressignificação do ensino de escrita. Dada a perspectiva situada de ação e formação que, nesta pesquisa, se assume, os objetivos específicos são: a) delinear as práticas de letramento dos graduandos de Letras (PROBÁSICA/UFRN), da cidade de Nova Cruz, em suas diferentes esferas de atividade; ) mapear os acervos a que eles têm acesso; c) analisar os projetos de letramento como um modelo didático; d) compreender como o desenvolvimento de projetos de letramento contribui para a formação de professores e para a ressignificação do ensino da modalidade escrita de língua materna. Para acompanhar o processo dialético entre ação e formação docente, foi usada a estratégia de correlacionar os objetivos de uma disciplina acadêmica (Estágio Supervisionado I) a um concurso que focaliza ações entre professores,estudantes e membros da comunidade do entorno para o reconhecimento e a valorização de patrimônios da cultura local (Concurso Nacional Tesouros do Brasil). A análise dos dispositivos didáticos que parametrizam os eventos de cada projeto permitiu a verificação de um princípio estruturante - a prática social - e quatro categorias constituintes desse princípio: a interatividade e a dialogicidade; a situação social e suas pluralidades; a agência social; a pluralidade cultural. Sustentados nesses vértices, os projetos de letramento se apresentam como um modelo interessante para a formação do professor que visa à ampliação dos letramentos. A indicação desse modelo requer, entretanto, um maior investimento no diálogo entre a ação efetivada nas escolas de educação básica, os interesses de estudantes e professores e a reflexão acadêmica, a fim de que juntos possam sobrepujar os desafios que surgem no complexo processo de ensinar e aprender língua materna. / Abstract: This is an action research of ethnographic base which is inserted in the field of Applied Linguistics and, specifically, in the area of formation of mother tongue teachers. It focuses on the literacy projects, understood as a didactical model which articulates the studies of literacy, pedagogy projects and critic pedagogy methodological approach. Its general aim is to infer resignification principles from the writing teaching. Considering the situated action and formation perspective assumed in this research, the specific objectives are: a) to delineate the literacy practices of the students graduating in Letras (PROBÁSICA/UFRN), from Nova Cruz city, in their different spheres of activity; b) to map the database to which they have access; c) to analyze the literacy projects as didactic model; to comprehend how literacy projects development contribute to the formation of the teacher and to the resignification of the mother tongue writing modality teaching. To follow the dialectical process between action and teaching formation, it was used the strategy of correlating the objectives of an academic subject (Estágio Supervisionado I) to a contest which focuses actions among teachers, students and members of the community around the school to the recognition and valorization of the local culture patrimony (Concursos Nacional Tesouros do Brasil). The analysis of the didactical devices which parameterizes the events of each project allows the verification a structural principle - the social practice - and four categories which constitute that principle: the interactivity and the dialogicity; the social situation and its pluralities; the social agency; the cultural plurality. Based on those vertices, the literacy projects are presented as an interesting model to the formation of the teacher who aims at the extending the literacy processes. The indication of that model requires, however, a higher investment in dialogue between the action accomplished in schools of basic education, the students and teachers interest and the academic reflection, so that all together can overcome the challenges which arise during the complex mother tongue teaching and learning process. / Doutorado / Lingua Materna / Doutor em Linguística Aplicada

Orientador: Carolina Maria Rodríguez Zuccolillo / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T02:03:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Branco_LuizaKatiaAndradeCastello_D.pdf: 2393027 bytes, checksum: 453a44792cd77bf2aa0147af636131db (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Este trabalho objetiva compreender o funcionamento do discurso da Comunidade dos Países de Língua Portuguesa (CPLP) sobre língua portuguesa, fundado a partir de um imaginário de homogeneidade linguística, que produz a evidência de que há "uma" e a mesma língua portuguesa falada nos seus oito países membros e de que todos os seus cidadãos falam essa mesma língua. Para observar e analisar o processo de produção desses efeitos de sentido, nosso corpus se constitui de materiais que tratam sobre língua(s) (em especial, as línguas portuguesas em espaços angolano, brasileiro, cabo-verdiano, guineense, moçambicano, português, santomense), e sobre multilinguismo, etnoculturalidade e políticas de línguas. Assim, além de estudos acadêmicos, recolhemos instrumentos normativos elaborados pela CPLP e pelos governos de seus países membros, pela UNESCO, pela Academia Africana de Línguas (ACALAN), tais como Atas, Recomendações, Declarações, Constituições, Acordos, Estatutos, Tratados, Protocolos, Convênios, dentre outros que, no decorrer da pesquisa, se mostraram pertinentes à análise. Este trabalho tem sua inscrição no domínio da História das Ideias Linguísticas (HIL), sob uma perspectiva materialista, configurada a partir dos dispositivos teórico e analítico da Análise de Discurso na linha dos estudos de Michel Pêcheux (França, 1966-1983) e de Eni Orlandi (Brasil, 1971-), que permite conjugar a ideologia, a história da sociedade com a história do conhecimento linguístico e a história da língua. Nessa perspectiva, descrevemos, interpretamos e compreendemos o modo complexo como a CPLP produziu e produz uma discursividade sobre língua portuguesa a partir da observação do funcionamento de noções como a de "lusofonia", e certas noções de "língua materna", "língua nacional", "língua oficial" e "política de línguas" articuladas a certas noções de "comunidade", "nação" e "Estado". Nessa discursividade, ganhou reflexão a questão da organização internacional que se produz na evidência de que é possível um espaço supranacional homogêneo. Nossa hipótese é a de que o gesto de formação de uma comunidade como a CPLP, tal como está concebida, faz silenciar sentidos como o da heterogeneidade própria à língua portuguesa, o da sua relação assimétrica com as outras línguas faladas nesses países, e o das diferentes historicidades determinantes da e determinadas pela relação sempre política entre sujeitos, línguas e espaços na disputa por significar. Nesse sentido, compreendemos, pelas análises, que os efeitos de sentido de língua portuguesa estarão em deriva e em devir quando colocados na relação de diferença, podendo significar e não significar língua nacional, língua materna e língua oficial, sendo sempre outras, as línguas portuguesas em espaço* / Abstract: This thesis aims to understand how the discourse of the Community of Portuguese Speaking Countries (CPLP) about "Portuguese language" has been functioning, as founded on the basis of an imaginary of homogeneity of languages producing the evidence that "Portuguese language" is one and the same language spoken by all citizens in its eight Member States. In order to observe and analyze the production processes of these meaning effects, the corpus is constituted of materials about language(s) (in special the Portuguese Languages in Angolan, Brazilian, Cape-verdean, Bissau-Guinean, Mozambican, Portuguese, Santomean spaces), and about multilingualism, ethnoculturalism and languages policies. For this, besides academic studies, we collected normative instruments produced by CPLP and by its Member States' governs, by UNESCO, by The African Academy of Languages (ACALAN), such as Minutes, Recommendations, Declarations, Constitutions, Agreements, Statutes, Treaties, Protocols, Covenants, among others that, during the research, were relevant for the analysis. This work is inscribed in the realm of the History of Linguistic Ideas (HIL), under the materialist perspective, and configured by the theoretical and analytical devices of the Discourse Analysis - as proposed by Michel Pêcheux's studies (France, 1966-1983), and by Eni Orlandi's (Brazil, 1971-) - that allows to conjugate the history of the society and its ideology together with the history of the production of scientific knowledge about a language, and the history of the language(s). Based on this perspective, we described, interpreted and understood the complex way the production processes of meaning about Portuguese Language in the CPLP's discourse has been functioning taking as observation points the notions of "lusophony", "national language", "official language" and "linguistic policy" articulated to notions of "community", "nation" and "State". It is also highlighted the question of the International Organization taken on the evidence of being a homogeneous and supranational space. Our hypothesis is that the gesture of forming a community as the CPLP, in the way it is conceived, has been silencing meanings such as the one of the heterogeneity peculiar to "Portuguese language", the one of asymmetric relationship of this language to the other languages spoken in those Member States, or the one of the different ways this language has been historicized in those spaces, determining and being determined by the relationship always political among subjects and languages in the struggle for meaning. This way, we have understood by the analyses that the effects of meaning of Portuguese Language are adrift and oncoming if related to difference, what may make them correspond or not to national language, mother language or official language meanings, but always being other Portuguese Languages in space* / Doutorado / Linguistica / Doutora em Linguística

The purpose of this study is to highlight preschool teachers’ thoughts of newly arrived children linguistics. The study is based on three issues that are created from the purpose. The study follows a qualitative approach through interviews with four preschool teachers at two different preschools in a medium-sized municipality. The teachers were employed in preschool and all worked with newly arrived children. The result showed that preschool teachers experience difficulties and obstacles in the work with the newly arrived children. Partly because they lacked education or tools to promote the children's lingustic development and also because a lack of time. Preschool teachers considered that the native lagnuage was an important part of the children's lingustic development and the results showed that the children had very different access to their native language in preschool. It also appeared that the preschool teachers used different methods, some as a conscious method of working, while others felt their way forward. The preschool teachers all agreed that children learn in interaction with other children and adults, and that was a central part of the preschool activities. / Syftet med denna studie är att belysa förskollärares tankar om att arbeta med nyanlända barns språkutveckling i det svenska språket. Studien bygger på tre frågeställningar som skapats utifrån syftet. Studien följer en kvalitativ ansats genom intervjuer med fyra förskollärare på två olika förskolor i en medelstor kommun i Sverige. Förskollärarna var verksamma inom förskolan och alla arbetade med nyanlända barn. Resultatet visade att förskollärarna upplevde svårigheter och hinder i arbetet med de nyanlända barnen. Dels för att de saknade utbildning eller verktyg för att främja barnens språkutveckling men också för att tiden inte räckte till. Förskollärarna ansåg att modersmålet var en viktig del i barnens språkutveckling och resultatet visade att barnen hade olika mycket tillgång till modersmålet i verksamheten. Det framgick även att förskollärarna använde sig av olika arbetssätt, vissa av ett medvetet arbetssätt medan andra testade sig fram. Förskollärarna var alla överens om att barn lär sig i samspelet med andra barn och vuxna och det var en central del i förskolans verksamhet.

The aim of this study is to investigate the ability of multilingual children to develop their mother tongue in preschool and what language developmental methods the pedagogues use to contribute to this. To answer this, the questions were broken down to investigate the availability of mother tongue support, how the pedagogues draw attention to children’s different native languages in the business, and what language developing approaches they use.   Through interviews with active pedagogues in pre-schools, the different conditions under which children are being supported in developing their mother tongue, how the mother tongue is highlighted in activities, and the different teaching methods of the pedagogues to develop children's languages is made visible. The study's results showed that pre-schools are aware of the importance of the mother tongue in language development and therefore offer the children some form of mother tongue support. They also try to help children learn each other's mother tongue and cultures to show openness to each other, but also gave examples of many different language developing ways of working.   To provide children with a language rich environment through interaction and conversation is the prerequisite for a good language development. By doing this in a language relevant for the child, pedagogues can provide support and opportunities for the child to develop their mother tongue, which facilitates secondary language learning.   The idea is to contribute knowledge and awareness about how pre-school pedagogues should and need to work with the mother tongue development of multilingual children to support the development of a second language

Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka förskolepedagogers strategier för modersmålsutveckling gällande andra modersmål än svenska, samt på vilka villkor andra modersmål förekommer i förskolans verksamhet. Detta har bearbetats genom en fenomenografisk forskningsansats där semistrukturerade intervjuer har använts för att undersöka förskolepedagogers upplevelser av sitt uppdrag kring modersmålsutveckling, samt hur de omsätter detta i praxis. Resultatet påvisar att vissa förskolepedagoger uppfattar svårigheter kring sitt uppdrag kring modersmålspråksutveckling, främst gällande bristande språkkompetenser eller osäkerhet kring uppdraget hos sig själv eller andra. Resultatet visar även på förskolepedagogers uppfattningar om vikten av ett nyfiket och stöttande förhållningssätt, där pedagogen blir en förebild för såväl det enskilda barnet som för barngruppen. Därutöver lyfte förskolepedagogerna vikten av att ta till vara på olika språkliga resurser. Gällande olika språks status och utrymme påvisar resultatet att svenska har en dominerande position i verksamheten, följt av engelska och i viss mån finska. Detta beroende på pedagogernas egna språkkompetenser och en förskolas specifika profilering. Överlag är pedagogerna i denna studie överens om vikten av att ha ett öppet klimat där alla språk är välkomna. Resultatet visar även på att pedagogerna har varierade strategier för såväl synliggörande av språk som för modersmålsundervisning; hälsningsfraser på flera språk, böcker, sånger och IKT är dock de vanligast förekommande.

Syftet med denna litteraturstudie är att analysera tvåspråkighet med fokus på andraspråk, modersmål och interaktion. Vi ville också undersöka hur dessa effekter påverkar elevens utveckling och kommunikation i klassrummet. Dagens skola har blivit en kulturell mötesplats för både elever och lärare där flerspråkigheten utvecklas. Interaktion i skolan är en viktig faktor för att alla elever ska känna en gemenskap i klassrummet. Syftet med denna studie är att med hjälp av forskning om tvåspråkighet undersöka hur tvåspråkighet påverkar elevernas kunskapsutveckling. Vi använde oss av sociokulturella perspektivet och interkulturella perspektivet för att få svar på våra frågeställningar. Vi har valt att göra studien systematisk där vi har formulerade frågor som kommer besvaras systematiskt genom att analysera relevanta studier från tidigare forskning. Studien är utförd på både ett kvalitativt och kvantitativt sätt. Vi använde oss av totalt 13 artiklar som vi samlat empiri från. Tvåspråkigheten är en positiv process och den skapar en balans mellan skolspråket och modersmålet. Materialet vi har hittat består till stor del av internationellt forskning och en hel del svenska forskare som fokuserar på ämnet, tvåspråkiga elever. Bland materialet har vi vetenskapliga artiklar, avhandlingar och ett fåtal forskningsrapporter som rör ämnet. Resultaten visar att tvåspråkighet har en positiv effekt på elevernas lärande samt att det gynnar kunskapsutvecklingen hos eleverna. Sökord: blingual children, andraspråksinlärning, bilingualism, svenska som andraspråk, modersmål, mother tongue, language development, integration

Suomen kieli on yksi Ruotsin vähemmistökielistä. Lain mukaan kaikki lapset, joilla on suomenkielinen tausta ja perustavat taidot suomen kielessä, ovat oikeutettuja suomenkielen opetukseen. Tämä opinnäytetyö on pieni muotoinen kvalitatiivinen kartoitus Ruotsin peruskoulun suomen kielen opetuksesta. Teoria perustuu Ruotsin lakiin ja Ruotsin suomen kielen opetushistoriaan. Empiirinen osuus koostuu suomen kielen opettajien ja suomea opiskelevien oppilaiden haastatteluista sekä ruotsinsuomalaisen vapaakoulun rehtorin ja suomalaistaustaisen vanhemman kanssa käymistäni keskusteluista. Olen myös kysynyt usealta kunnalta suomen kielen opetuksen järjestelyistä ja sen toteuttamisesta. Työn tavoitteena on kartoittaa suomen kielen opetuksen tämänhetkinen tilanne Ruotsin peruskoulussa. Eräs tutkimustulokseni osoittaa, että kunta ei tiedota tarpeeksi suomen kielen opetuksesta. Olen saanut myös selville, että pätevistä suomen kielenopettajista on pulaa Ruotsissa. Lisäksi olen todennut, että suomen kielen oppituntien pituus ei joissakin kunnissa yllä edes yhteen tuntiin. Kiertävien suomen opettajien työolot ovat stressaavia ja työpäivät koostuvat lähes pelkästään opetustunneista. Kaikesta tästä olen tehnyt johtopäätöksen: suomen kielen opetuksen tilaa on parannettava laadukkailla opetustunneilla ja pätevillä opettajilla, joilla on hyväksyttävät työolot. Lisäksi opetuksen määrää täytyisi lisätä. / Finska är ett av Sveriges nationella minoritetsspråk. Enligt svensk lag har barn som har finsk bakgrund och grundläggande kunskaper i finska språket rätt till att få undervisning i finska. I detta examensarbete presenterar jag en kort kvalitativ kartläggning av undervisningen i finska i den svenska grundskolan. Teoridelen bygger på förordningstexter och andra styrdokument samt litteratur om den historiska bakgrunden till dagens finskundervising i Sverige. Den empiriska informationen består av intervjuer av finska lärare och elever som läser finska samt diskussioner med en rektor i en sverigefinsk friskola och en förälder till ett barn som har ansökt om finskundervisning. Jag har även frågat flera kommuner om deras sätt att organisera och genomföra finskundervisning. Syftet med detta examensarbete är att kartlägga finska språkets situation i dagens svenska grundskola. Ett av mina resultat är att kommunen inte informerar tillräckligt om finskundervisningen. Jag har också fått reda på att det råder brist på behöriga finska lärare i Sverige. Jag har även kommit fram till att finska lektioner i vissa kommuner är kortare än en timma. Ambulerande lärarna har stressiga arbetsförhållanden och arbetsdagarna består nästan endast av undervisningstillfällen. Med hjälp av allt detta har jag kommit fram till följande slutsats: man måste förbättra villkoren för finskundervisningen med hjälp av högkvalitativ undervisning och behöriga lärare, som arbetar under acceptabla arbetsförhållanden. Dessutom bör undervisningstiden utökas. / Finnish is one of the Swedish minority languages. According to Swedish law children who have a Finnish background and basic knowledge of the Finnish language have a right to Finnish education. In this Degree Project I present a short qualitative survey of the field of teaching of Finnish in Swedish primary schools. The theoretical frame work is based on Swedish law and the literature on the history of Finnish teaching in Sweden. The empirical data consist of interviews with Finnish teachers and their pupils and some discussions with a principal of the Sweden Finnish independent school and a parent for a child who had applied for Finnish education. In addition, several municipalities were surveyed about their plans forteaching Finnish. The purpose of this study is to document the situation of the Finnish language in Swedish primary schools today. One of my findings is that municipalities do not provide adequate information about teaching in Finnish. A further finding is that there is a shortage of competent Finnish teachers in Sweden. I have also established that in some Swedish states schools the Finnish lessons are not even an hour long. The travelling teachers have stressful circumstances at work and workdays consist almost only of lessons. From this my conclusion is that we have to improve conditions for Finnish language teaching with high qualitative teaching and with competent teachers who have acceptable working conditions. Furthermore teaching time should be increased.

En el presente estudio vamos a indagar de qué formas influye la lengua materna en la percepción de la identidad en la Comunidad Valenciana. La investigación se basa en un estudio realizado en dos zonas claramente diferenciadas, la zona rural y la zona urbana. Supuestamente hay una diferencia en la percepción de la identidad dependiendo del uso de las dos lenguas oficiales: el valenciano y el castellano. La hipótesis es que las personas cuya lengua materna es el valenciano se sienten más valencianos que los que tienen como lengua materna el castellano. Para comprobar la hipótesis hemos realizado una encuesta con la ayuda de informantes de dos zonas, una zona urbana donde suponemos que el porcentaje que tiene el castellano como lengua materna será más alto y una zona rural donde el porcentaje del uso del valenciano debe ser predominante. Los resultados en gran medida han corroborado nuestra hipótesis, pero no siempre ha sido así. Dado que se desprendía una imagen más compleja, hemos optado por profundizar en otros factores que no sea el hábitat del individuo. Se ha visto que ambas  circunstancias pueden influir en la percepción de la identidad. En un mundo globalizado hemos llegado a la conclusión que los límites culturales no son tan fijos, especialmente entre gente joven y que la lengua entre ellos a veces no señala la pertenencia sociocultural. Además se ha verificado que los informantes se adaptan al entorno y a las situaciones, sintiéndose más valencianos en un micro contexto, es decir cuando están con la familia más cercana, como por ejemplo con la madre, el padre, hermanos, abuelos, incluso primos y cuando habla con éstos.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This work is a Master Thesis on Education, related to research interest number two School Practices and Public Policy. It s linked to the Program of Post-graduation on Education of the Federal Santa Maria University (Brazil). This study had the proposal from the discourse analysis of mother tongue teacher s in Elementary School at investigating the pedagogic discourse production in school environment, specifically during the class, understanding this discourse as teacher s work. This research had the participation of six Portuguese teachers of municipal public school in Santa Maria RS Brazil. It s understood that the planning and conduction of the lesson itself is the teacher s work, however, for that, it s necessary the language mediation. The aim of this study was to analyze how the language in discourse, used by teachers during the class, are produced as work. Besides, it intended to investigate the meaning effects of these professionals work, observing how pedagogic discourse circulates in class, producing and reproducing the values of the society immersed on the capitalist production mode context. So that, this research had as theoretic-methodological approach the Discourse Analysis of French School, founded by Michel Pêcheux on 1960 s. The study is also based on Historical- dialect Materialism to develop the discourse analysis. This investigation was built by observation, recording and transcription of the discourses, constituting, in this way, the research corpus, that was analyzed during and after the observations realized at schools. Thus, I d intended, through this study, to contribute with the research on teachers work, issue in which I insert my academic investigation interest. At this sense, I believe to have researched about meaning effects on teachers work meant, for me, to have entered on the language non-transparence, through a reading gesture, can interpret what is being said, hidden, unsaid and that was already said, from social places occupied by the teachers. / A presente dissertação de Mestrado, vinculada à Linha de Pesquisa 2 Práticas Escolares e Políticas Públicas, do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, propõe-se - a partir da análise do discurso de professoras de língua materna dos Anos Finais do Ensino Fundamental investigar a produção do discurso pedagógico no ambiente escolar, especificamente em aula, entendendo esse discurso como trabalho dos professores. Esta pesquisa contou com a participação de seis professoras de Língua Portuguesa da rede pública municipal de ensino de Santa Maria - RS. Entende-se que o planejamento e a condução da aula em si é o trabalho dos professores, no entanto, para isso, é necessária a mediação da linguagem. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar como a linguagem discursivisada pelos professores em aula produz-se como trabalho. Além disso, pretendeu-se investigar os efeitos de sentidos do trabalho desses profissionais, observando-se como discurso pedagógico que circula em aula produz e reproduz os valores da sociedade imersa no contexto do modo de produção capitalista. Para tanto, esta pesquisa teve como aporte teórico-metodológico a Análise de Discurso da Escola Francesa, fundada por Michel Pêchêux na década de 1960, além de ter utilizado o Materialismo Histórico-Dialético como enfoque teórico nos discursos observados. A investigação foi desenvolvida mediante observação, gravação e transcrição dos discursos, constituindo-se assim o córpus da pesquisa que foi analisado durante e após as observações realizadas nas escolas. Assim, pretendi, através deste estudo, contribuir com a pesquisa sobre trabalho docente, temática na qual se inserem minhas investigações no âmbito acadêmico. Nesse sentido, acredito que ter pesquisado sobre os efeitos de sentidos do trabalho das professoras significou, para mim, ter adentrado na não transparência da linguagem para, através de um gesto de leitura, interpretar aquilo que estava sendo dito, o oculto, o não dito e o já dito, a partir dos lugares sociais que os professores ocupam.

Abstract This work studies how ninth grade students of Finnish secondary school interpret sentences using the tools offered by school grammar. My research maps out the ability of students to analyse the content and structure of the sentences. The study is also part of text skills research. Both reading and writing are part of text skills. In order to acquire these, knowledge of language and grammar are required. The material used for the research has been the written tests and interviews of ninth grade secondary school students. I have combined the material acquired by a written test and interviews and I will use them as complimentary forms of material. The written test was taken by hundred students and twenty students were interviewed. The analysis of the material shows that ninth grade secondary school students are able to analyse sentences both in a syntactic and semantic form. They are able to use the knowledge they have learned at school in their interpretations. They however base their interpretations on the general contextual knowledge of the world. Their natural sense of language is also clearly combined into thinking about the semantic and syntactic structure of the sentences. The study also reveals how different models of grammar and researchers have offered different kinds of solutions to sentence analysis and that there are no simple answers to these problems. This diversity and duality is also apparent in pedagogic grammar. The research puts an emphasis on the dialogic approach in teaching and learning of knowledge of language. In order for the student to be able to use the acquired knowledge of language, he or she should be able to use it by application and discussion. This way he or she would learn to analyse and separate texts and would be habituated into a critical reader. / Tiivistelmä Tarkastelen tutkimuksessani sitä, miten peruskoulun yhdeksännen luokan oppilaat tulkitsevat lauseita koulukieliopin tarjoamien välineiden avulla. Tutkimukseni kartoittaa oppilaiden kykyä analysoida lauseiden sisältöjä ja rakenteita. Liitän aiheen myös osaksi tekstitaitojen tutkimusta. Tekstitaitoihin kuuluvat sekä hyvä kirjoitus- että lukutaito. Näiden saavuttaminen puolestaan edellyttää sekä kielen että kieliopin tuntemusta. Tutkimusaineistona ovat peruskoulun yhdeksäsluokkalaisten tekemät kirjalliset testit ja heidän haastattelut. Olen yhdistänyt kirjallisen testin ja haastattelun avulla kerätyn aineiston ja käytän niitä toisiaan täydentävinä aineistomuotoina. Kirjallisen testin on tehnyt 100 oppilasta ja haastatteluun on osallistunut 20 oppilasta. Aineistoni analyysi osoittaa, että peruskoulun yhdeksännen luokan oppilaat kykenevät analysoimaan lauseita sekä syntaktisesti että semanttisesti. He osaavat käyttää koulussa oppimaansa tietoa hyväksi tulkinnoissaan. Oppilaat kuitenkin nojautuvat tulkinnoissaan yleiseen kontekstuaaliseen tietoonsa maailmasta. Lisäksi heidän luontainen kielitajunsa yhdistyy selkeästi lauseiden semantiikasta ja syntaktisesta rakenteesta lähtevään pohdiskeluun. Tutkimukseni tuo esiin myös sen, miten eri kielioppimallit ja tutkijat ovat päätyneet erilaisiin ratkaisuihin lauseiden analyysissa ja miten yksiselitteisiä vastauksia lauseanalyysin ongelmiin ei ole. Tämä kirjavuus ja kaksijakoisuus näkyvät myös pedagogisessa kieliopissa. Tutkimuksessani korostuu keskusteleva ote kielitiedon opettamisessa ja oppimisessa. Jotta oppilas pystyisi parhaiten hyödyntämään oppimaansa kielitietoa, hänen pitäisi saada käyttää sitä soveltaen ja keskustellen. Näin hän itse oppisi analysoimaan ja erittelemään tekstejä ja harjaantuisi kriittiseksi lukijaksi.