Global ETD Search

1	The Use of Grammar Proceduralization Strategies to Promote Oral Fluency Ehara, Yoshiaki January 2018 (has links) This study investigates Japanese high school teachers’ learning of grammar proceduralization strategies designed to promote oral fluency. It is a multiple case study of six Japanese EFL teachers who learn to use their declarative knowledge of L2 grammar while engaging in tasks that enable them to compare their oral output with a native English speaker’s reformulations of it. Past studies of language learning strategies have been primarily focused either on the learners’ general study habits toward the target language or on their skill-specific language learning strategies in the areas of listening, reading, speaking, writing, and vocabulary. Although the effectiveness of these strategies on learning outcomes is known to be highly constrained by learners’ prior linguistic knowledge, strategies to proceduralize grammar, a core component of one’s linguistic knowledge, have not been well researched. Therefore, little is known about how learners’ volitional efforts contribute to the proceduralization of L2 grammar. Research into oral fluency development has provided evidence that the use of formulas promotes fluency, but it has not revealed how formulas and other varieties of multiword units contribute to different aspects of oral fluency; namely, temporal, repair, and perceived fluency. This study fills these gaps in research by defining, investigating, and creating a set of grammar proceduralization strategies as a promising construct that sheds light on what learners can proactively do to proceduralize their knowledge of L2 grammar. The three main purposes of this study are to (a) investigate Japanese EFL teachers’ grammar proceduralization strategies for appropriating, refining, and using their grammar knowledge, (b) identify L2 morphosyntactic forms and multiword units that facilitate Japanese EFL teachers’ oral production during oral summary and personal anecdote tasks, and (c) investigate the possible relationships between the participants’ L2 grammar proceduralization strategies, their use of specific grammar forms, and their oral fluency development. The participants are six Japanese teachers of English who teach at public senior high schools in Japan. To gain a detailed understanding of the participants’ complex learning processes, their learning trajectories were investigated for a period of six months, using a longitudinal mixed-methods design, with detailed analyses of their English learning history, post-task protocols, linguistic measures, and rubric-based assessment of their oral fluency development. The results provide (a) a typology of L2 grammar proceduralization strategies created based on models of communicative competence and speech production, (b) 16 categories of grammar items that have potential impact on oral fluency development, with insights into factors that facilitate and debilitate the participants’ use of these grammar items, and (c) insights into how the participants’ goal orientation leads to their orchestration of L2 grammar proceduralization strategies, their use of 16 categories of grammar items, and to the different trajectories of their temporal, repair, and perceived fluency development. This study presents data to support the conclusion that a reverse-saliency strategy to learn L2 grammar in concepts, propositions, and discourse is a key to effective EFL pedagogy. / Teaching & Learning English as A Second Language Discourse Fluency Grammar Proceduralization Saliency Strategies
2	Um modelo não procedural de especificação e implementação voltado a sistemas transacionais em banco de dados / A non-procedural model to specifying and implementing database transactions systems Ahlert, Hubert January 1994 (has links) Esta tese de doutorado apresenta um modelo de especificação, textual e grafico, para sistemas transacionais em banco de dados (ER/T+) e, também, um modelo de implementação desta especificação. Sugere uma técnica de proceduralização de especificações declarativas, usando um grafo de dependencia de fluxos de dados para estabelecer a relação de precedecia entre os fluxos do diagrama da linguagem gráfica de especificação. Apresenta, também, os mecanismos de execução da linguagem de especificação proposta e as regras de mapeamento da linguagem de especificação, em seus aspectos estruturais (dados) e comportamentais (transações), para correspondentes construções na linguagem de implementação (C e SQL). Adicionalmente, são discutidos aspectos de otimização de consultas no âmbito da linguagem de especificação de transações e, também, aspectos de aninhamento de consultas para combinar diversos fluxos do diagrama ER/T+ em expressões complexas de consultas SQL. / This Ph.D thesis presents a graphic and textual specification model for database transactions systems (ER/T+) and, also, an implementation model for this specification. Suggest a proceduralization technique for declarative specifications using a data flow dependency graph to establish a precedence relation between the diagram flows of the graphics specification language. Furthermore it presents the execution mechanism of the proposal specification language and the behavioral and structural rules for mapping the specification language into corresponding implementation language (C and SQL) constructions. Additionaly, are discussed query optimization aspects for transaction specification language and aspects of nested queries to combine various ER/T+ diagram flows into complex SQL query expressions Banco : Dados Transacoes : Banco : Dados Programacao automatica Traducao : Linguagens Automatic Programming Automatic System Building Tools for System Building Language Translation Database Transactions Query Optimization
3	Um modelo não procedural de especificação e implementação voltado a sistemas transacionais em banco de dados / A non-procedural model to specifying and implementing database transactions systems Ahlert, Hubert January 1994 (has links) Esta tese de doutorado apresenta um modelo de especificação, textual e grafico, para sistemas transacionais em banco de dados (ER/T+) e, também, um modelo de implementação desta especificação. Sugere uma técnica de proceduralização de especificações declarativas, usando um grafo de dependencia de fluxos de dados para estabelecer a relação de precedecia entre os fluxos do diagrama da linguagem gráfica de especificação. Apresenta, também, os mecanismos de execução da linguagem de especificação proposta e as regras de mapeamento da linguagem de especificação, em seus aspectos estruturais (dados) e comportamentais (transações), para correspondentes construções na linguagem de implementação (C e SQL). Adicionalmente, são discutidos aspectos de otimização de consultas no âmbito da linguagem de especificação de transações e, também, aspectos de aninhamento de consultas para combinar diversos fluxos do diagrama ER/T+ em expressões complexas de consultas SQL. / This Ph.D thesis presents a graphic and textual specification model for database transactions systems (ER/T+) and, also, an implementation model for this specification. Suggest a proceduralization technique for declarative specifications using a data flow dependency graph to establish a precedence relation between the diagram flows of the graphics specification language. Furthermore it presents the execution mechanism of the proposal specification language and the behavioral and structural rules for mapping the specification language into corresponding implementation language (C and SQL) constructions. Additionaly, are discussed query optimization aspects for transaction specification language and aspects of nested queries to combine various ER/T+ diagram flows into complex SQL query expressions Banco : Dados Transacoes : Banco : Dados Programacao automatica Traducao : Linguagens Automatic Programming Automatic System Building Tools for System Building Language Translation Database Transactions Query Optimization
4	Um modelo não procedural de especificação e implementação voltado a sistemas transacionais em banco de dados / A non-procedural model to specifying and implementing database transactions systems Ahlert, Hubert January 1994 (has links) Esta tese de doutorado apresenta um modelo de especificação, textual e grafico, para sistemas transacionais em banco de dados (ER/T+) e, também, um modelo de implementação desta especificação. Sugere uma técnica de proceduralização de especificações declarativas, usando um grafo de dependencia de fluxos de dados para estabelecer a relação de precedecia entre os fluxos do diagrama da linguagem gráfica de especificação. Apresenta, também, os mecanismos de execução da linguagem de especificação proposta e as regras de mapeamento da linguagem de especificação, em seus aspectos estruturais (dados) e comportamentais (transações), para correspondentes construções na linguagem de implementação (C e SQL). Adicionalmente, são discutidos aspectos de otimização de consultas no âmbito da linguagem de especificação de transações e, também, aspectos de aninhamento de consultas para combinar diversos fluxos do diagrama ER/T+ em expressões complexas de consultas SQL. / This Ph.D thesis presents a graphic and textual specification model for database transactions systems (ER/T+) and, also, an implementation model for this specification. Suggest a proceduralization technique for declarative specifications using a data flow dependency graph to establish a precedence relation between the diagram flows of the graphics specification language. Furthermore it presents the execution mechanism of the proposal specification language and the behavioral and structural rules for mapping the specification language into corresponding implementation language (C and SQL) constructions. Additionaly, are discussed query optimization aspects for transaction specification language and aspects of nested queries to combine various ER/T+ diagram flows into complex SQL query expressions Banco : Dados Transacoes : Banco : Dados Programacao automatica Traducao : Linguagens Automatic Programming Automatic System Building Tools for System Building Language Translation Database Transactions Query Optimization
5	Etude sur le renouvellement normatif du droit des contrats / Study about the normative renewal of contract law Maisonnat, Bérangère 12 December 2018 (has links) L’étude du renouvellement normatif du droit des contrats conduit à présenter le phénomène avant d’envisager sa portée. En premier lieu, ce phénomène est aisément observable et met en évidence deux crises : une « crise de croissance » et une « crise de normativité ». Toutes deux confirment une tendance à l’instrumentalisation des normes qui se veulent désormais harmonisatrices, protectrices, modèles ou encore persuasives. La part de nouveauté réside dans leur texture, leur élaboration ou encore leur mise en œuvre. Et les difficultés engendrées par ce renouvellement concernent l’articulation des diverses normes qui régissent le droit des contrats, ainsi que leur intégration au sein de l’ordre juridique interne.En second lieu, il s’agit de se questionner sur l’intérêt et l’influence de ce renouvellement à travers sa capacité à produire des effets sur le modèle contractuel. Au regard de la récente réforme, le renouvellement normatif a vraisemblablement participé à la modernisation du Code civil puisque des mouvements convergents vers la souplesse contractuelle et la sécurité juridique sont observés. Cependant, la limite des effets de ce renouvellement apparaît car il ne provoque pas une modélisation du droit des contrats qui permettrait de maintenir une cohérence malgré les transformations majeures à l’œuvre en la matière. / The study of the normative renewal of contract law requires a general presentation of the phenomenon before taking an in-depth look at its impact. Firstly, this phenomenon is easily noticeable and calls attention to two crisis : a “growth crisis” and a “normative crisis”. Both highlight a tendency to exploit norms by making them instruments of harmonization, protection, standardization or persuasion. The innovation comes from their substance, their elaboration or their enforcement, however, the articulation of the various contract law norms and their integration within the domestic legal order raise many issues that need to be addressed. Secondly, this renewal’s potentiality to influence and impact contractual models needs to be questioned. Taking the recent reform into account, it seems that the normative renewal has taken a major role in the modernization of the Civil code. Indeed, converging movements towards both contractual flexibility and legal security are visible. However, this normative renewal movement is still unable to promote a modelling of contract law that would allow it to maintain its coherence in spite of the major transformations taking place. As such, the normative renewal of contract law shows its limits. Droit des contrats Procéduralisation Principes directeurs Théorie générale Modèle contractuel Réforme du droit des contrats Codifications doctrinales Droit souple Règles sectorielles Harmonisation Contract law Proceduralization Directing principles General theory Contract models Contract law reform Doctrinal codifications Soft law Sectoral rules Harmonization
6	Delayed Versus Immediate Corrective Feedback on Orally Produced Passive Errors in English Quinn, Paul 21 August 2014 (has links) Research demonstrating the beneficial effects of corrective feedback (CF) for second language (L2) learning (e,g., Li, 2010) has almost invariably resulted from studies in which CF was provided immediately. Yet teachers are often encouraged to delay CF to avoid interrupting learners (Harmer, 2001). This study investigates how differences in the timing of CF on oral production affect L2 learning and learners’ reactions to CF. Theoretically, Immediate CF may facilitate L2 development by allowing learners to immediately compare their errors to accurate models (i.e., recasting, e.g., Doughty, 2001). The effectiveness of Immediate CF has also been linked to skill acquisition theory because some CF (i.e., prompting) is hypothesized to help learners proceduralize their L2 knowledge (Ranta & Lyster, 2007). This thesis introduces additional theoretical explanations to explain the effectiveness of both Immediate and Delayed CF. For example, reactivation and reconsolidation theory (Nader & Einarsson, 2010) holds that long-term mental representations are susceptible to change when they are recalled. Thus, both Immediate and Delayed CF may help learners alter their incorrect mental representations of language features if that CF reminds learners of those incorrect representations and provides them with accurate models. In a laboratory-based study, 90 intermediate-level adult ESL learners were randomly assigned to Immediate, Delayed, and No CF conditions. Learners took three pre-tests to measure their knowledge of the English passive construction: an aural grammaticality judgment test (AGJT), an oral production test (OPT), and a written error correction test (ECT). Next, they received some brief instruction on the passive. Learners then completed three communicative tasks in which the CF conditions were provided. These tasks were followed by immediate and delayed post-tests. Learners’ reactions to CF were elicited with a questionnaire. Mixed-design one-way ANOVAs revealed statistically significant improvement for all conditions over time on all measures, but no statistically significant differences between conditions. The questionnaires revealed that learners prefer Immediate CF, but that Immediate CF may constrain CF noticeability and learners’ independence, while Delayed CF may cause anxiety or embarrassment. In summary, altering the timing of CF did not differentially affect L2 development, but it did elicit different reactions from learners. timing of corrective feedback corrective feedback error correction second language acquisition timing of instruction form-focused instruction second language learning second language pedagogy cognitive aspects of language learning ESL English as a second language second language teaching English passive voice L2 learning L2 teaching types of corrective feedback correction reactivation and reconsolidation cognitive comparison skill acquisition proceduralization delayed corrective feedback immediate corrective feedback second language education SLA 0290
7	Narratives of governing : rationalization, responsibility and resistance in social work Lauri, Marcus January 2016 (has links) For many years, Sweden has had a reputation for having a comprehensive and women friendly welfare state. However, as in many other European countries during the past few decades, the organization and governing of welfare has undergone profound changes. Through interviews with social workers and the application of theories of governmentality, this thesis analyzes the expressions and consequences of such current organization and governing. One result is that the introduction of meticulous documentation practices of social workers contact with clients, regulate their interaction and constitute a control over both client and social worker. Another result is that the current organization fragments labor and awards more authority to managers, which functions to produce loyalty to the organization and management, rather than clients. This is expressed in demands not to voice protest, as it is said to create a bad mood. It is also expressed in demands to spend as little as possible on clients; short duration of treatment, preference for outpatient treatment and by making it difficult to receive financial support. This austerity is legitimized through the intermeshing of different ideals; budget awareness, evidence that supports short and outpatient treatment and that clients in order to change their course of life should to be allowed or coerced into taking individual responsibility. Another important finding is that the current governing and organization of social work produce distance and detachment, and thus discourage caring subjects. This is a complex process in which an assemblage of different techniques and rationalities undermines the cultivation of a relationship between social worker and client. 1) The ideal of evidence-based practice favors rigid methods over a flexible and holistic approach. 2) Ideals of rationality, closely connected to notions of masculinity and professionalism, value objectivity and devalue and deter the surfacing of emotions. 3) Meticulous practices of documentation reduce the amount of time available to meet clients. 4) Ideals and particular methods designed to promote individual responsibility in clients legitimize social workers distancing themselves from clients’ dependency and needs. 5) A division of labor, in either assessment or treatment, reduces time spent with clients for those who work with assessment and ultimately engage in the rationing of resources. 6) Standardized digital templates, installed to aid in assessments, regulate and proceduralize interactions with the client. 7) Austerity, heavy workloads, individualized responsibility and stress further accentuate distance, as detachment becomes a means to cope with arduous working conditions. The transformation of social work described above produces alienation and a fragmentation of social workers’ collective subjects. Simultaneously, an ethos of caring makes some social workers work extra hard to provide for clients, which ultimately covers for flaws in the system. Although such an ethos of caring allows for the further exploitation of social workers, it is also understood as a means of resistance, which in turn also forms the basis for organized resistance. / Sverige har ett internationellt rykte för att ha en omfattande och kvinnovänlig välfärd. Även om riktigheten i en sådan uppfattning sedan länge ifrågasatts har på senare år, likt i många andra Europeiska länder, det svenska välfärdssystemet genomgått en omfattande förändring i avseende på dess räckvidd, men också dess organisering och styrning. Fokus för denna studie är just denna organisering och styrning, och mer specifikt, hur detta påverkar ett av välfärdens kanske mest centrala område: socialt arbete. Genom att intervjua socialarbetare undersöks i denna studie uttryck för och konsekvenser av en sådan förändring, bland annat genom att undersöka hur könsbundna föreställningar och förväntningar är sammanflätade med det sociala arbetets organisering och styrning. I studien konstateras att socialarbetare erfar att deras arbete genomgått omfattande förändringar, vilket kopplas ihop med både organiseringen och styrningen av det sociala arbetet. Detta uttrycks både i de ideal som kringgärdar arbetet men också i dominerande arbetssätt. En sådan förändring är införandet av omfattande dokumentationsprocedurer av socialarbetarens arbete och kontakt med klienter, vilket medför att kontakten med klienterna blir ytligare. Dokumentationsprocedurerna utgör också en sorts kontroll av både klienterna och socialarbetarna själva. En annan förändring som konstateras är att nya organisationsmodeller och en förändrad ledarskapskultur skapar förväntningar på socialarbetarna att vara lojala med organisationen och ledningen snarare än klienterna. Bland annat utrycks detta genom förväntningar att inte protestera och skapa dålig stämning på arbetsplatsen, men också genom uttalade krav att spendera så lite resurser som möjligt på klienterna; korta behandlingstider, öppenvårdsalternativ och orimligt hårda krav för att få ekonomiskt bistånd. Detta legitimeras genom sammanväxningen av flera olika ideal; budgetmedvetenhet, att klienter inte mår bra av långa institutionsvistelser, men också att klienterna ska tillåtas eller bör tvingas att klara att sig själva. Ett av studiens huvudresultat är att den nuvarande organiseringen och styrningen av socialt arbete skapar avstånd och likgiltighet. Genom flera sammankopplade ideal och arbetssätt styrs dagens socialarbetare till att bry sig mindre om de klienter de möter. På så sätt undermineras förutsättningarna för framväxten av en djup relation mellan socialarbetare och klient; 1) Idealet och kravet att socialarbetare ska arbeta utifrån evidens, det vill säga metoder och förhållningssätt som i speciellt utformade utvärderingsmodeller visat sig ha effekt, gör att väl strukturerade och rigida metoder ges företräde. Denna instrumentalisering underminerar ett flexibelt, relationsorienterat och helhetsfokuserat sätt att arbeta. Dessutom gör evidensidealets fokus på enskilda individer och avgränsade utvärderingstider att mer samhällsinriktat kritiskt och långsiktigt inriktat arbete undermineras. 2) Ett rationalitetsideal, tätt sammanbundet med föreställningar om professionalitet och maskulinitet, värderar objektivitet och förmågan att frikoppla socialarbetarens egna känslor från sitt arbete. Detta maskuliniserade professionsideal innebär att empati och solidaritet med klienten undergrävs. 3) Omfattande krav på olika former av dokumentation av det sociala arbetet gör att tiden som socialarbetaren har till sitt förfogande för att besöka och att ha möten med klienten blir knapp. 4) Ett allmänt samhällsideal kring individuellt ansvar och en särskild arbetsmetod (motiverande samtal) som många socialarbetare förväntas lära sig, framhäver klientens eget ansvar för och vilja till förändring. Detta legitimerar ett avståndstagande från klientens behov av hjälp och stöd enligt logiken ”du måste klara detta själv”. 5) En vanligt förekommande uppdelning av socialarbetarnas arbetsuppgifter i en så kallad beställar-utförarmodell gör att vissa socialsekreterare arbetar med hjälp och stöd, medan andra arbetar med bedömningar av klienters behov. De senare, som också har inflytande över resurstilldelning, blir med en sådan organisering av arbetet alltmer frikopplade från den stödjande och hjälpande verksamheten och kontakten med klienten. 6) Standardiserade digitala bedömningsinstrument, skapade för att på ett likvärdigt sätt bedöma klienters behov och dokumentera det sociala arbetet, reglerar och instrumentaliserar kontakten med klienter. 7) Tunga arbetsbördor, individualiserat ansvar och stress, bidrar ytterligare till att skapa avstånd och likgiltighet eftersom det för vissa utgör ett sätt att genomleva en ohållbar arbetssituation. En allmän åtstramning av socialtjänstens resurstilldelning förstås som en viktig orsak till behovet av att skapa ovan distansmekanismer. Men distansen hänger också ihop med en tendens till ett återupplivande av en tidigare dominerande förståelse av marginalisering och sociala problem; där människors nöd ses som ett utslag av dålig karaktär och ett resultat av dåliga individuella val. De förändringar av det sociala arbetets premisser som beskrivits ovan gör att socialarbetarna alltmer görs främmande inför sitt arbete – de alieneras. Detta främmandegörande uttrycks genom att inte kunna identifiera sig med arbetet självt, sina kollegor eller med sig själv. Ett sådant främmandegörande underminerar, eller fragmentiserar, både relationen till klienten, men också en känsla av gemenskap med andra socialarbetare. En gemenskap som kan utgöra ett ”vi” och ligga till grund för att ställa krav, protestera och göra motstånd mot avhumaniserande ideal och reformer. På så vis är främmandegörandet inte bara en konsekvens av dagens organisering och styrning, utan också något som fyller en viktig funktion för en sådan styrning och organisering, och genomförandet av en allmän åtstramning i socialpolitiken. Samtidigt som dagens organisering och styrning av socialt arbete är främmandegörande, slår vissa socialarbetare knut på sig själva och arbetar extra hårt för att täcka upp för systemets brister och krympande resurser, för att trots det svåra läget ändå försöka ge det stöd som de upplever att klienten behöver. Ett sådant historiskt förankrat femininiserat omsorgsideal, dvs känslor av ansvar och empati inför behövande och en ilska inför oförrätter, utgör därmed på samma gång grund för en fördjupad exploatering av socialarbetarna, och ett vardagligt motstånd mot rådande system. I ett läge när flera upplever att kollegialiteten som grund för motstånd på arbetsplatserna underminerats, utgör ett sådant omsorgsideal samtidigt också grunden för organiserat motstånd utanför arbetsplatsen, bortom chefernas insyn, kontroll och härskartekniker. Medan nuvarande styrningssystem underminerar ett visst sorts motstånd, uppstår samtidigt grunden för nya. Welfare Welfare state neoliberalism neoliberal neo-liberal neo-liberalism new public management NPM new managerialism managerialism public management reform social work social services profession professional EBP evidence-based practice evidence knowledge production paperwork administration performance audit discipline sovereign power self-governing power power/knowledge motivational interviewing MI individualism individual responsibility political the political de-politicized de-politicization governing governmentality governance gender feminism feminist theory Foucault Marx capitalism standardization flexibility budget governing care care-work ethos of care solidarity empathy loyalty division of labor proceduralization instrumentalization mechanization manual based digital template templates de-professionalization proletarization proletarianization Taylorization transition transformation rationalization rationality rational emotions emotional affect alienation detachment distance resistance counter conduct Sweden Swedish model rhizome rhizomatic nomadic narrative narratives discourse critique interviews Välfärd välfärdsstat välfärfärdsstaten nyliberal nyliberalism new public management socialt arbete socialtjänsten socialarbetare svenska modellen styrning styrningsmentalitet kön genus EBP evidensbaserad praktik evidens kunskapsproduktion makt/kunskap administration pappersarbete granskning kontroll disciplin självstyrning motiverande samtal individualism individualisering ansvar individuellt ansvar flexibilitet politik det politiska avpolitisering avprofessionalisering profession professioner professionell förfrämligande Sverige Foucault Marx feminism feministisk teori kapitalism proletarisering taylorisering standardisering manualbaserad rationalisering rationell emotioner känslor avstånd likgiltighet narrativ diskurs kritik intervju intervjuer kapitalism den svenska modellen förändring transformering motstånd mot-makt

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